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, a town in Algeria in the wilāya of Mostaganem, a dāʾira of Ig̲h̲il Izane (Relizane), about 30 km. north-east of Mascara, on the Wādī Ḳalʿa. Population: 12,332 (1966 census). This Ḳalʿa was founded in the 6th/12th century by a chieftain of the Hawwāra, Muḥammad b. Isḥāḳ. About a century later, the Hawwāra [ q.v.] were supplanted by a tribe from the D̲j̲abal ʿAmūr, the Banū Rās̲h̲id. The town came under the rule of the Banū ʿAbd al-Wād, and following them under the Marīnids and then the Turks; it was at this period that Leo Africanus described it a…

, a religious brotherhood of Moroccan origin which established itself in the Central Atlas and in the neighbourhood of Constantine. It appears to have its origin in the zāwiya founded towards the end of the 6th/12th century by a Berber from the Sūs, Saʿīd u ʿAmur al-Ahansalī, on the banks of the asīf Ahansal, in the heart of the Berber country. From modest beginnings this zāwiya became better known in the second half of the 11th/17th century, when a descendant of the founder, Abū ʿUt̲h̲mān Saʿīd b. Yūsuf al-Ahansalī, who died in 1702, founded a new zāwiya in the same region and founded a b…

, Moroccan town situated at the junction of the Moroccan High Atlas with the plain of Sūs, on the Atlantic coast. The town stands at the northern end of a large bay, at the foot of a hill some 800-900 feet high which is surmounted by a fort. The population numbers 30,111, of whom 1,518 are Jews and 6,062 Europeans (1952 census). It is not clear whether a settlement existed there before the arrival of the Portuguese, although a letter from the inhabitants of Māssa to Emmanuel I of Portugal, dated 6 July, 1510 ( Sources inédites de l’Histoire du Maroc , Portugal , i, 243) speaks of an agādīr al-arbaʿā …

, sultan of Morocco from 1894 to 1908. He was born, according to Weisgerber, on 24 Feb. 1878, according to Doutté and Saint-René Taillandier 18 Rabīʿ I 1298/18 Feb. 1881, of the sultan Mawlāy al-Ḥasan and Lālla Ruḳayya, of Circassian origin. When his father died on a campaign, 9 June 1894, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was proclaimed sultan in Rabat, thanks to the hād̲j̲ib Aḥmad b. Mūsā, called Bā Aḥmad, who had been in charge of his education, and received as reward the title of Grand-Vizier. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz left the management …

, a dynasty of Turkish origin which reigned in Damascus from 497/1104 to 549/1154. Its founder was the atabeg [ q.v.] of S̲h̲ams al-Mulūk Duḳāḳ, son of the Sald̲j̲ūḳid sultan Tutus̲h̲ (see sald̲j̲ūḳids ). This atabeg, named Tug̲h̲takīn and called Ẓahīr al-Dīn, was the confidant of sultan Tutus̲h̲, and was entrusted with the direction of affairs in Damascus as early as 488/1095 by Duḳāḳ, whose mentor he had been. After the death of Duḳāḳ (12 Ramaḍān 497/18 June 1104), Tug̲h̲takīn continued to exercise power in the name of the dece…

, Turkish corsair who seized possession of Algiers at the beginning of the 10th/16th century. He is sometimes designated by the name of Barbarossa (a term which is sometimes interpreted as a corruption of Bābā ʿArūd̲j̲), but it appears this surname more often refers to his brother Ḵh̲ayr al-Dīn [ q.v.]. ʿArūd̲j̲ came from the island of Midilli (Mytileneancient ¶ Lesbos); his father was a Turk, a Muslim soldier of the garrison of occupation ( G̲h̲azawāt ), or a Greek potter (Haëdo). He had at least two brothers, who were with him in the Mag̲h̲rib; Ḵ…

biʾllāh Abu Muḥammad , Saʿdid sultan, son of one of the founders of the dynasty, Maḥammad al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Mahdī. He was born Ramaḍān 933/June 1527 and, designated as heir presumptive, was recognized as sultan on his father’s death, assassinated by his Turkish guardsmen 29 Ḏh̲u’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 964/23 Oct. 1557. His reign lasted till his death, due to a crisis of asthma, 28 Ramaḍān 981/21 Jan. 1574. His reign as a whole was peaceful. Yet the sultan showed himself uneasy in expectation of an eventual intervention of the Turks, who had killed his father, immediat…

b. al-Ḥusayn , the last dey of Algiers, was born at Izmir and ruled from 1818 to 1830. When his predecessor ʿAlī K̲h̲od̲j̲a died of the plague on 1 March 1818 Ḥusayn was occupying the high office of k̲h̲od̲j̲at al-k̲h̲ayl (tribute collector). Ḥusayn was raised to the dignity of dey without having sought it, and being of a moderate disposition opened his reign by gestures of clemency. His reward was two attempts at assassination. Thereafter he remained mostly in the kasbah, which dominated the city of Algiers, surrounded by Kabyle guards. There was unrest in Algeria: the beys of Consta…

, son of K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn [ q.v.] and placed in command at Algiers three times: 1544-1551, 1557-1561, and 1562-1567. The son of an Algerine woman, he was less than 28 years old when appointed pas̲h̲a of Algiers for the first time. His first command (as deputy to his father, who was both Beylerbey and Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a) was marked at the beginning by the strengthening of the fortifications of Algiers, found to be inadequate after the expedition of Charles V in 1541. On the other hand, he tried to settle th…

( Fès , Fez ), a town of Northern Morocco situated at 4° 54′ W., 34° 6′ N. It stands at the northeast extremity of the plain of the Sāʾis, at the exact place where the waters of the eastern side of this plain go down into the valley of Sebou via the valley of the Wādī Fās. It is therefore on the easiest route between the Atlantic coast of Morocco and the central Mag̲h̲rib. Furthermore, one of the least difficult roads across the Middl…

, plural of dāʾira , group of families attached to the service and the person of a native chief in Algeria. Before the French conquest, the name of dawāʾir (local pronunciation dwāyr ) was borne especially by four tribal groups encamped to the south-west of Oran and attached to the service of the Bey of that city, although there were other dawāʾir, for example in the Titteri. They were organized as a militia, living on the products of the ¶ land put at their disposition by the Turkish government and the profit from expeditions against tribes who were unruly or refused to p…

, a mountainous region in the Algerian Tell. The word Kabylia, coined by the French, means “land of the Kabyles” ( bilād al-Ḳabāʾil ). This name is of fairly recent origin, however, for it is not found in the works of Arabic historians and geographers; it is probably of oral origin and intended for use by foreigners, i.e., Europeans; it seems to have been introduced into geographic nomenclature by European writers from the 16th century onwards. The word “Kabyle”, the etymology of which is sometimes questioned, seems to correspond to the Arabic word ḳabāʾil , plural of ḳabīla …

, in modern Arabic “government”. Like many political neologisms in Islamic languages, the word seems to have been first used in its modern sense in 19th century Turkey, and to have passed from Turkish into Arabic and other languages. Ḥukūma comes from the Arabic root ḥ.k.m , with the meaning “to judge, adjudicate” (cf. the related meaning, dominant in Hebrew and other Semitic languages, of wisdom. See ḥikma ). In classical usage the verbal noun ḥukūma means the act or office of adjudication, of dispensing justice, whether by a sovereign, a judge, …