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[German version] (Σινδική/ Sindikḗ). Probably originally the combined territory of the peninsula and island group of Taman to the north of the Hypanis [1]/Bug (Ps.-Scyl. 72), named after the Sindi; later it was probably only the southern part of the peninsula that bore thi…

[German version] (Σάτραι; Sátrai). Thracian tribe on the northern coast of the Aigaion Pelagos (Aegaean) between Nestus and Strymon on the northeastern slopes of the Pangaeum, whose ore deposits they exploited (Hdt. 7,112; possibly also meant by  Σατροκένται/ Satrokéntai in …

[German version] (Ὑλαία; Hylaía). Forested area, east of the Borysthenes (Hdt. 4,17; 19; Ps.-Scymn. 844f.) between the Kinburn peninsula and Skadovska in the steppes of the lower Dniester, belonging to  Olbia. In the archaic and classical eras, it was significant for  Scythians and Greek colonists. The Scythian name for H. was Abika (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὑ.). H. played a large role in Scythian mythology (cf. Hdt. 4,9; 76). A large production …

(Γάληψος; Gálēpsos). [German version] [1] Settlement east of the estuary of the Strymon into the Aegean This item can be found on the following maps: Macedonia, Macedones | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars Settlement east of the point where the Strymon flows into the Aegean, probably east of Orfani, at the mouth of a water-course between the Pangaeum and the Symvolon. G. was part of the settlement of the Peraea of Thasos. Archaeologically attested from the 7th cent. BC and attested in literature since Hecataeus (FGrH 1 F 152). Scyl. 67 et al. call G. a …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Moesi, Moesia (Διονυσόπολις; Dionysópolis). Settlement on the western coast of the Black Sea, today Balčik/ Bulgaria. There is evidence of settlement dating from Neolithic times. Nothing is known about the founding of the ancient city. On the basis of Ionic elements in inscriptions and the six indirectly identified Miletian phyles (IGBulg 1,15 …

[German version] (Ἰάζυγες; Iázyges). Iranian-Sarmatian tribe, first documented around the birth of Christ. They probably settled from the 3rd cent. BC at the earliest on the  Maeotis east of the Tanais in the area of the Roxolani (Ptol. 3,7; Amm. Marc. 22,8,31). In the…

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Colonization | Patricius | Patricius (Θεοδοσία/ Theodosía; modern Feodosiya). City on the northern coast of the Black Sea (Pontos Euxeinos I) in a fertile plain, with an excellent harbour which could contain 100 ships (Str. 7,4,4), founded c. 700 BC by colonists from Miletos [2]. T. minted coins autonomously c. …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | (Βιζύη; Bizýē). Town on the south-western slopes of the Strandăza mountains, modern Vize/Turkey; residence of the Odrysian-Sapaean kings probably from the 3rd cent. BC, possibly since the destruction of  Seuthopolis (Str. 7 fr. 48). At the time of Trajan founded as a peregrine town of the …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Coloniae | Moesi, Moesia (Δεβελτός; Debeltós). Settlement c. 25 km west of  Burgas, modern Debelt/Bulgaria. Traces from the late Bronze Age, and afterwards Thracian Hallstatt settlement that later flourished because of its trade with the Greek colonies of the Black Sea. D. was connected with the sea via Lake Mandra which in antiquity stretched further south than it does today. Attic goods of the 1st half of the 4th cent. BC, Hellenistic c…

[German version] (Δανθηλῆται/ Danthēlêtai; also Dentheleti). Thracian tribe inhabiting the area around the upper reaches of the  Strymon and the area to the west reaching as far as Axius. Earliest mention was by Theopompus (FGrH 115 F 221) for 340/339 BC. Philip V twice laid waste to their territory on his Thracian campaigns (184 and 181 BC: Liv. 39,53,12; 40,22,9; Pol. 23,8,4). In 88 BC, the D. acted as allies of Rome in the quelling of a Macedonian revolt. They attacked this province in 86/5 together with the Maedi, Dardani and Scordisci. In 57 and 56, the proconsul of Macedonia, L. Cal…

(Σαλμυδησσός/ Salmydēssós). [German version] [1] Coastal region Coastal strip of the Pontos Euxeinos [I] without harbours, dangerously shallow for navigation, 700 stadia in length (Ps.-Scymn. 724-727; Ptol. 3,11,4: Σ. ἤτοι Ἁλμυδησσὸς αἰγιαλός ( Salmydēssòs ḗtoi Halmydēssòs aigialós) 'shore of S. or Halmydessus') from the Bosporus [1] to Cape Thynias, where the Astae (Ἀσταί/ Astaí) settled near other Thraci (Str. 7,6,1; cf. 1,3,4; 7). In 513 BC, the Thraci on the S. surrendered without a fight to Darius [1] I on his campaign against the Scythae (Hd…

(Τύλη; Týlē). [German version] [1] City in Thrace Capital of the Celtic kingdom in Thrace (Thraci, Thracia), founded under Comontorius in 278 BC, abandon…

[German version] (Τέμπυρα; Témpyra). Settlement on the Thracian coast of the Aegaean (Aigaion Pelagos) to the east of Sale; founded by Samothrace. T. was a station on the Via Egnatia (Str. 7a,1,48;  It. Ant. 322,3: Timpiro;  It. Burd. 602,8: mutatio Ad Umimpara…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaimenidai | Perserkriege (Δορίσκος, Doriscum). Ortschaft im Westen der Hebros-Mündung (h. Evros) in der gleichnamigen Ebene (Hdt. 7,59). 512 v.Chr. von Dareios I. als Ausgangspunkt seines Feldzugs gegen die Griechen und als Proviantspeicher angelegt und so auch von Xerxes genutzt (Hdt. 7,25, 108; Heere…

[English version] (Βεργούλη). Lüle-Burgas am Erghene, thrak. Siedlung und wichtige statio der Prov. Thracia (Ptol. 3,11,7), seit Anf. 5.Jh. n.Chr. Arkadiopolis. 441 n.Chr. von den Hunnen bedroht, 473 von den Goten des Theoderich erobert. Im MA eine starke Festung. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography V. Zlatarski, Istorija na bălgarskata dăržava prez srednite vekove 1,1, 2…

[English version] (Γέται, die Geten). Griech. Bezeichnung der thrak. Stämme südl. der unteren Donau in der h. Dobrudža und im Hinterland der nordwest-griech. Kolonien an der Schwarzmeerküste. Ihr Gebiet zeigt Siedlungsspuren seit der Steinzeit und war Zentrum entwickelter Kulturen seit der Kupfersteinzeit (vgl. Varna, Durankulag). Aufgrund der Schriftquellen und der im On…

[English version] (Μελαντιάς, Melantiana). Nicht lokalisierte, letzte Station vor Konstantinopolis (150 Stadien davon entfernt) an der Via Egnatia , an der Mündung des Athyras in die Propontis (Agathias 5,14,20; Itin. Anton. 138; 230). Kaiser Valens besaß hier eine villa, in der er sich 378 n.Chr. mehrere Tage vor der Schlacht bei Adrianopolis aufhielt (Amm. 31,11,1; 12,1). Im J. 558 n.Chr. wurde M. von den hunnischen Kutriguroi angegriffen (Agathias 5,13).…

[English version] Ti. Iulius E., König des Regnum Bosporanum, von 154/5-ca. 174 n.Chr., Nachfolger des Rhoimetalkes. Münzen bis 170. Röm. Vasall, von den Römern finanziell unterstützt (Lukian. Alex. 57). Als erster bosporanischer König hatte er ein sarmatisches Zeichen als Emblem. Die meisten Inschriften stammen aus Pantikapaion, wo sich wohl seine Residenz befand (IOSPE 2, 422, 438 u.a.). …

(Οὖννοι, Χοῦννοι), die Hunnen. [English version] A. Geschichte Nomadenvolk, Ursprung umstritten. Höchstwahrscheinlich kamen sie kurz nach der Zeitwende aus Zentralasien. Als Χοῦννοι ( Chúnnoi) zuerst bei Ptol. 3,5,25 zw. Bastarnae und Roxolani gen. (weitere spätere Lokalisierungen bei Amm. 2,1; Iord. Get. 36f.). Einige der hunn. Stämme zogen ins Kaukasosgebiet; aus dem osthunn. Zweig gingen mehrere Staaten hervor (Hephthalitai, Avaren, Chazaren und Protobulgaren). Um 376 n.Chr. überquerten hunn. Stämme die Wolga, besi…