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Metaphor
(2,992 words)
[German Version] I. Literary Criticism – II. Philosophy – III. Philosophy of Religion – IV. Fundamental Theology – V. History of Art
I. Literary Criticism Metaphor (Gk μεταφορά/
metaphorá, “transfer,” from μεταφέρω/
metaphérō, “to transfer”) is a figure of speech in which, by means of a linguistic image, that is, in a figurative sense, reference is made to an object. The semantic analysis of metaphor, its distinction from other tropes, and discussion of the effectiveness and comprehensibility of poetic metaphors are some of the more difficult tasks of literary criticism.
Definit…
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Religion Past and Present
Philosophy
(6,572 words)
[German Version]
I. Antiquity
1. Western philosophy is usually held to begin with the Ionian philosophers of nature (Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Natural philosophy), even if they described their activity less as philosophy than as “history.” The first to refer to himself specifically as a philosopher is said to have been Pythagoras, but this may have been a retrospective reference. The word ϕιλοσοϕεῖν/
philosopheín, “to philosophize,” occurs first in the 5th century bce. Initially, like
sophia, it denoted a non-specific interest in a form of knowledge, or familia…
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Religion Past and Present
World
(7,847 words)
[German Version]
I. Religious Studies
1. Cosmos a. There are various ways of expressing the concept of the “world” in Greek and Latin: as the world as a whole, with the bipolar hendiadys
heaven and earth (e.g. Diodorus Siculus I 7.7); as the world of human beings, with Greek οἰκουμένη/
oikouménē (sc. γῆ/
gḗ, “earth”; e.g. Diodorus Siculus I 1.3; cf. Lat.
orbis terrarum, “circle of the earth”;
genus humanum, “human world”); with emphasis on the world’s order, beauty, and completeness, with κόσμος/
kósmos (Cosmology) and
universum or πᾶν/
pán, ὅλον/
hólon; or with emphasis on its self-a…
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Religion Past and Present
Theory and Praxis
(4,249 words)
[German Version]
I. Natural Sciences The distinction between theory as a consistent linguistic or symbolic system of ordered statements about a par-¶ ticular subject area or phenomenal domain and practice (praxis) as technical action to produce quantifiable phenomena in an experiment, or at least observation against the background of a theory, is fundamental to the modern natural sciences, although the precise definition of the relationship between the two is disputed and is addressed by the philosophy of science. Usually the relationship between theory and praxis is desc…
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Religion Past and Present
Name
(5,597 words)
[German Version] I. Linguistics – II. Philosophy – III. Religious Studies – IV. Philosophy of Religion – V. Old Testament – VI. New Testament – VII. Church History – VIII. Judaism – IX. Islam
I. Linguistics Linguistically, a name is a proper noun (
nomen proprium) as opposed to a common noun (
nomen appellativum); both function grammatically as substantives. Proper nouns (names) designate individual persons, places, things, and ideas or collectives thought of as individuals; they do not ascribe common attributes to their referents. Outside…
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Religion Past and Present
Hermeneutics
(8,461 words)
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament – III. New Testament – IV. Philosophy – V. Fundamental Theology – VI. Ethics – VII. Practical Theology – VIII. Cultural History
I. Religious Studies The classical questions of hermeneutics concern the problems of understanding within a historical context that includes both what is to be interpreted and the one who is interpreting. The latter's horizon of understanding is effective as pre-understanding in dealing with documents of the past, whose history of influen…
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Religion Past and Present
Human Beings
(18,165 words)
[German Version] I. Natural Sciences and Psychology – II. Religious Studies – III. Philosophy – IV. Old Testament – V. New Testament – VI. Church History – VII. Dogmatics and Ethics – VIII. Judaism – IX. Islam
I. Natural Sciences and Psychology
1. Evolution From the perspective of the natural sciences, the theory of evolution offers the most comprehensive framework for understanding human beings. It views the human species as a late product of a biogenetic process that began with the origin of life (VI) on earth some 3.8 billion …
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Religion Past and Present
Freedom
(9,782 words)
[German Version] I. Old Testament – II. New Testament – III. Early Judaism – IV. Church History – V. Philosophy – VI. Philosophy of Religion – VII. Dogmatics – VIII. Ethics – IX. Sociology, Politics, and Law
I. Old Testament
1. The concept of political freedom, which originated in the Greek polis (City cult), first appeared in Hellenistic Jewish historiography. The Stoics' concept of freedom, which contrasts inner freedom and outward constraint, has no counterpart in the OT. The OT is rooted in an internal mythological cultur…
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Religion Past and Present
Worldview
(11,663 words)
[German Version]
I. Philosophy The word
Weltbild (“worldview”; more lit. “world picture”) is already found in early medieval German; it is defined as a “conceptual view of the world that emerges from the totality of impressions made by the world and ideas of one’s
Weltanschauung” (
DWb 28 [14.1.1], 1955, 1553). Its meaning is thus related to the meaning of
Weltanschauung . Philosophy usually treats both together. A
Weltbild can be understood as both a premise and a product of a
Weltanschauung. W. Dilthey called a
Weltbild “the basis of one’s appreciation of life and understanding…
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Religion Past and Present