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Mechane

(320 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
[German version] The Greeks called any mechanical device μηχανή but in the narrow sense it referred to the Greek theatre machinery: a crane installed behind the stage as a flying apparatus that can be swung into the scene to take the characters in a drama to a remote location or cause gods to appear up high. The mechane is referred to in drama texts and later sources under many names: κρεμάθρα ( kremáthra, ‘suspension device’, Aristoph. Nub. 218), γέρανος ( géranos, ‘crane’ [in both senses], Poll. 4,130), αἰώρημα ( aiṓrēma, ‘swing’, schol. Aristoph. Pax 80), κράδη ( krádē, ‘fig branch’, Ari…

Callippides

(224 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
[German version] (Καλλιππίδης; Kallippídēs). Tragic actor of the 5th/4th cents. BC, who, popular and controversial, was remembered long after his death. He himself was many times the victorious  protagonist, for example at the Lenaia of the year 418, but the tetralogy of his poet did not win a prize [1]. His expressive gesticulation, aimed at producing a realistic effect, was modern in its style; it displeased Mynniscus who had once appeared with Aeschylus and who described the young colleague as a…

Theorikon

(135 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
[German version] (θεωρικόν; theōrikón). Public payment to Attic citizens for participating in festivals, particularly dramatic performances. The introduction of the t. (also in the plural θεωρικά/ theōriká sc. χρήματα/ chrḗmata) was sometimes ascribed to Pericles [1], who was suspected of bribing the people with it (Plut. Pericles 9), sometimes to Agyrrhius, who c. 400 BC had expenses paid to participants in the Ekklēsía; there is no contemporary evidence, however. Apparently, Eubulus [1] was c. 350 the first to regularly use public money for subsidising visits to th…

Deuteragonistes

(154 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
[German version] (δευτεραγωνιστής; deuteragōnistḗs). ‘Second actor’, introduced by Aeschylus, but the designation deuteragonistes is more recent. Whilst the ‘first actor’ ( prōtagōnistḗs) traditionally took on the main role ( Átossa, Oidípous, Mḗdeia) and could identify with this, the deuteragonistes ─ or even the ‘third actor’ ( tritagōnistḗs) ─ had to cope with a large number of different roles. The amount of text that had to be mastered by the deuteragonistes was considerabl…

Aesopus, Clodius

(163 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
[German version] Tragedian in 1st-cent. BC Rome; respected freedman ( nostri familiaris Cic. Ad Q. Fr. 1,2,14), achieved wealth as a ‘star’. Scattered mentions provide no coherent picture of his art. In the role of Atreus, carried away by emotion, he is said to have killed a servant with his sceptre (Plut. Cicero 5,5), but  Cicero says his anger was simulated (Cic. Tusc. 4,55). His use of facial expression was praised (Cic. Div. 1,80); however Fronto (p. 143,13-14) emphasizes his intensive study of masks […

Hypokrites

(1,294 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
(ὑποκριτής; hypokritḗs). [German version] I. Concept The underlying verb ὑποκρίνομαι ( hypokrínomai) means in Homer ‘to make a decision upon request’, ‘to interpret’ (on omens: Hom. Il. 12,228 or dreams: Hom. Od. 19,535; 555) or ‘to answer’ (Hom. Od. 2,111). The basic meaning of the noun hypokrites, which is first attested in the 5th cent. BC, was thus postulated now as ‘answerer’ (to questions of the director of the chorus), now as ‘interpreter’ (of the myth which the chorus performed). It refers to the speaker who appeared opposite the singers of the chorus of the tragedy or comedy and made a dialogue possible, thus to the actor in all forms of drama.…

Latinus

(795 words)

Author(s): Prescendi, Francesca (Geneva) | Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa)
[German version] [1] Mythical ancestor of the Latin people (Greek Λατῖνος; Latînos). Mythical eponymous ancestor of the Latini. According to the Greek version, L. and his brother Agrius are the sons of Odysseus and Circe and kings of the Tyrrheni on the Island of the Blessed (Hes. Theog. 1011ff.). Servius (Aen. 12,164), who refers to a no longer identifiable Greek author, takes up…

Polus

(313 words)

Ekkyklema

(200 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
[English version] (ἐκκύκλημα). Theatermaschine, mit der man “Innenszenen” sichtbar machte: eine auf Schienen aus dem Bühnenhaus “herausrollende” Plattform. Weil das Wort e. erst bei Poll. 4,128 belegt ist (Aristophanes verwendet aber die entsprechenden Verben) und klare arch. Hinweise fehlen, hat man die Existenz einer solchen Vorrichtung im Theater des 5. Jh. wider besseres Textverständnis in Frage gestellt [1; 2]. Die Tragiker entzogen blutige Gewalttaten den Augen der Zuschauer, zeigten aber danach Täter und Opfe…

Maison

(193 words)

Kytheris

(154 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
[English version] Sprechender Künstlername (“der Aphrodite gehörig”) einer röm. Mimus-Schauspielerin ( mima) des 1. Jh.v.Chr.; von Volum…

Latinus

(736 words)

Author(s): Prescendi, Francesca (Genf) | Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa)
[English version] [1] myth. Ahnherr der Latini (griech. Λατῖνος). Mythischer, namengebender Ahnherr der Latini. Nach der griech. Version sind L. und sein Bruder Agrios Söhne des Odysseus und der Kirke und Könige der Tyrrhenoi auf der Insel der Seligen (Hes. theog. 1011ff.). Servius (Aen. 12,164), der …

Polos

(544 words)

Author(s): Narcy, Michel (Paris) | Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster) | Hurschmann, Rolf (Hamburg)
(Πῶλος). [English version] [1] Sophist aus Agrigent aus Agrigent, Sophist. Erwähnt als Schüler bald des Empedokles (31 A 19 DK), bald des Gorgias (82 A 2 und 4 DK; Philostr. vit. soph. 1,13). Platon macht ihn deshalb zu einem der Gesprächpartner des Sokrates im ‘Gorgias (461b-481b). Die technische Abh. Μουσεῖα λόγων (wörtlich: ‘Rhet. Museum), die ihm Plat. Phaidr. 267b-c zuweist, ist vielleicht diejenige, auf die Plat. Gorg. 462c anspielt. Die Suda (s. v. Π.) macht P. zum Lehrer des Likymnios [2].…

Kallippides

(201 words)

Echeia

(161 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
[English version] (ἠχεῖα). Schall (Echo) erzeugende oder verstärkende Instrumente/Gegenstände. Vitruv bezeichnet mit e. eherne Gefäße mit weiter Öffnung, die der Resonanzverstärkung in Theatern dienten (Vitr. 1,1,9; 5,5). Abgestimmt auf verschiedene Tonarten, sollen sie in Kammern unter den Sitzreihen nach mathematischen Berechnungen installiert gewesen sein. In Rom gab es sie nicht, doch L. Mummius brachte angeblich aus Korinth Beutestücke dieser Art mit. Im Theater von Korinth deutet allerdings nichts auf…

Protagonistes

(342 words)

Author(s): Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
[English version] (πρωταγωνιστής, “Erster im Wettstreit”, bes. “erster Schauspieler, Hauptdarsteller”). Als t.t. nur selten und spät belegt; weil aber schon Aristoteles [6] (Aristot. poet. 1449a 18 und pol. 1338b 30) das abgeleitete Vb. πρωταγωνιστεῖν/ prōtagōnisteín im übertragenen Sinn (“im Vordergrund stehen”) verwendet, dürfte das Wort p. aus dem 5. Jh. v. Chr. stammen. Im dramatischen Wettbewerb hing viel vom Können des p. ab. Aischylos [1] übernahm noch persönlich den führenden Part seiner Trag., Sophokles verzichtete früh zugunsten professioneller…

Pylades

(300 words)

Author(s): Binder, Carsten (Kiel) | Blume, Horst-Dieter (Münster)
(Πυλάδης, dorische Namensform Πυλάδας, Pind. P. 11,23). [English version] [1] Freund des Orestes Phokischer Heros, Sohn des Strophios und der Anaxabia (z. B. Eur. Or. 764 f.; andere Mütter: schol. Eur. Or. 33, Hyg. fab. 117). P. und Elektra [4] (Eur. Or. 1092; 1207 ff.; Eur. Iph. T. 716 u. a.) sind Eltern des Strophios und des Medon [4] (Paus. 2,16,7; Hyg. fab. 119 f.) oder Medeon (Steph. Byz. s. v. Μεδεών). P. wächst zusammen mit Orestes [1] auf; beide galten schon in der Ant. als klassisches Freundespaar (schon nahezu sprichwörtlich: πυλάδαι/ pyládai, Kall. epigr. 59; Cic. Lael. 24 u…
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