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, or Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad al-S̲h̲āhd̲j̲ahānābādī, a traditionist and historiographer of Mug̲h̲al India who flourished in the 11th/17th century. The nickname “al Turk al-Buk̲h̲ārī” points to his origin from Central Asia. As a poet he adopted the pen name “Mas̲h̲riḳī”. He was the son of the scholar ʿAbd al-Ḥaḳḳ [ q.v.] al-Dihlawī, a well-known s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ of the Ḳādiriyya order. Nūr al-Ḥaḳḳ succeeded his father as a religious teacher and was appointed a judge at Agra under S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān. His death at Dihlī occurred in 1073/1662. In Zubdat al-tawārīk̲h̲ , Nūr al-Ḥaḳḳ enlarged the Tārīk̲h̲-…

(p.). a Persian word, derived as an adjective from the common Iranian root nāman- , “name”. Already in Middle Persian the form nāmag can be ¶ found also as a substantive referring to an inscription, a letter or a book. In the orthography of Pahlavī, the word could be written either phonemically, as n’mk’, or by means of any of two heterographs: S̲H̲M-k’, which was based on the Semitic word for “name”, and MGLT’, i.e. the Aramaic m e gill e ta , “scroll” (cf. L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros , Leiden 1953, 1091). It occurs also in co…

, (or S̲h̲abustarī , according to modern Azeri writers) S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Saʿd al-Dīn, Persian mystic and writer. He was born at S̲h̲abistar, a small town near the north-eastern shore of Lake Urmiya. The date of his birth is unknown, but would have to be fixed about 686/1287-8 if the report that he died at the age of 33 (mentioned in an inscription on a tombstone erected on his grave in the 19th century) is accepted. He is said to have led the life of a prominent religious scholar at Tabrīz. Travels to Egypt, Syria and the Ḥid̲j̲āz are mentioned in the introduction to the Saʿādat-nāma …

(p.), a word applied in Persian with a contemptuous connotation to “a knave, a rogue, a drunkard” or “a debauchee”; in the terminology of poets and mystics it acquired the positive meaning of “one whose exterior is liable to censure, but who at heart is sound” (Steingass, s.v., after the Burhān-i ḳāṭiʿ ). The etymology of rind is unclear. It is not an Arabic loanword, in spite of the existence of the broken plural runūd , a learned form used next to the regular Persian plural rindān . The abstract noun rindī denotes the characteristic behaviour of a person thus qualified. Mediaeval historians r…

, legendary ruler of Sīstān [ q.v.] and vassal of the Kayānids, the epic kings of Īrān, was, according to al-T̲h̲aʿālibī and Firdawsī, the son of Narīmān, the father of Zāl-Dastān and the grandfather of Rustam [ q.v.]. This pedigree is the outcome of a long development spanning the entire history of the Iranian epic. In the Avesta, Sāma is the name of a clan to which T̲h̲rīta, “the third man who pressed the Haoma”, belonged as well as his sons Urvāk̲h̲s̲h̲aya and Kərəsāspa (Yasna 9. 10). Kərəsāspa (Persian Kars̲h̲āsp or Gars̲h̲āsp)…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Ḥasan Aḥmad, Persian poet at the G̲h̲aznawid court during the early 5th/11th century. The external information about his life is mosdy anecdotal. It is said that he was born at Balk̲h̲, became an orphan at an early age and in his youth earned a living as a merchant. A story, told in some sources, about a robbery during one of his travels was mistakingly associated with him (cf. Storey-de Blois, v/1, 234-5). His career as a poet began under the patronage of the Amīr Abu ’l-Muẓaffar Naṣr (d. 412/1021-2), the military governor ( sipahsālār ) of his brother ¶ Sultan Maḥmūd [ q.v.] in K̲h…

, Ḥakīm S̲h̲araf al-Dīn Ḥasan, Persian physician and poet of the Ṣafawid period. He was born in 956/1549 (Gulčīn-i Maʿānī) or 966/1558-9 (Ṣafā) at Iṣfahān. His nom-de-plume refers to the medical profession, which was a tradition of his family. He was also a student of speculative mysticism, but he achieved his greatest fame as a poet. His literary work consists of g̲h̲azals and ḳaṣīdas , written respectively in the style of Bābā Fig̲h̲ānī and K̲h̲āḳānī (cf. Rypka, 300), as well as poems in several other forms, including a series of mat̲h̲nawīs . His best known poem is the didactic mat̲h̲nawī …

is in the technical language of Persian and Turkish literature a set of five mat̲h̲nawī poems. The term is used, first of all, to designate the five epic poems of Niẓāmī [ q.v.] of Gand̲j̲a which were composed between ca. 570/1174-5 and 600/1203-4. The set contains one didactic poem Mak̲h̲zan al-asrār , in the metre sarīʿ-i maṭwiyy-i mawḳūf ; three romantic poems: Laylā u Mad̲j̲nūn in the metre hazad̲j̲-i musaddas-i maḳbūḍ-i maḥd̲h̲ūf , K̲h̲usraw u S̲h̲īrīn in the metre hazad̲j̲-i musaddas-i maḥd̲h̲ūf , and Haft Paykar in the metre k̲h̲afīf-i mak̲h̲būn-i maḳsūr ; and the Iskandarnāma …

, Sayyid (or Mīr) Muḥammad Ḥusayn , a modern Persian poet. He was born about 1905 at Tabrīz as the son of a lawyer, and belonging to a family of sayyid s in the village of K̲h̲us̲h̲gnāb. In his early work he used the pen name Bahd̲j̲at, which he later changed to S̲h̲ahriyār, a name chosen from the Dīwān of Ḥāfiẓ, who was his great model as a writer of g̲h̲azal s. He read medicine at the Dār al-Funūn in Tehran, but left his studies unfinished to become a government clerk in K̲h̲urāsān. After some time he returned to Tehran, where for many years…

, S̲h̲ams al-S̲h̲uʿarāʾ Kamāl al-Dīn , Persian poet of the early Ṣafawid period, born ca. 1500 in Kās̲h̲ān. According to the most reliable sources, he died in 996/1587-8; a ¶ less likely dating of his death, given by Abū Ṭālib Iṣfahānī in K̲h̲ulāṣat al-afkār (see Storey i/2, 878), is 1000/1591-2. For some time he was a draper ( bazzāz ) like his father, but he abandoned this trade for the more profitable career of a professional poet. His work was appreciated at the Ṣafawid court at Ḳazwīn. He seems to have continued, however, to l…

, or Niẓām al-Dīn ʿUbayd Allāh al-Zākānī, Persian poet of the Mongol period who became especially famous for his satires and parodies. He was born into a family of scholars and state officials descending from Arabs of the Banū Ḵh̲afād̲j̲a [ q.v.] settled in the area of Ḳazwīn since early Islamic times. In 730/1329-30 the historian Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī described him as a talented poet and a writer of learned treatises. A collection of Arabic sayings by prophets and wise men, entitled Nawādir al-amt̲h̲āl , belongs to this early period. When later in the same …

, or K̲h̲ard̲j̲ird, has been the name of at least two different places in northeastern Persia but is at present only current for one of them. 1. K̲h̲argird in the s̲h̲ahristān of Turbat-i Ḥaydariyya, or, more precisely, the dihistān of Rūd-i miyān K̲h̲wāf, is situated at about 6 km. to the southwest of the latter place. It is now a small settlement, the inhabitants of which live on the growing of cereals and cotton as well as on weaving. Archaeological remains point, however, to a much more prosperous past when K̲h̲argird was one of the main urban centres of the district of K̲h̲wāf [ q.v.]. Many m…

, terme technique des littératures persane et turque désignant un ensemble de cinq mat̲h̲nawīs [ q.v.]; il s’applique en premier lieu aux cinq poèmes épiques de Niẓāmī [ q.v.] de Gand̲j̲a composés entre 570/1174-5 environ et 600/1203-4. Cet ensemble contient un poème didactique, le Mak̲h̲zan al-asrār sur le mètre sarīʿ-i maṭwī-yi mawḳūf, trois pièces romantiques: Laylā u Mad̲j̲nūn en hazad̲j̲-i musaddas-i maḳbūḍ-i maḥd̲h̲ūf, Ḵh̲usraw u S̲h̲īrīn en ¶ hazad̲j̲-i musaddas-i mahd̲h̲ūf et Haft Paykar en I k̲h̲afīf-i mak̲h̲būn-i maḳṣūr, et enfin l’ Iskandar-nāma en mutaḳārib-i mut̲h̲…

(p.), désigne avec une nuance de mépris un coquin, un filou, un ivrogne, un débauché. Dans la terminologie des poètes et des mystiques, il acquiert la signification plus positive de personne dont le comportement extérieur est blâmable, mais dont le cœur est sain (Steingass, s.v. d’après le Burhān-i ḳāṭiʿ). L’étymologie de rind est obscure. Ce n’est pas un emprunt à l’arabe, malgré l’existence d’un pluriel interne runūd, forme savante employée à côté du pluriel régulier persan rindān. Le nom abstrait rindī désigne la conduite spécifique d’une personne ainsi qualifiée. Les historiens …

, Muḥammad S̲h̲arīf b. S̲h̲ams al-dīn al-S̲h̲īrāzī (vers 1001 - après 1063/1592-1653), prosateur et poète persan qui utilisa le tak̲h̲alluṣ de Kās̲h̲if (on trouve également les formes de Kās̲h̲if-i Kumayt [cf. Rosen, Manuscrits persans, 285], et S̲h̲arīfā Kās̲h̲if [cf. Tad̲h̲kira-i Naṣrābādī dans le synopsis de A. Sprenger, Catal. Oud̲h̲., 91]); il vécut à Iṣfahān et plus tard à Rayy où il exerça les fonctions de ḳāḍī pendant 15 ans. Ses frères Ismāʿīl Munṣif et Muḳīma sont également connus comme poètes. De l’œuvre de Kās̲h̲if, il ne subsiste apparemment que …

, S̲h̲ams al-S̲h̲uʿarāʾ Kamāl al-dīn, poète persan des débuts de la période ṣafawide qui naquit vers 905/1500 à Kās̲h̲ān et, d’après les sources les plus sûres, mourut en 996/1587-8 (en 1000/1591-2, selon Abū Ṭālib al-Iṣfahānī [voir Storey, 1/2, 878], ce qui est moins vraisemblable). Il fut pendant quelque temps marchand de tissus ( bazzāz), comme son père, mais il abandonna ce métier pour embrasser la carrière plus avantageuse de poète professionnel. Son œuvre était appréciée à la cour ṣafawide à Ḳazwīn, mais il semble avoir continué à résider à …

(p.), terme dérivé d’un adjectif provenant de la racine iranienne commune nāman- «nom». Dès le moyen persan, on rencontre aussi la forme nāmag comme substantif désignant une inscription, une lettre ou un livre. Dans la graphie du pehlevi, le mot pouvait être écrit soit phonémiquement, nʾmkʾ, ou au moyen de l’un de ces deux hétérographes: S̲H̲M-k’, fondé sur le mot sémitique désignant le «nom», ou MGLTʾ, c’est-à-dire l’araméen megilleta «rouleau» (cf. Koehler et W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testamentis libros, Leyde 1953, 1091). Il figure aussi dans des composés, en ¶ particulie…

ou Dāstān-i Ḳahramān, roman populaire en prose dont il existe de nombreuses versions en turc et en persan; il fait partie d’une série d’œuvres en prose qui utilisent les thèmes traditionnels de l’épopée iranienne en les agrémentant de traits fabuleux empruntés à la littérature populaire. Comme dans le Hūs̲h̲ang-nāma, le Ṭahmūrat̲h̲-nāma et la Kiṣṣa-i Ḏj̲ams̲h̲īd, le récit se place dans la plus ancienne période de l’histoire légendaire de l’Iran, celle des Pīs̲h̲dādīyān, et le héros central en est Ḳahramān, surnommé Ḳātil, le tueur; ce nom est, en fait, un nom commun, forme …

, Sayyid (ou Mīr) Muḥammad ḥusayn, poète persan moderne, né vers 1905 à Tabrīz, fils d’un avocat. Il appartenait à une famille de sayyids, du village de Ḵh̲us̲h̲gnāb. Au début de sa carrière, il prit le pseudonyme de Bahd̲j̲at, qu’il abandonna par la suite pour S̲h̲ahriyār, emprunté au Dīwān de Ḥāfiẓ, lequel était son grand modèle en tant qu’auteur de g̲h̲azal. Il entreprit des études de médecine au Dār al-Funūn de Téhéran, mais ne termina pas et devint fonctionnaire au Ḵh̲urāsān. Au bout d’un certain temps, il revint à Téhéran, où il fut longtemps emplo…

, ou Niẓām al-dīn ʿUbayd Allāh al-Zākānī, poète persan de l’époque mongole, qui devint particulièrement célèbre pour ses satires et ses parodies. Il est né d’une famille d’érudits et de fonctionnaires gouvernementaux descendant des Banū Ḵh̲afād̲j̲a [ q.v.], Arabes installés dans la région de Ḳazwīn depuis le début de l’époque islamique. En 730/1329-30, l’historien Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī le décrivit comme un poète de talent et un écrivain de traités savants. Son recueil de dictons arabes de prophètes et d’hommes sages, intitulé Nawādir al-amt̲h̲āl, appartient à cette période anci…