Search

[German version] I. Greek (Μάξιμος; Máximos) [German version] [I 1] Maximus of Tyre Author of lectures mainly on ethics and theology, 2nd cent. AD, [1] Maximus of Tyrus AD 2nd cent.; author of 41 short dialéxeis (lectures), according to the most important MS (Cod. Parisinus graecus 1962) delivered in Rome (the Suda dates a visit to the reign of Commodus, AD 180-191). His concepts are simple yet rhetorically sophisticated (frequent use of comparisons, quotations from poetry, mythological and historical examples); his main topic is…

[German version] [1] Father of the emperors Valens and Valentinianus The father of emperors  Valens and  Valentinianus. Born near Cibalae. A man of low origins who rose in the military: between AD 305 and 316 he was protector domesticus in Salona, in about 321 tribunus in Illyricum, later comes in Africa and Britain. In 350/1 he was as a private person host to the usurper  Magnentius and was punished with confiscation of his property. His sons arranged for an honourable memorial. PLRE 1, 400f. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Flavius G. West-Rom. emperor AD 367-383 Roman emp…

(Βασιλεῖος; Basileîos). [German version] [1] Basil the Great Theologian and bishop of Caesarea/Cappadocia. Markschies, Christoph (Berlin) [German version] A. Biography B. (born around 329/330 as the son of a Christian senatorial family who owned large estates) together with his younger brother  Gregorius of Nyssa and his friend  Gregorius of Nazianze were called the three great Cappadocians. His grandmother gave him his first introduction to the Bible and theology along the lines of Origenism. His education contin…

[German version] [1] Procos. Africae in 379 AD In AD 379 procos. Africae, in 380-382 praetorian prefect, in 381 cos. The assignment of offices is debatable, since S. [2] became prominent at the same time. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Correspondent of Q. A. Symmachus [4] Eusebius, 4th cent. In AD 369 dishonourably dismissed as a notarius; in 379-381 (?) magister officiorum, in 381 city prefect in Rome, in 382 cos. Correspondent of Q. A. Symmachus [4] Eusebius. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography Clauss, 192 f.  A. Demandt, Die Konsuln der Jahre 381 und 382…

[German version] [1] see  Iulius E. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Praef. praet. Galliarum AD 424/5 Originally from Poitiers; after internal unrest in AD 417, he tried to restore order in Aremorica. In 424/5 praef. praet. Galliarum, he was beaten to death during a mutiny in Arelate. PLRE 2, 448. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)

[German version] Gallo-Roman friend of Sidonius Apollinaris. Although Catholic, from about AD 471 he was in the service of the Arian Visigoth Euricus. There is evidence of his holding the titles dux and comes . He had responsibility super septem civitates in Aquitania I and after the latter was subjugated by the Visigoths from c. 475 also for Augustonemetum (Clermont). V. came to prominence by endowing churches. His autocratic tendencies and his dissipated way of life made him suspect, so that he ran away to Rome, where he was murdered (in 479?) (PLRE 2, 1162-1164, no. 4). Leppin, Hartmut…

[German version] [1] Iulius M. Emperor in the West in 457-461 AD In AD 457-461 emperor in the West. He served under Aetius [2] in Gaul, retired to his estates and probably served as comes domesticorum at least with Valentinianus III. With Ricimer he brought about the overthrow of Avitus [1]. The East Roman emperor named him military commander and on 28 December 457 he was declared to be Augustus (on the date [1. 180-188]; against a step-by-step appointment [1. 185f.]). He emphasized the support for him in the Senate and military …

[German version] [1] Aurelius A. Cos. suff. 180/182 AD Praetorian legate of Arabia under two Augusti (AE 1965, 23); cos. suff. between AD 180 and 182 (CIL VIII 10570=ILS 6870). PIR2 A 1424. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) [German version] [2] Consular senator, executed around 217/18 AD Consular senator. His execution, demanded by the soldiers, was at first refused by Emperor  Macrinus (217-18) (Cass. Dio 78,12,4), but was probably carried out soon thereafter (Cass. Dio 78,19,1). PIR2 A 1425. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) [German version] [3] Imperator Caes. L. Domitius A. Augustus Born…

[German version] Bearer of a Germanic name; attested as comes et magister utriusque militiae per Orientem from AD 383 to 387; a proponent of euergetism in Antioch. Together with  Caesarius [3], in 387 conducted the investigations after the Antioch statue revolt.  Libanius thanked him with a panegyric for having achieved lenient actions (Or. 22). H. corresponded with Libanius (Ep. 2; 868; 884; 898; 925) and  Gregorius [3] of Nazianzus (Ep. 225). Probably a Christian [1]. (PLRE 1,277f.). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 v. Haehling 265-267.

I. Principal types [German version] A. Greece Fundamental to Greek spectator events was the distinction between gymnic, hippic and musical agons (Competitions, artistic). All games emerged from cult, whether of the dead or of the gods. They remained connected with the cult and took place in conjunction with festivals (Festivals, ‘Festival culture’). The presentation of gymnic and hippic games (e.g. chariot races, Hom. Il. 23,257-538; Sports festivals), and of choral agons (Hom. Od. 8,256-366) is already found in Homer. Hesiod attests to a musical agon (Hes. Op. 650-659). In the Arc…

[German version] [1] Roman emperor AD 251-253 Imp. Caes. C. Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus V. P. F. Invictus Aug. (RIC 4,3, 173-189). Roman emperor from the middle of AD 251 until the middle of 253. Born c. 230 in Perusia (?), the son of Trebonianus Gallus and Afinia Gemina Baebiana. After the battle of Abritus against the Goths and the death of Decius [II 1], the legions proclaimed him and his father emperor in June 251 (Eutr. 9,5; Zon. 12,21 D.); at the same time, he was appointed Caesar by his father (Aur. Vict. Caes. 30)…

[German version] [1] C. I. The Great, Roman Emperor AD 306-337 ‘the Great’, Roman emperor from AD 306-337. Born c. 275 (Euseb. Vita Const. 4,53; Aur. Vict. Caes. 41,16; [Aur. Vict.] Epit. Caes. 41,15, differently Euseb. Vita Const. 2,51) at Naïssus (Anon. Vales. 2) the son of Constantius [1] I and of Helena. After his father was made Caesar, Constantine served on the staff of  Diocletian and of  Galerius (Pan. Lat. 7[6] 5,3; Lactant. De mort. pers. 18,10; Anon. Vales. 2). In 305 he left the court of Galerius to jo…

[German version] [1] See Galla [3] Placidia See Galla [3] Placidia. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Relative of the imperial family (5th cent. AD) Younger daughter of Valentinianus [4] III and Eudoxia [2], b. AD 441/2. First betrothed to the son of Aetius [5], Petronius Maximus [II 8] apparently forced her into a marriage with his son ([2. 180f.]). In 455, she was taken hostage by the Vandals as they overran Rome; she was released to Constantinople in 462. Probably already married to Anicius [II 15] Olyb…

[German version] I. Greek (Μαρκελλῖνος; Markellînos). [German version] [I 1] Greek author of a treatise on pulses, 2nd cent. AD?, [1] Greek author of a treatise on pulses. His reference to followers of Archigenes suggests the late 1st or 2nd cent. AD as the earliest date of its composition. A more precise dating would be possible if he were the author of a recipe quoted by Galen (De compositione medicamentorum secundum locos 7,5 = 13,90 K.) from Andromachus [5] the Younger, but the identification is uncertain. M.'s …

[German version] [1] Uncle of emperor Theodosius I Flavius E. was an uncle of emperor Theodosius I (Them. Or. 16,203d). He is possibly identical with the comes sacrarum largitionum of AD 377-379 (Cod. Theod. 1,32,3; 10,20,9). In 381 he was consul (Them. ibid.). He was still alive in 395 (Zos. 5,2,3). PLRE 1, 288 E. (2). Portmann, Werner (Berlin) [German version] [2] Son of Stilicho, about AD 390 Flavius E., the son of  Stilicho and Serena, born AD 389 in Rome. He first lived in Constantinople, then at the court of  Honorius, where he became tribunus et notarius. In 400 he became engaged wi…

(Λουκιανός; Loukianós). [German version] [1] L. of Samosata Greek rhetorical-satirical writer, 2nd cent. AD Important Greek rhetorical-satirical writer of the Roman Imperial period. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) [German version] A. Life and career L. was born between AD 115 and 125 [4. 8] in Samosata on the Euphrates, on the eastern edge of Roman Syria. Περὶ τοῦ ἐνυπνίου ἦτοι Βίος Λουκιανοῦ (‘The Dream, or Lucian's Life’, Somn.) portrays vividly (but not necessarily truthfully) L.'s decision for an education modelled on the example of the great classical authors ( paideía)…

[German version] Flavius C., in 420/21 worked as a comes domesticus in Gaul; in 422 as mag. militum of the  Honorius he unsuccessfully fought the Vandals at the Baetica, he fell out with  Bonifatius who evaded him and went to Africa. In 423 C. probably supported the usurpation of  Iohannes and remained in office, becoming cos. in 424 but achieving no recognition in the East [1. 383]. Later C. fled -- supposedly to Africa (PLRE 2, 269f.). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 Bagnall.

[German version] I. Greek (Μαρῖνος; Marînos). [German version] [I 1] M. of Tyre Greek geographer, 2nd cent. AD Greek geographer, known only through his immediate successor Claudius Ptolemaeus, who mentions M. as a source in his ‘Introduction to the Representation of the Earth (γεωγραφικὴ ὑφήγησις/ geōgraphikḗ hyphḗgēsis, = ‘G.). Arabic texts which mention M. all trace back to the ‘G. [8. 189]. Place names used by M. allow his work to be dated to between AD 107 and 114/5; cities are mentioned with the name of Trajan refering to his Dacian Wars (ended AD 107…

Originally the epithet of a victor, first assumed by P. Cornelius Scipio A. (Maior) after the victory over Carthage in 201 BC (Liv. 30,45,6), then assumed by his adoptive son P. Cornelius Scipio A. (Minor), cos. 147; later as surname also in other families [1]. In the imperial era surname of the emperors Gordian I and II, Justinian I and Flavius Mauricius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Greek doctor 2nd or 1st cent. BC Greek doctor of the 2nd or 1st cent. BC, who dedicated a few of his prescriptions to a king Antigonus [1]. Not to be confused with a…

[German version] Monk from Alexandria who lived in around AD 400. Following on from Sextus Iulius Africanus and Eusebius [7], both of whose works he also revised, he wrote a history of the world, the influence of which is evident in George Syncellus [2], although there is disagreement as to its precise significance. P. was particularly interested in questions concerning the dating of events. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography W. Adler, Time Immemorial, 1989, 72ff.

[German version] Decimius Hilarianus H., son of  Ausonius. One of those family members who profited from Ausonius' proximity to emperor  Gratianus [2]. In AD 376/7 documented as proconsul Africae and 377-380 as Praetorian Prefect in the West with varying jurisdiction. Corresponded with Symmachus (Epist. 1,75-88). Epist. 19/20 Mondin (= 16/18 Prete) by Ausonius are addressed to him. Probably a Christian [1]. PLRE 1,427f. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 v. Haehling, 298f.

[German version] Of Germanic descent; tribunus scutariorum in AD 350.; a follower of  Vetranio, whom he betrayed to  Constantius [2] II. In 360 magister militum of the emperor  Iulianus; when the emperor removed him from office in the following spring, G. switched his allegiance to Constantius II. In 365/366, G. served as magister militum of the usurper  Procopius, in whose defeat G.'s switch of allegiance to  Valens played a decisive part. PLRE 1, 397f. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)

[German version] Franc, mag. militum of  Constantinus [3] III, whom he freed from Valencia in AD 407. E. tried to win the Germani as allies. During his attempt to relieve the usurper who was besieged in Arelate, he was defeated by  Constantius [6] III and Ulfila, and was killed while attempting to escape in 411. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)

[German version] [1] Rival emperor to Gallienus, 3rd cent. AD As proconsul of Achaia, V. had himself proclaimed rival emperor to Gallienus in AD 261 in Macedonia. Although he defeated Piso, who was sent there against him (PIR2 C 298), he was soon murdered by his own troops (Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 32,4; Amm. Marc. 21,16,10; SHA Tyr. Trig. 19; 21; SHA Gall. 2,2 f.). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography Kienast 2 227  PIR V 7  PLRE 1, 929 f. [German version] [2] Flavius Valens Eastern Roman emperor AD 364-378. Born in 321 in Cibalae (Illyria), of lowly origins and without a prof…

(Ὀλυμπιάς; Olympiás). [German version] [1] Daughter of Neoptolemus Daughter of Neoptolemus [2], born in about 375 BC. She was not given the name O. until after the Olympic victory of Philippus II in 356 BC (cf. Plut. Mor. 401b). She married Philip in 357 as his fifth wife (Ath. 13,557b) and bore him Alexander [4] the Great (356) and Cleopatra [II 3]. The birth of a successor elevated O.'s status, but there is no evidence of any political influence. After Philip's marriage to Cleopatra [II 2] she fled to…

Roman cognomen ('boy dressed in a toga praetexta'). Epithet of L. Papirius [I 23] P. and in the Sulpicii family (Sulpicius); widespread in the Imperial Period. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Vettius Agorius P. Praefectus Urbi AD 265-267 c. AD 320-384. Having started his career as quaestor and praetor, he became corrector Tusciae et Umbriae before 362, as a favourite of Iulianus [11] proconsul Achaiae in 362/4, praefectus urbi in Rome in 365/7, then a praetorian prefect of Illyria, Italia, and Africa; designated a consul in 384; several times …

(Πελάγιος; Pelágios). [German version] [1] Schoolfellow and friend of Libanius, high-ranking official Fellow student and friend of Libanius, in AD 357; represented his home city Cyrrhus (in Euphratensis) before Constantius [2] II in Italy; in about 382 he was consularis Syriae; he died in 393, a non-Christian (it is to him that Lib. Epist. 1325 and 1334 are addressed). PLRE 1, 686 (P. 1). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Epic poet and historian, 5th cent. Silentiarius ( Silentiarii ), distinguished epic poet and probably also historian…

(Δάρδανος; Dárdanos). [German version] [1] Son of Zeus Son of Zeus, who of all his mortal sons loved this one the most (Hom. Il. 20,215; 304), and either a mortal mother or the Atlantid Electra/Elektryone (Hes. fr. 177/80 MW; Hellanic. FGrH 4 F 23). Eponymous hero of the  Dardani, who lived on Mt Ida, and in Homer are linked with the Trojans and frequently synonymous with them. D. is the progenitor of the Trojan ruling dynasty. Possibly mentioned in the Ilioupersis, he originates from Arcadia, where he is supposed to have been born in a cave (Ilioupersis fr. 1 PEG I; Str. 8…

[German version] [1] (Grand)father of emperor Theodosius I Listed in [Aur. Vict.] Epit. Caes. 48,1 as father of the emperor Theodosius I, but may have been his grandfather. PLRE 1,441. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Elder brother of Theodosius I Elder brother of Theodosius I, probably related to  Maria, whose daughter was  Serena; both were taken into the emperor's household. PLRE 1,441. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [3] Flavius H. West Roman emperor 393-423 AD, puer nobilissimus West Roman emperor AD 393-423, was born on 9 September AD 384 …

(Κλέαρχος; Kléarchos). [German version] [1] Bronze sculptor from Rhegion Bronze sculptor from Rhegion. Because of his statue of Zeus Hypatus in Sparta, a   sphyrelaton according to the description, C. was wrongly considered the inventor of bronze statues by Pausanias. According to tradition he was a student of  Dipoenus and Scyllis or of  Daedalus as well as the teacher of  Pythagoras and, therefore, was active in the 2nd half of the 6th cent. BC. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overbeck No. 332f., 491 P. Romanelli, in: EAA 4, 365f. J. Papadopoulos, Xoana e sphyrelata, 1980, 82 F…

(Ἄτταλος; Áttalos). [German version] [1] Friend of  Philippus, rival of Alexander the Great at the court of his father Friend of  Philippus who did not punish him for an insult inflicted on Pausanias. At the wedding of his niece Cleopatra (II) to Philippus (337 BC) he called  Alexander [4] the Great a nothos (illegitimate son) and was attacked by him, whereupon Alexander and Olympias were banned (Plut. Alex. 9 among others). With his father-in-law (Curt. 6,9,18) Parmenion, he commanded the invading army in Asia. After Philippus' death, Alexander …

(Εὐσέβιος; Eusébios). [German version] [1] Flavius Eusebius Consul AD 347 Mention is made in the statute Cod. Theod. 11,1,1 of AD 360 of the former cos. et mag. equitum et peditum Eusebius. This probably refers to cos. E. of 347, who may perhaps be identified as the father of the empress Eusebia [1] (cf. Julian Or. 3,107d-110d). PLRE 1, 307f. Eusebius (39). Portmann, Werner (Berlin) [German version] [2] Eusebius Roman official about AD 355 Son of E. [1]. Like his brother Hypatius, he enjoyed the patronage of his sister  Eusebia [1] (cf. Julian Or. 3,116a). In AD 355 he was consularis Hellespon…

[German version] [1] Gaulish correspondent of Symmachus Came from a Gaulish family; correspondent of Symmachus (Epist. 4,50-57), probably a pagan. In AD 379 he probably held the notary's office. It is doubtful whether he is identical with the homonymous comes sacrarum largitionum [1. 100-103]; in 395 quaestor sacri cubiculi; from 395 to 397, thus for an unusually long time, attested as praefectus urbi Romae, proved successful during a famine. Claudian [2] dedicated the second book of De raptu Proserpinae to him (praef. 50). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 Delmaire. PLRE…

[German version] [1] Greek geographer from Heraclea, between AD 200 and 530, Marcianus I Greek [1] (Μαρκιανός; Markianós). Geographer from Heraclea [7] between AD 200 (he used the geographer Protagoras) and 530 (he is often quoted by Steph. Byz.), possibly after 400 (GGM 1, CXXX; [2. 272; 3. 997; 6. 156f.]) or even closer to Steph. Byz. [1. 46]. Personal information about him is not available. Only 21 quotes from his Epitome of the eleven books of the Geōgraphía by Artemidorus [3] of Ephesus have been handed down by Steph. Byz. and one as Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 3,859 (GGM 1,…

(Δίδυμος; Dídymos). [1] of Alexandria Important Greek grammarian of the latter half of the 1st cent. BC [German version] A. Philological activity The most important Greek grammarian of the latter half of the 1st cent. BC. The biographical entry in the Suda (δ 872) tells us that he was still alive in the reign of Augustus, and mentions a nickname ‘Chalkenteros’ (Χαλκέντερος, ‘Brazen-guts’, cf. the Suda ι 399, χ 29). To his strong constitution he attributed an untiring assiduity that extended to different branches of p…

[German version] [1] Defended Marseille against Athaulf 413 AD B. distinguished himself in AD 413 in the defence of Marseilles against Athaulf ( Ataulfus), attested as tribune in Africa from AD 416/17, perhaps praepositus limitis; from AD 423 comes Africae. As he acted independently, he was suspected time and again of disloyalty to  Valentinianus III, and this led to military conflicts in 427-429; publicly confirmed by the emperor as comes in 429. At the same time B. was accused of having invited the Vandals into the country so as to defend his own position; he …

[German version] [1] [1] Vettius Agorius Basilius M. cos. AD 527, Consul AD 527. M. lived in the Ostrogoth kingdom and played an important role for the transmission of literary texts. He is attested as an editor of Horace and Prudentius. He probably wrote the Iudicium Paridis (Anth. Lat. 1,10), perhaps also the Cento de ecclesiis (Anth. Lat. 1,16). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography PLRE 2, 736f. [German version] [2] see Lollianus [7] see Lollianus [7]

[German version] [1] Second wife of Sulla Second wife of Sulla (Plut. Sull. 6,20). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] Galla Wife of one Postumus (Augustan period) Wife of one Postumus = ? C. Propertius Postumus, Prop. 3,12,38; related to members of the senatorial Aelii of the Augustan period [1; 2]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [3] Paetina, second wife of  Claudius Ae. Paetina. Probably daughter of Sex. Aelius Catus; second wife of  Claudius, who separated from her (Suet. Claud. 26,2). They had a daughter  Antonia [5].  Narcissus …

[German version] I. Greek (Σύμμαχος/ Sýmmachos). [German version] [I 1] Author of a commentary on Aristophanes, 1st half of the 2nd cent. No later than the first half of the 2nd cent. AD (citation in Herodian. 2,945-946 Lentz); author of a commentary on Aristophanes [3], frequently used in Late Antiquity and Byzantine scholia literature ( subscriptio Schol. Aristoph. Av.; Nub.; Pax). It remains unclear whether S. also commented on comedies which do not survive [2. 1138 f.]. Of the 41 (factual) explanations attributed to S. by name in the Aristophane…

[English version] (στρατιωτικά, Plur. = sa., στρατιωτικόν, Sing. = sn.). Die sa. waren Finanzmittel für mil. Zwecke der Stadt Athen aus einem Fonds (dem sn.), der histor. eng mit der Entwicklung der Festkasse ( theōrikón ) verbunden war. Das sn. diente verm. dazu, in Kriegszeiten die Ausgaben flexibel handhaben zu können, in Abweichung vom starren System der üblichen Aufteilung des Steueraufkommens ( merismós). Zugleich dürfte das sn. als Gegengewicht zum theōrikón gedient haben. Ein Finanzposten mit dieser Bezeichnung ist zuerst in den 370er (Ps.-Demosth. or. 49,12 …

[English version] (Χρυσάφιος). Chrysaphius qui et Ztummas, Eunuch. Unter Theodosius II. praepositus sacri cubiculi, als erster Eunuch auch als spatharius bezeugt. Ihm wird nach dem Sturz des Kyros ein maßgeblicher Einfluß auf den Kaiser zugeschrieben; er soll sämtliche Konkurrenten auch mit unlauteren Mitteln zurückgedrängt haben. 449 n.Chr. plante Ch. einen Mordanschlag auf Attila, der jedoch publik wurde. Er besaß Einfluß genug, um der Auslieferung an die Hunnen zu entgehen. Im nestorianischen Streit unterstützt…

[English version] Claudius Postumus D. consularis Viennensis, mag. libellorum, quaestor sacri palatii, praef. praet. Galliarum, patricius. Als Praetorianerpraefekt brachte er 412/3 n.Chr. Athaulf dazu, auf der Seite des Honorius gegen Iovinus zu kämpfen; er ermordete den gefangenen Usurpator. Die Datierung seiner zweiten Praefektur ist strittig (401/04 oder 406/07 n.Chr. in der PLRE, E. 415 n.Chr. nach [1]). D. war Christ, Korrespondent von Hieronymus und Augustin. Er zog sich in eine vielleicht unter dem Einfluß Augustins Theopolis (“Gottesstadt”) genannte Siedlung zu…

[English version] Sohn des Praetorianerpraefekten Florentius [1], 388 n.Chr. consularis Syriae, Gegner des Tatianus; erregte verschiedentlich Anstoß, was zu seiner Amtsenthebung führte. 393 dank Rufinus comes Syriae, soll aber aufgrund eines Konfliktes mit dem Onkel Theodosius' I., Eucherius, im Auftrag eben des Rufinus 393 oder 395 umgebracht worden sein. Lib. or. 56 ist gegen ihn gerichtet; Christ. PLRE 1,516f. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)

(Ὀλυμπιάς). [English version] [1] Tochter des Neoptolemos [2] Tochter des Neoptolemos [2], geb. um 375 v.Chr. Den Namen O. erhielt sie erst nach dem Olympischen Sieg des Philippos II. im J. 356 v.Chr. (vgl. Plut. mor. 401b). Sie heiratete Philippos 357 als seine fünfte Gemahlin (Athen. 13,557b) und gebar ihm Alexandros [4] d.Gr. (356) und Kleopatra [II 3]. Die Geburt eines Nachfolgers erhöhte O.' Stellung, doch ist polit. Einfluß nicht nachzuweisen. Nach Philippos' Eheschließung mit Kleopatra [II 2] flo…

Name eines aus Praeneste stammenden Geschlechtes, das dort bereits in republikanischer Zeit bezeugt ist. Ein Anicier gelangt 160 v. Chr. zum Konsulat (s. [I 4]), sonst trat das Geschlecht in der Republik nicht weiter hervor. In der Kaiserzeit jedoch blühte die Gens, in nachdiokletianischer Zeit bis ins 4. Jh. n. Chr. als stadtröm. Familie, um dann, von den Angehörigen der weiblichen Linie fortgeführt, als christl. Adel zu höchster Bed. im 5. Jh. zu gelangen [1]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] A., C. Senator (Mitte 1. Jh. v. Chr.) Senator un…

Cognomen z. B. bei den Atilii, Calpurnii, Iulii, Virii. [English version] [1] 418 n. Chr. praef. praetorio II in Gallien [1] 418 n. Chr. praef. praetorio II in Gallien [1], 421 cos. (PLRE 2, 36 f.) Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [English version] [2] Sohn des Kaisers Avitus, 5. Jh. Sohn des Kaisers Avitus (455/6 n. Chr.), Bruder des Ecdicius und der Papianilla. Er bekleidete wohl ein hohes Amt ( vir inlustris), später wurde er Geistlicher; er war Korrespondent seines Schwagers Sidonius Apollinaris (epist. 1,2; 2,12; PLRE 2, 37 A. 2). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 R. v. Haehling, R…

[English version] [1] Verteidigte 413 n. Chr. Marseille gegen Athaulf B. tat sich 413 n.Chr. bei der Verteidigung von Marseille gegen Athaulf (Ataulfus) hervor, seit 416/7 n.Chr. in Africa als Tribun bezeugt, vielleicht praepositus limitis; seit etwa 423 comes Africae. Da er unabhängig agierte, stand er immer wieder im Verdacht, gegenüber Valentinianus III. illoyal zu sein, was 427-429 zu mil. Auseinandersetzungen führte; offenbar 429 vom Kaiser als comes bestätigt. B. wurde dabei nachgesagt, die Vandalen ins Land gerufen zu haben, um seine eigene Position zu s…

[English version] [1] (Groß-)Vater des Kaisers Theodosius I. Bei [Aur. Vict.] Epit. Caes. 48,1 als Vater des Kaisers Theodosius I. bezeichnet, dürfte aber sein Großvater gewesen sein. PLRE 1,441. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [English version] [2] Älterer Bruder Theodosius' I. Älterer Bruder Theodosius' I., verh. wohl mit Maria, Tochter war Serena; beide wurden in den Haushalt des Kaisers aufgenommen wurden. PLRE 1,441. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [English version] [3] Flavius H. Weström. Kaiser 393-423 n. Chr., puer nobilissimus weström. Kaiser 393-423 n.Chr., wurde am 9.9…

[English version] [1] Amtsträger (4. Jh. n. Chr.) Aus Kilikien stammend, wurde C. in Antiochia ausgebildet (Lib. epist. 1399). Er war Bruder des Alypios (Iul. epist. 9-10). 362-363 war er evtl. vicarius Asiae (Lib. epist. 764; 1384). Nach dem Tode des Iulianus wurde er comes rerum privatarum (Cod. Theod. 10,1,8) und gewann großen Einfluß am Hof des Valens (Lib. epist. 1449; 1456). 365 wurde C. als praef. urbis Constantinopolitanae durch den Usurpator Prokop gefangen (Amm. 26,7,4; Zos. 4,6,2) und evtl. umgebracht (Them. or.7,92c). Er war Empfänger zahlreicher Bri…

I. Haupttypen [English version] A. Griechenland Grundlegend für das griech. Schauwesen ist die Unterscheidung zw. gymnischen, hippischen und musischen Agonen (Wettbewerbe). Alle Spiele erwuchsen aus dem Kult, sei es der Toten oder der Götter; sie blieben dem Kult verhaftet und finden anläßlich von Festen statt (Fest, Festkultur). Die Veranstaltung von gymnischen und hippischen Spielen (z. B. Wagenrennen, Hom. Il. 23,257-538; Sportfeste), aber auch von chorischen Agonen (Hom. Od. 8,256-366) ist bereits…