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Porvoo Common Statement
(2,330 words)
The Porvoo Common Statement (in the following: “Porvoo”) is a theological text that serves as a foundation of church unity between the British and Irish Anglican churches, on the one hand, and the Nordic and Baltic Lutheran churches, on the other. The text was completed in Porvoo, Finland, an old diocesan town nea…
Extrinsic
(91 words)
[German Version] In Catholic theology, “extrinsicism” refers to those definitions of the relationship between nature and grace that emphasize its external features (
extrinsece) and thus neglect the experience of grace. M. Blondel criticized the extrinsic elements of the Catholic
natura pura concept; K. Rahner developed his fundamental theology in reaction to extrinsicism. In a theoretical sense, extrinsic can also characterize the relationship between the enterprise of fundamental theology and the content of faith (Intrinsic). Risto Saarinen Bibliography M. Seckler, “Zu den Begriffen ‘Extrinsezismus’ und ‘Intrinsezismus’,”
…
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Religion Past and Present
Causa
(163 words)
[German Version] The Latin word
causa is usually understood to denote the causal element of a cause and effect relationship (Causality: I). The Aristotelian system of four causes (
causa efficiens,
causa finalis,
causa formalis, and
causa materialis; Arist.
Metaph. I, 3;
Phys. II, 3) profoundly influenced theological thought in Scholasticism and Lutheran orthodoxy (II, 2.a).
Causa can also …
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Religion Past and Present
Nature and Supernature
(847 words)
[German Version]
I. Fundamental Theology As a result of classical cosmology and New Testament usage of the terms
heavenly and
earthly (e.g. 1 Cor 15:46–49; Eph 4:9–10), many early Christian writers used the expressions ὑπὲρ τὴν ϕύσιν/
hypér tḗn phýsin or
super naturam to denote a reality transcending nature. Latin Scholasticism was familiar with the words
supernaturaliter and
supernaturalis from the works of (Pseudo-) Dionysius Areopagita and John Scotus Eriugena. In the Scholastic tradition, Thomas Aquinas called grace a supernatural reality (e.g.
Summa theologiae II/I, q. 110, a. 1 r.; a. 2 r.). In Catholic theology, therefore, discussion of nature and supernature often parallels discussion of nature and grace. In Neoscholastic Catholicism (e.g. the work of M.J. Scheeben, Neoscholasticism), we occasionally find a consistent supernaturalism in which the supernatural order of grace distinct from the natural order provides a central interpretive framework for soteriology. Present-day Catholic theology is trying to break free from such “two-story universe” …
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Religion Past and Present
Original Sin
(1,742 words)
[German Version] I. Definition – II. Catholic Theology – III. Protestant Theology…
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Religion Past and Present
Nature and Grace
(1,974 words)
[German Version]
I. Fundamental Theology The words nature and grace are used (primarily in Catholic theology) to explain the relationship between philosophical anthropology (I) and the reality of God’s salvation, conceived theologically. This discussion, peculiar to the West, normally involves only the nature of human beings, not that o…
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Religion Past and Present
Scandinavia, Theology in
(5,232 words)
[German Version]
I. Denmark With the coming of the Reformation in 1536, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1478, gained new academic status. P. Palladius was among the first of many Danish theologians to receive a doctorate at Wittenberg. In his dual role as bishop of Zealand and professor of theology (a provision in place until 1830), he was well aware of his office as both ecclesiastical superintendent and royal official. Palladius energetically set about implementing the Reformation. Althou…
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Religion Past and Present
Grace
(9,133 words)
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament – III. New Testament – IV. Church History – V. Systematic Theology – VI. Law – VII. Judaism
I. Religious Studies
1. The use of the term
grace has been influenced strongly by the historically innovative Pauline conception. For Paul, grace is a gift, a unique fruit of God's salvific purpose and redemptive action. After the analogy of other redemptive religions, Paul employed this term to denote a fundamental aspect of the salvific action of the deity. In other religion…
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Religion Past and Present
Repentance
(11,471 words)
[German Version]
I. Religious Studies Examination of repentance from the perspective of religious studies must confront the problem that the term itself has no culturally neutral meaning. Many of the phenomena in other religions that Christians tend to call repentance appear in a different light when viewed in the context of different anthropological presuppositions, ¶ so that due weight must be given to the religious anthropology in question. Generally speaking, it is true to say that in almost all non-Christian religions the notion of repentance c…
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Religion Past and Present