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[German version] (Σάμιος/ Sámios), also Samus (Σᾶμος/ Sâmos). Epigrammatist of the 'Garland of Meleager' (Anth. Pal. 4,1,14), son of Chrysogonus and contemporary of Philip [7] V of Macedonia (Pol. 5,9,4), who condemned him to death (Pol. 23,10,8-10) perhaps because of his criticism (Plut. Mor. 53e). A poem about Philip V dedicating to Heracles the hide and horns of a bull survives (Anth. Pal. 6,116); a variant (ibid. 6,114) on the same theme can probably also be ascribed to him (the attribution to Simi…

(Μελέαγρος/ Meléagros, Lat. Meleager). [German version] [1] Hero from the pre-Trojan period, Argonaut Mythological hero. Hero from the generation before the Trojan War, from Calydon [3], the capital city of the Aetolians. As one the Argonauts ( Argonautae) M. participated in the funereal games for Pelias (Stesich. PMG 179; Diod. 4,48,4). As the brother of Deianeira he is also linked with the Hercules cycle (Bacchyl. 5,170-175; Pind. fr. 70b). First and foremost, however, he is associated with the local legend of Calydon. In the archaic period there were two variations of the …

Epithet of many gentilicia [1]. Famous persons: the jurist Salvius I. [1]; the doctor I. [2]; the emperor I. [11], called ‘Apostata’; the bishops I. [16] of Aeclanum and I. [21] of Toledo. [German version] [1] L. Octavius Cornelius P. Salvius I. Aemilianus Roman jurist, 2nd cent. AD Jurist, born about AD 100 in North Africa, died about AD 170; he was a student of  Iavolenus [2] Priscus (Dig. 40,2,5) and the last head of the Sabinian law school (Dig. 1,2,2,53). I., whose succession of offices is preserved in the inscription from Pupput, provi…

[German version] (Φανίας; Phanías). Epigrammatist, perhaps among the last (2nd-1st cent. BC?) of the Garland of Meleager (Anth. Pal. 4,1,54); also a grammatikós (lemma on 7,537). Among the eight poems of his to survive (including one erotic one: 12,31), minute accounts of work tools and everyday objects predominate; with these, P. emulated Leonidas [3] of Tarentum. The extremely rare Latinism δρύππα, 'ripe olive' (cf. Anth. Pal. 6,299,4), may reflect direct knowledge of the terminology of Italian agriculture. The form Phainías for the name (cf. lemma on 6,299 and 12,31) se…

[German version] (Ζηλωτός/ Zēlōtós). Greek epigrammatist, possibly first half of the 1st cent. AD. Planudes ascribes to him an anonymous poem Anth. Pal. 9,31: a boat, hewn from a pine tree uprooted by the winds, predicts storms at sea. Ascribed by the Codex Palatinus to a bearer of the extremely rare name Z. - as an alternative to Bassus - is a one-line version on the same theme (Ant. Pal. 9,30). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography FGE, 103 M. Lausberg, Das Einzeldistichon, 1982, 364.

(Νικίας; Nikías). [German version] [1] Important commander in the Peloponnesian War, c.470-413 BC Son of Niceratus of Athens, born c.470 BC, died 413; one of the most important commanders in the Peloponnesian War. After the death of Pericles, N. competed with Cleon [1] for influence in the popular assembly and the assignment of military commands. His policy was directed towards ending the aggressive Athenian politics of expansion and towards reconciliation with Sparta. From 427, N. was regularly elected stratēgós . He led expeditions against Minoa [4…

(Νεῖλος/ Neîlos, Latin Nilus). [German version] [1] N. of Ancyra Author of monastic letters and stories, c. 400 A number of monastic letters, stories, apophthegmata, treatises and fragments are attributed to a N. of Ancyra or an ascetic N. in MSS. The question of authorship is hardly fully resolved in any of the texts. If the autobiographical data in the Dihēgḗmata [1. 6044] are not held to be authentic (but so in [4]), little more is known of N. than that he lived in Galatia at the turn of the 4th and 5th cents. AD  (but cf. the critique of this in [7. …

(Φιλίτας; Philítas). [German version] [1] P. of Cos Poet and philologist, Hellenistic Period (Φιλίτας/ Philítas, the correct form; also Philḗtas/Φιλήτας), ποιητὴς ἅμα καὶ κριτικός ( poiētḕs háma kaì kritikós/"both poet and philologist": Str. 14,2,19) of the early Hellenistic Period, regarded by learned poets of later generations as the founder of a school and an important reference point (cf. Callim. fr. 1,9-12 Pfeiffer and the schol. Florentina a.l.; Theoc. 7,37-41; Hermesianax fr. 7,75-78 Powell). Born c. 340 BC on Cos (his father's name was Telephus), P. was invite…

(Πέρσης; Pérsēs). [German version] [1] Son of the Titan Crius and Eurybea (or Persaeus [1]: H. Hom. 2,24). Son of the Titan Crius [1] and Eurybea, brother of Astraeus and Pallas (Hes. Theog. 375ff.; Apollod. 1,8), husband of Asteria [2], father of Hecate (Hes. Theog. 409ff.). Thurmann, Stephanie (Kiel) [German version] [2] Son of Helios Son of Helios, brother of Aeetes (Hyg. Fab. 27). He seized power in Colchis from Aeetes, for which he was killed either by Medea (Apollod. 1,83) or her son Medus (Hyg. loc.cit.; Diod. Sic. 4,56,1). Thurmann, Stephanie (Kiel) [German version] [3] Son of Per…

(Θεαίτητος; Theaítētos). [German version] [1] T. of Athens, mathematician, c. 400 BC Mathematician, a native of Athens, pupil of Theodorus [2] of Cyrene and later a member of Plato's Academy ( Akadḗmeia ). In Plato's [1] dialogue named after him, T. appears (together with the aged Theodorus [2]) as about fifteen years old in 399 BC; he was therefore born c. 414. Plato describes him as gentle, courageous and quick to apprehend. After he had been wounded in the battle of Corinth, T. contracted dysentery and died in 369. T. contributed substantially to the theory of irrational quantiti…

(Ἡρακλείδης; Hērakleídēs). Famous persons: the politician and writer H. [19] Lembus, the philosopher H. [16] Ponticus the Younger, the doctor H. [27] of Tarentum. I. Political figures [German version] [1] Spokesman on behalf of Athens at the Persian court, end of 5th cent. BC H. of Clazomenae (cf. Pl. Ion 541d) was in the service of the Persians and probably called basileús for that reason. Thus, he was able to perform valuable services for Athens at the Persian court in 423 BC for which he received Attic citizenship soon after moving there (after 400, Syll.3 118). To move the Athenians …

(Νικόμαχος/ Nikómachos). [German version] [1] Healing hero See Gorgasus and Nicomachus Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Athenian official, 410-404 BC Allegedly the son of a slave and only later accepted as an Athenian citizen. In 410-404 BC, N. led the commission for recording the laws ( anagrapheîs tôn nómōn). Exiled under the Thirty ( triákonta ), he returned in 403 and again became anagrapheús. In 399/8 BC, N. was accused of manipulating the laws, thus e.g. contributing to the sentencing of the demagogue Cleophon [1] in 404, evading his …

(Σάτυρος/ Sátyros). [German version] [1] S. I King of the regnum Bosporanum from 433/2 to 389/8 BC. Son of Spartocus I. S.' co-regent may have been (until 393/2) his brother Seleucus [1]. S. directed his attention at the Asiatic coast of the Cimmerian Bosporus (Bosporus [2]). He restored the Sindian King Hecataeus following a revolt, and allied with him through a dynastic marriage. S.'s divorced wife then sent the King of the Ixomates against him (Polyaenus, Strat. 8,55). S. died during the siege of Theodosia. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography V. F. Gajdukevič, Da…

(Ζώσιμος; Zṓsimos). [German version] [1] Of Thasos, epigrammatist, probably between 150 BC and AD 50 Z. of Thasos. Greek epigrammatist, whose works are probably to be dated between 150 BC and AD 50: three (Anth. Pal 6,183-185; 6,15 is also ascribed to him, alternatively to Antipater [8] of Sidon) are variations on the theme of 'dedication to Pan' from the view of a hunter, a bird catcher and a fisherman (cf. Satyrius). Another deals with the unusual theme of a shield saving its owner who uses it as a raft (Anth. Pal. 9,40, cf. Diocles [10]). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography FGE 104-…

[German version] I Greek (Φίλιππος/ Phílippos). Macedonian kings P. [3-7], including P. [4] II, P. [7] V; the apostle and evangelist P. [28]; philosophers and poets P. [29-32]. [German version] [I 1] Spartan naval leader in 411 BC Spartiate, commander at Miletus in 412 BC (Thuc. 8,28,5), sent in 411 with two triremes to Aspendus to move, with the support of Tissaphernes, the Phoenician fleet to fight Athens (Thuc. 8,87), but soon told the naúarchos Mindarus that his mission would be unsuccessful (Thuc. 8,99; [1. 244]). Peloponnesian War Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 B. …

[German version] Otherwise unknown author of an epigram praising the image of Agathias (whom he extols as an orator and poet), of his brother and of his father Memnonius (Anth. Pal. 16,316). The poem will presumably have been affixed to the base of a statuary group in Myrina [4] (the town in l. 1), perhaps not long after the death of Agathias (after AD 580). Identification with later poets of the same name is improbable. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography Av. and A. Cameron, The Cycle of Agathias, in: JHS 86, 1966, 8, Note 18.

[German version] (Θεοδωρίδας; Theodōrídas). Greek poet from Syracuse (second half of the 3rd cent. BC; on his origin  cf. Ath. 15,599e), whose varied works are all lost (cf. [1]) with the exception of 19 elegant epigrams (dedications, funerary poetry and two epideictic poems; the attribution by Anth. Pal. 7,282 is uncertain) in Meleager's [8] 'Garland' (4,1,53 f.). In a fictional funerary inscription (Anth. Pal. 13,21) T. criticises Mnasalces; he also seems to attack Euphorion [3] in an epitaph (7,406) which he presumably wrote when Euphorion was still alive. Albiani, Maria Grazia…

[German version] (Σατύριος; Satýrios). Epigrammatist of uncertain identity, perhaps identifiable with Satyrus [9]: the only surviving poem, Anth. Pal. 6,11, is attributed by the Anthologia Planudea to one S. (name rarely attested), but by the Anthologia Palatina to a Satrius, not recorded elsewhere (possibly the Italic gens name Satrius? cf. [2]). Content: dedication to Pan by a hunter, a bird catcher and a fisherman (theme of 14 further epigrams from the 3rd cent. BC until the 6th cent. AD, parodied by Lucianus, perhaps Lucillius…

(Ἰγνάτιος; Ignátios). [German version] [1] Bishop of Antioch Bishop of Antioch, martyr, ranks as an Apostolic Father ( Apostolic Fathers). Rist, Josef (Würzburg) [German version] A. Biography The person and work of I. cannot be separated from each other because the only certain biographical information is extant in the corpus of letters ascribed to him. Therefore, the position taken in the ‘Ignatian debate’, i.e. in the discussion over the unity and genuineness of the preserved letters (see [4], with response [5; 6]), al…

(Στράτων; Strátōn). [German version] [1] Attic comedy writer, 4th cent. BC Attic comedy writer of the 4th cent. BC, according to the Suda belonging to the Middle Comedy [1. test. 1], but on the basis of fr. 1,43 (mentioning Philitas [1] of Cos) certainly to the New Comedy [2.62 f.]. At the Dionysia of 302, S. attained the fourth place [1. test. 2]. Of the comedy Phoinikídes (fr. 1 PCG) a rhesis survives on papyrus (fr. 1,4-8; 11; 13-15; 17-21; 23-25; 34-50; cf. [3]) and in a divergent version in Athenaeus (fr. 1,1-47; cf. [1.621 f.]); the spe…

[German version] (Ἰομήδης; Iomḗdes). Otherwise unknown author of a grave inscription from the 2nd or 3rd cent. AD found at Nemra (Namarae Batanaeorum) in Syria (five partly damaged distichs). The poet, who calls himself ‘master ( prýtanis) of the Ausonian muse’ (v. 10), celebrates in those lines his own forefathers, who once dedicated a memorial to Tyche in the same place. At the end (v. 9), he signs with his name (τήνδ' Ἰομήδης; tḗnd' Iomḗdēs), which has been taken to be - because of its singularity - an intentional and witty alteration of ‘Diomedes’ [1]. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibl…

[German version] (Κυλλήνιος; Kyllḗnios). Author of two epideictic epigrams that show thematic and stylistic affinities with the ‘Garland’ of Philippus, but which cannot with certainty be traced back to it. In Anth. Pal. 9,4 a wild pear tree praises in elaborate language and little-known words the one who made it fertile through a graft; in Anth. Pal. 9,33 there is a brilliant distich about a ship that was shipwrecked even before it was completed (a variant is 9,35 that Planudes attributes to the same C. whilst the P manuscript however attributes it to  Antiphilus [3]). Albiani, Maria Graz…

(Ἱπποδάμας; Hippodámas). [German version] [1] Brother of Orestes Son of the river god  Achelous [2] and of Perimede, father of Euryte, brother of Orestes (Apollod. 1,52). In a different tradition, father of the Naiad  Perimele, the mistress of Achelous, who, after having been pushed into the sea by H., was transformed into one of the Echinades Islands by Poseidon (on the western coast of Acarnania) (Ov. Met. 8,573ff.). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [2] Name of Trojans Name of Trojans: one H. is killed by Achilles (Hom. Il. 20,401), the other by Agamemnon (Hyg. Fab…

(Ἡράκλειτος; Hērákleitos). [German version] [1] H. of Ephesus Ionian philosopher, c. 500 BC Son of Bloson, outstanding personality within Ionian philosophy. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [German version] A. The person H.'s main period of activity is estimated to have been about 503-500 BC (Diog. Laert. 9,1). He belonged to a leading family in the public life of Ephesus. The doxographic tradition records several anecdotes of H.'s arrogance and contempt for his fellow citizens and humanity in general, which are mostly based on fragments of H. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [German version] B. La…

(Παγκράτης/ Pankrátēs). [German version] [1] Musician, archaic style Musician; according to Aristoxenus [1] an enthusiast of the archaic style ( trópos) of Pindar and Simonides (Plut. De Musica 1137f). Harmon, Roger (Basle) [German version] [2] Poet, 3rd-2nd cent. BC Hellenistic poet (3rd-2nd cent. BC), author of the didactic poem Θαλάσσια ἔργα ( Maritime works), of which three fragments, dealing with the pilotfish, the wrasse and the salp and their 'common' names, are preserved by Athenaeus (who always refers to him as Arkás). Identification with the homonymous author of a Bokchorē…

(Ἑκαταῖος; Hekataîos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Cardia, 4th cent. BC Tyrant of  Cardia, kept in office by  Alexander [4] although  Eumenes [1] made an effort to free the city (Plut. Eumenes 3). In the Lamian War, he supported  Antipater [1] (Diod. Sic. 18,14,4). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [2] Henchman of Alexander [4] the Gr., 4th cent. BC One of the  hetairoi of Alexander [4], entrusted by him in 336 BC with the removal of  Attalus [1], whom he murdered (Diod. Sic. 17,2,5; 5,2). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 292 (not identical with …

(Λεωνίδης; Leōnídēs). Cf. also Leonidas. [German version] [1] General Ptolemy I, c. 300 BC General of Ptolemy I, stratēgós in Cilicia in 310/309 BC (Diod. Sic. 20,19,4). L. probably consecrated a helmet at Delos in 309/308 (IG XI 2, 161 B 77), and in 308 he was appointed by Ptolemy as commander of his Greek possessions. In 307/306, L. fulfilled the function of stratēgós in Sicyon and Corinth; after 301, together with Philocles (?), he commanded Ptolemaic mercenaries in Pamphylia (SEG 17, 639; Aspendus). It is unclear whether he can be identified with Berve, vol. 2, no. 470. Ameling, Walter (…

(Φωκᾶς; Phōkâs). [German version] [1] Martyr around AD 305 Martyr († around AD 305 in Sinope; Fest: 22. 9.). He lived in Sinope as a gardener and suffered martyrdom by beheading. As early as the 4th cent. a church is said to have existed above his grave in Sinope. From there his cult spread throughout the entire Mediterranean area. He is depicted as a gardener. Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) Bibliography J. Bollandus, G. Henschenius et al. (eds.), Acta sanctorum, vols. 1ff., 1643ff.; 6, 293-299; 7.3, 629-632  PG 60, 36ff. [German version] [2] P. Diaconus Poet A poet of unknown date who is …

[German version] (Νοσσίς; Nossís). Female epigrammatist from Locri Epizephyrii; most of her writing took place at the beginning of the 3rd century BC (cf. Anth. Pal. 7,414: epitaphios on Rhinthon; 6,132: praise for the victory of the Locrians over the Bruttians), of noble descent (cf. 6,265). Her poems were found in the ‘garland’ of Meleager [8], who emphasises her inspiration by Eros (4,1,9f.), which N. herself revealed in the programmatic poem 5,170. The 12 poems, each with four lines (6,273 is u…

[German version] (Λαυρέας; Lauréas). Epigrammatist, probably identifiable with Cicero's freedman M. Tullius L., author of five elegant distichs in Latin about a Cymaean mineral spring (FPL 80). The Anthologia Palatina ascribes three poems to him: the funerary epigrams 7,17 (fictitiously to Sappho) and 7,294 (to a fisherman, in the style of Leonidas) which are preceded by the gentilicium Týllios, and the paederastic epigram 12,24, whose authenticity, however, is doubtful (cf. Anth. Pal. 12,25-27 of Statilius Flaccus [1] whose gentilicium Statýllios may have caused attributi…

[German version] (Γαυράδας). Author of an ingenious epigram in iambic trimeters in the form of a dialogue between Echo and her lover (Anth. Pal. 16,152). The popular theme (cf. also Archias, Anth. Pal. 9,27; Evodus, ibid. 16,155; Satyrus, ibid. 16,153; Anon., ibid. 16,156) is developed in an original fashion; dating the poet, whose obviously barbarous name is unique, is impossible. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography FGE 111f.

[German version] (Τύμνης; Týmnēs). Epigrammatist with a Carian name from the 'Garland' of Meleager [8] (Anth. Pal. 4,1,19), perhaps 3rd or 2nd cent. BC. Seven poems survive, each consisting of two couplets, with the exception of an epideictic six-line poem Anth. Pal. 7,433 on the 'Spartan mother' (imitated by Erycius, Anth. Pal. 7,230 and Antipater [9], Anth. Pal. 7,531). Two of the four epitaphs are considered to be on animals, cf. Anyte (Anth. Pal. 7,199,211). The Priapic poem Anth. Pal. 16,237 i…

[German version] (Ἥδυλος; Hḗdylos). Epigrammatist of the Garland of Meleager (Anth. Pal. 4,1,45), son of the female elegiac poet  Hedyle, lived on Samos and under Ptolemy II in Alexandria (283/282-243 BC). Of his poems (dedicatory, funerary, epideictic, sympotic and derisive epigrams) eight are passed down in Athenaeus and five in the Anthologia Palatina (Anth. Pal. 11,123 and 414 are probably not authentic; 5,161 is perhaps from  Asclepiades [1]; cf. Ath. 7,297a; Str. 14,683; EM 72,16 for other possible works in verse and prose). These few epigr…

[German version] (Πίνυτος/ Pínytos). Author of a conventional, one-distich funerary epigram on Sappho (Anth. Pal. 7,16; inclusion in the Garland of Philippus [32] highly doubtful). The rarity of the name suggests identification with the grammarian P. of Bithynium, freedman of Epaphroditus and secretary to Nero (Steph. Byz. s.v. Βιθύνιον). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography GA II 1, 438f.; II 2, 464f.  M. Lausberg, Das Einzeldistichon. Studien zum antiken Epigramm, 1982, 261, 265.

(Ἡγέμων; Hēgémōn). [German version] [1] Of Thasos, poet of Comedies, first professional parodist, 5th cent. BC of Thasos. Poet of the Old Comedy (preserved is a fragment of the Philínna, cf. PCG V 547) and first professional parodist (παρῳδός/ parōidós, Aristot. Poet. 1448a 12f.). Parodizing literature became a literary genre through him, a funny appendix at the rhapsode games, similar to the satyr play at the tragedy agons (cf. [1]). In the only preserved fragment, H., known by the nickname ‘Lentil’ (φακῆ; phakê), recalls with humour the difficult beginnings of his own caree…

[German version] 6th-cent. AD poet of epigrams, author of three erotic epigrams that originate in the Cycle of Agathias: Anth. Pal. 5,249 (love with the haughty Rhodope is represented as the merging of soul and body); 5,251 (about an unnamed woman whose pride is not even broken by the evanescence of her beauty) and 253 (appeal to the coy Chrysilla to submit to Cypris' wishes). This last poem was imitated by Niketas Eugenianos. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography Al. and Av. Cameron, The ‘Cycle of Agathias, in: JHS 86, 1966, 8.

[German version] I Greek (Θεόδωρος; Theódōros). [German version] [I 1] Of Samos, Greek architect, bronze sculptor and inventor, Archaic period Multitalented Greek inventor, architect, bronze sculptor and metal worker ( toreutḗs; Toreutics) of the Archaic period from Samos (for the occupational image cf. architect). His father was Telecles (Hdt. 3,41; Paus. 8,14,8; 10,38,6) or according to other sources (Diog. Laert. 2,103; Diod. Sic. 1,98) Rhoecus [3]; his name is so frequently mentioned in conjunction with the latter that …

(Κύριλλος; Kýrillos) [German version] [1] C. of Jerusalem Bishop Born c. AD 313, he was a member of the Jerusalem clergy (Jer. Chron. 2365 [GCS Eus. 7,236,7f. Helm/Treu]), and from 348 to 386 served as bishop of Jerusalem; he came to this office rather as a follower of the Homoeans (cf. Jer. loc. cit., Socr. 2,38,2 and Sozom. Hist. eccl. 4,20,1) than as a Nicaean (cf. Theod. Hist. eccl. 2,26,6). In 358 he was relieved of his office by  Acacius [2] of Caesarea and banished to Tarsus, rehabilitated in 359 a…

[German version] (Φάεννος; Pháennos). Epigrammatic poet of the 'Garland' of Meleager [8] (Anth. Pal. 4,1,29f.), probably 3rd cent. BC. Preserved are one funerary epigram for the Spartan Leonidas [1] who fell at Thermopylae (Anth. Pal. 7,437; belongs to the Laconophile school of Hellenistic epigrammatic poetry, cf. Epigram I E ), and another for a cricket buried by its owner (7,197); although the subject is a topos (cf. 7,189; 190; 192; 198; 364), this poem seems to depend on Mnasalces (Anth. Pal. 7,194). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography GA I 1, 159; 2, 457f.  G. Herrlinger, T…

(Πτολεμαῖος/ Ptolemaîos). Personal name meaning 'warlike' (not 'hostile'), first recorded in Hom. Il. 4,228; the name occurred in Macedonia in the 5th and 4th cents. BC, from where it spread to Thessaly, still in the 4th cent. (IG IX 2, 598). It became prominent with the Lagid dynasty, and became common, not only in Egypt, where it may at first have indicated solidarity with the dynasty, but also elsewhere. It underwent many deformations and transmutations. Ptolemies Famous persons: P. [1] I Soter, P. [6] III Euergetes; P. [22], the son of Caesar; the scientist Claudius P. [65]. Ameling, Wa…

[German version] (Καπίτων; Kapítōn). Otherwise unknown epigrammatist, of whom a witty distichon has survived: beauty without grace is compared with a ‘bait without rod’ (Anth. Pal. 5,67,2). C. (Capito) is quite a widespread Roman cognomen: the assumption that he might be identical with the epic poet from Alexandria, mentioned in Ath. 10,425, is thus without foundation; equally, it hardly is likely that he is identical with Pompeius C., who demonstrates his mastery in every metre and rhythm (TrGF 186). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography FGE 34.

[German version] (Καλλέας; Kalléas) of Argos. Otherwise unknown composer of a sympotic epigram (Anth. Pal. 11,232) based on the saying: ‘wine reveals one's character’, a version of the old saying in vino veritas (cf. Alcaeus fr. 333 Voigt; Thgn. 500; Aesch. fr. 393 Radt etc.). The very rare compound λυσσομανής (‘raging’, v. 2) was probably adopted from  Antipater [8] of Sidon (Anth. Pal. 6,219,2). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography V. Longo, L'epigramma scoptico greco, 1967, 106 H. Beckby, Anthologia Graeca, III-IV, 21967.

[German version] Greek epigrammatist whose inclusion in the 'Garland' of Philippus of Thessalonica has not been proved conclusively (for one thing, the combination of the nomen Munatius, [widespread in the Late Republican period], with the cognomen Mundus, [rare in Philip’s time, i.e. first half of 1st cent. AD]), is not verified). Only one formal poem about the ruins of Mycenae is preserved (Anth. Pal. 9,103; cf. e.g. Alpheus[3] of Mytilene, ibid. 9,101 and 104). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography GA II.1, 436-439; 2, 463f.

(see also Constantinus). [German version] [1] K. VII Porphyrogennetos Byzantine emperor (Byzantine emperor AD 905-959; sole ruler 945-959). Son of the Byzantine emperor Leon VI (886-912) and of Zoe Karbonopsina; for K. as a politician see Constantinus [9]. His literary activity was directed toward the preservation and codification of knowledge for practical purposes. Thus, the Excerpta [1], a historical and moral encyclopaedia which he inspired, are a gigantic, thematically structured compilation in 53 volumes. It consists of sections from several h…

(Φιλόστρατος/ Philóstratos). [German version] [1] Attic orator, 4th cent. BC Attic orator of the 4th cent. BC, son of Dionysius of Colonus, known from inscriptions (IG II/III2 2,1622,773) and mentions by Demosthenes [2]. In the 90s, while still a young man, he provided lodging for the lover of his friend Lysias (Dem. Or. 59,22f.); in 366/5, he was among the accusers of Chabrias in the Oropus trial; later he gained a victory as choregos with a choir of boys at the Dionysia (Dem. Or. 21,64); in 342, he was trierarch; between 343 and 340, he testified as a witness in t…

[German version] (Καλλικτήρ; Kalliktḗr) of Manesium. Writer of epigrams, possibly from the 1st or 2nd cent. AD, to whom are ascribed the satirical two-line epigrams from the Anth. Pal. 11,2; 5; 6 and, according to Planudes, 333. The epigrams against doctors, 11,118-122, are probably his also; Planudes however assigns them to Nicarchus. The erotic poems Anth. Pal. 5,29 and 45 are attributed to the name Cillactor; the rarity of both names, not attested elsewhere and still of uncertain form, argues in favour of identification with C. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography FGE 114f. V…

[German version] [1] Greek architect, 3rd cent. BC Greek architect of the 3rd cent. BC; according to Str. 10,5,7 and 13,1,13, he built a state altar, 1 stadium long ( Measures), from the material of an abandoned temple near Parium; it is presumably depicted on coins (London, BM) and could be compared with the Hieronian monumental altar of  Syracusae. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography Overbeck, 2086-2087 (sources) G. A. Mansuelli, s.v. H., EAA 4, 1961, 13 (with fig. 18). [German version] [2] Epigrammatist, 3rd cent. BC Epigrammatist whose existence cannot be proven with…

(Νίκαρχος; Níkarchos). [German version] [1] General of Antiochus III, 218 BC Active at the beginning of the Fourth  Syrian War as one of  Antiochus  [5] III's generals. In 218 BC he took part in Antiochus advance into southern Syria at the occupation of the narrows on the River  Lycus  and later at the conquest of Rabbatamana (Rabbat Ammon) and became commander of the garrison there. In the battle of  Raphia in 217 he led the part of Antiochus' phalanx whose weakness contributed to the downfall of the Seleucids (Pol. 5,68,9-11; 71,6-11; 79,5; 83,3; 85,10). Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) Bibli…

[German version] (Μυρῖνος; Myrȋnos). Elegant epigrammatic poet in the ‘Garland’ of Philippus. Four poems are extant, showing him as a skillful imitator of Leonidas [3] of Tarentum; however, he also displayed an independent creativity, in a satirical setting (Anth. Pal. 6,254: a dedication to Priapus by a hermaphrodite frail with age; 11,67: against an old woman behaving like a child) as well as in an idyllic-pastoral one (ibd. 6,108 and 7,703; the latter poem is erroneously placed amongst the epitaphs). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography GA II.1, 286-289; 2, 319-322.

[German version] (Θύιλλος; Thýillos). Epigrammatist in Cicero's circle (Cic. Att. 1,9,2; 1,16,15: 67 and 61 BC, cf. [1; 3]). Three poems survive: a description of a spring (Anth. Pal. 6,170), an epitaph (perhaps for an inscription) for a Cybele priestess (Anth. Pal. 7,223 = GVI 707,  cf. Philod. ibid. 7,222), a variation on the return of spring (ibid. 10,5, cf. Leonidas [3], ibid. 10,1 etc.). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography 1 J. Geffcken, s. v. T., RE 6 A, 692 2 FGE, 95-99 3 O. Masson, À propos du dernier livre de D. L. Page, FGE, in: RPh 58, 1984, 98 f.

Roman cognomen (‘floppy-eared’), probably originally an individual cognomen, in the Republican period especially widespread in the senatorial families of the Fulvii, Norbani and Valerii, and in the Imperial period also among numerous other families. Nickname of the poet Q.  Horatius F. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Statilius F. Writer of epigrams Writer of epigrams. The cognomen F. is often mentioned in combination with the nomen Statilius (Στατύλλιος Φλάκκος; Statýllios Phlákkos). He lived at the beginning of the 1st cent. AD, if the Latin ver…

(Ἰσίδωρος; Isídōros). [German version] [1] Pirate captain, defeated by Lucullus at Tenedus in 72 BC Pirate captain who organized the Cilician pirates in the area around Crete, was besieged in 78 BC by P. Servilius Isauricus (Flor. 1,41,3), later entered the service of Mithridates and in 72 was defeated by Lucullus in the naval battle of Tenedos at the entrance to the Dardanelles (App. Mithr. 77, Memnon 42,2 = FHG 3,548) and killed (Plut. Lucullus 12.2). Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [German version] [2] I. of Charax Geographer, end of 1st cent. BC Geographer, certainly of the Augustan p…

[German version] Author of a dedicatory inscription (six distichs under the heading Ἰουνίωρος; Iouníōros), in which a statue of Aphrodite proclaims that it was erected in Sinuessa (Campania) next to a temple with a view of the sea: Eon (ᾘῶν; Ēiôn, v. 3), the one performing the dedication, introduces herself as a freedwoman of Drusus (the Elder or the Younger?) and his wife (v. 4). It cannot be proved that this poet is identical with Seneca's friend Lucilius Iunior or with the epigrammatist  Pompeius Macer Iunior. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography EpGr 810 = Anth. Pal. appe…

(Μιχαήλ/ Michaḗl; Mîkāēl). [German version] [1] Archangel Archangel, [1] One of the most prominent angels (cf. the description archistratēgós, ‘supreme commander’ of the heavenly host, Joseph of Aseneth 14,8, cf. Slavonic Hen 22,5; 33,10), one of the seven (Ethiopic Hen 20,5) or four (Ethiopic Hen 9,1; 10,11) archangels (cf. [1]). The name means ‘who is like God’ or ‘who is victorious like God’. M., who was first mentioned in the ‘Book of Watchers (Ethiopic Hen 1-36, end of the 4th/beginning of the 2nd cent. BC)…

[German version] (Καρφ-/Καρπυλλίδης; Karph-/Karpyllídēs). Epigrammatist, probably of the ‘Garland’ of Meleager. Under the lemma Καρφυλλ- an epigrammatic epitaph is extant (Anth. Pal. 7,260), in which the deceased looks back with content onto his long life, crowned by the love of his children and grandchildren. Of lesser stylistic value is an epideictic poem, transmitted under the lemma Καρπυλλ- (9,52): The rareness of his name, which in neither of its two forms is evident anywhere else, is an argument against the assumption of two separate authors (Knaack). Albiani, Maria Grazia…

[English version] (Μοιρώ) aus Byzantion. Epische, elegische und melische Dichterin, Mutter des Tragikers Homeros [2] (Blütezeit in den Jahren 284/281 v.Chr.) und Gattin des sonst unbekannten, philólogos genannten Andromachos (vgl. Suda s.v. Μυρώ). Meleagros [8] stellt sie neben ihre Zeitgenossin Anyte und direkt vor Sappho (Anth. Pal. 4,1,5; vgl. Antipatros [9] von Thessalonike Anth. Pal. 9,26,3f.) und behauptet, in seinem “Kranz” ‘viele Lilien der M.’ gesammelt zu haben: Erh. sind nur Anth. Pal. 6,119 und 189 (zwei klar…

Beinamen bei vielen Gentilicia [1]. Bekannte Personen: der Jurist Salvius I. [1], der Arzt I. [2], der Kaiser I. [11], gen. “Apostata”, die Bischöfe I. [16] von Aeclanum und I. [21] von Toledo. [English version] [1] L. Octavius Cornelius P. Salvius I. Aemilianus röm. Jurist, 2. Jh. Jurist, geb. um 100 n.Chr. in Nordafrika, gest. um 170 n.Chr., war ein Schüler des Iavolenus [2] Priscus (Dig. 40,2,5) und der letzte Vorsteher der sabinianischen Rechtsschule (Dig. 1,2,2,53). I., dessen Ämterfolge die Inschr. aus Pupput/Prov. Africa (CIL VIII 24…

(Ποσείδιππος). [English version] [1] Komödiendichter aus Kassandreia, um 290 v. Chr. Komödiendichter aus der maked. Stadt Kassandreia [1. test. 1, 2], der im dritten Jahr nach dem Tod des Menandros [4] (291/0 v. Chr.) mit dem Aufführen von Stücken begonnen haben soll [1. test. 1], viermal an den Dionysien erfolgreich war [1. test. 7] und mit Standbildern geehrt wurde [1. test. 10. 11]; seine Ἀποκλειομένη (‘Die Aus-/Eingesperrte) wurde im 2. Jh. v. Chr. mehrmals wiederaufgeführt [1. test. 8, 9]. Von P.' ‘bi…

(Νικόμαχος). [English version] [1] Heilheros s. Gorgasos und Nikomachos Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] athenischer Amtsträger, 410-404 v.Chr. Angeblich Sohn eines Staatssklaven und erst spät in die athenische Bürgerschaft aufgenommen, war N. 410-404 v.Chr. führend in der Kommission zur Aufzeichnung der Gesetze ( anagrapheís tōn nómōn) tätig. Unter den Dreißig ( triákonta ) vertrieben, kehrte er 403 zurück und wurde erneut anagrapheús. 399/8 warf man N. in einer Anklage vor, er habe Gesetze manipuliert, so zur Verurteilung des Demagogen…

[English version] (Ἥδυλος). Epigrammdichter des Kranzes des Meleagros (Anth. Pal. 4,1,45), Sohn der Elegikerin Hedyle, lebte auf Samos und unter Ptolemaios II. in Alexandreia (283/2-243 v.Chr.). Von seinen Gedichten (Weih-, Grab-, epideiktische, sympotische und Spott-Epigramme) sind acht bei Athenaios und fünf in der Anthologia Palatina überliefert (unecht wahrscheinlich Anth. Pal. 11,123 und 414; von Asklepiades [1] ist vielleicht 5,161; zu anderen möglichen Werken in Vers und Prosa vgl. Athen. 7,297a; Strab. 14,683; Etym. m. 72,16). Die…

(Γέμινος). [English version] [1] Astronom und Mathematiker, um 70 v. Chr. Astronom und Mathematiker aus der Schule des Poseidonios. Über sein Leben ist fast nichts bekannt. Die Blütezeit seines Schaffens war um 70 v.Chr. Allg. wird angenommen, daß er auf Rhodos lebte. Die einzige vollständig erh. Schrift des G. ist die ‘Einführung in die Astronomie (Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὰ φαινόμενα). Sie steht in der Trad. des Eudoxos und des Aratos [4]. Ähnlich wie die spätere Schrift des Kleomedes ist sie ein elementares astron…

(Μελέαγρος, lat. Meleager). [English version] [1] Heros aus vortroian. Zeit, Argonaut Myth. Held aus der Generation vor dem Troianischen Krieg, aus Kalydon [3], der Hauptstadt der Aitoler. Als Argonaut (Argonautai) nimmt M. an den Leichenspielen für Pelias teil (Stesich. PMG 179; Diod. 4,48,4). Als Bruder der Deianeira ist er auch mit dem Herakles-Zyklus verbunden (Bakchyl. 5,170-175; Pind. fr. 70b). In erster Linie wird er jedoch mit der Lokalsage von Kalydon assoziiert. In der archa. Epoche gab es zwei Varianten des Mythos. Der einen zufolge wird M., der Sohn des…

Röm. Cognomen, das urspr. entweder körperliche Größe oder die Reihenfolge der Geburt (“der Ältere”) bezeichnete, so in republikan. Zeit bei Sp. Postumius Albinus M. ( cos. 148 v. Chr.) und T. Roscius M. (Cic. S. Rosc. 17) [1. 275; 3. 47]. Als Übernahme des Beinamens Alexandros' [4] “d.Gr.” (ὁ μέγας/ ho mégas, im Sinne von großer histor. Bed.) im 1. Jh. v.Chr. zuerst von Cn. Pompeius ( cos. 70 und 55) angenommen, dann auf seine Söhne Cn. und Sex. Pompeius und deren Nachkommen vererbt. Sex. Pompeius benutzte M. auch als Praenomen bzw. Gentilname [4. 364f.]. …

[English version] [1] griech. Architekt, 3. Jh. v. Chr. Griech. Architekt des 3. Jh. v.Chr.; errichtete nach Strab. 10,5,7 und 13,1,13 aus dem Material eines aufgelassenen Tempels nahe Parion einen 1 Stadion (Längenmaße) langen Prunkaltar, der vermutlich auf Mz. dargestellt (London, BM) und dem hieronischen Monumentalaltar von Syrakusai gut vergleichbar war. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography Overbeck, 2086-2087 (Quellen)  G.A. Mansuelli, s.v. H., EAA 4, 1961, 13 (mit Abb. 18). [English version] [2] Epigrammatiker, 3. Jh. v. Chr. Epigrammatiker nicht sicher erwies…

[English version] (Λαυρέας). Epigrammdichter, wahrscheinlich mit Ciceros Freigelassenem M. Tullius L. gleichzusetzen, Verf. von fünf eleganten Distichen in lat. Sprache über eine kymäische Heilquelle (FPL 80). Die Anthologia Palatina schreibt ihm drei Gedichte zu: die Grabepigramme 7,17 (fiktiv auf Sappho) und 7,294 (auf einen Fischer, im Stil des Leonidas), denen das Gentilnomen Týllios vorangestellt ist, und das päderastische Epigramm 12,24, dessen Echtheit jedoch zweifelhaft ist (vgl. Anth. Pal. 12,25-27 des Statilius Flaccus [1], dessen Gentilnomen Statýllios Zuwei…

(Παγκράτης). [English version] [1] Musiker, archaischer Stil Musiker, gemäß Aristoxenos [1] Nacheiferer des archa. Stils ( trópos) von Pindar und Simonides (Plut. de musica 1137f). Harmon, Roger (Basel) [English version] [2] Dichter, 3./2. Jh. v. Chr. Hell. Dichter (3./2. Jh.v.Chr.), Verf. des Lehrgedichts Θαλάσσια ἔργα (‘Meereswerke), von dem drei Fr. über den Lotsenfisch, den Lippfisch und die Salpe und ihre “volkstümlichen” Namen durch Athenaios überliefert sind (der sie immer als Arkás bezeichnet). Sehr unsicher ist die Gleichsetzung mit dem gleichnamigen Verf. einer Bok…

[English version] (Φανίας). Epigrammatiker, vielleicht unter den spätesten (2.-1. Jh.v.Chr.?) des “Kranzes” des Meleagros [8] (Anth. Pal. 4,1,54), auch grammatikós (Lemma zu 7,537). Unter den acht überl. Gedichten (darunter ein erotisches: 12,31) überwiegen die minuziösen Verzeichnisse beruflicher Werkzeuge und alltäglicher Gebrauchsgegenstände, mit denen Ph. Leonidas [3] von Tarent nachahmt. Der äußerst seltene Latinismus δρύππα, “reife Olive” (vgl. Anth. Pal. 6,299,4), spiegelt vielleicht unmittelbare Kenntnis …

(Ἡράκλειος). Zwei angesehene, aus dem Verres-Prozeß 70 v.Chr. bekannte Sizilier: [English version] [1] Bürger von Syrakus, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn eines Hieron, reicher Bürger von Syrakus. Erbte 73 v.Chr. von einem gleichnamigen Verwandten ein prächtiges Haus samt Einrichtung sowie 3 Millionen Sesterzen (Cic. Verr. 2,14,35). Durch die Machenschaften des Verres, der das Testament anfocht, verlor H. Vermögen und Erbschaft. Die Immobilien erhielt er durch L. Caecilius [I 13] Metellus, den Nachfolger des Verres, zurück (Cic. Verr. 2,19,47-50; 25,62). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) …

[English version] [1] Epigrammatiker in Konstantinopel, 9. Jh. Epigrammdichter, wahrscheinlich mit dem gleichnamigen grammatikós Mitte des 9. Jh. in Konstantinopel gleichzusetzen. Vier Gedichte sind erh.: In den Gedichten Anth. Pal. 15,36-38 (das letzte in sieben Zwölfsilblern) rühmt K. sich, Homers Verse durch Interpunktion und Befreiung von ‘nutzloser Fäulnis’ wiederhergestellt zu haben, doch wird er deswegen von dem Scholiasten J (vgl. Konstantinos [2] von Rhodos) in einer Marginalnotiz zu den 57 Hexamete…

[English version] [1] Dichter, um 500 Frühbyz. Dichter zur Zeit des Kaisers Anastasios I. (491-518 n.Chr.). Nach Suda s.v. M. verfaßte M., der (urspr. aus einer röm. Senatorenfamilie stammend) mit seinem Vater nach Eleutheropolis in Palaestina ausgewandert und unter Anastasios Patríkios war, jambische Paraphrasen zu Werken hell. Autoren (Theokritos; Apollonios [2] Rhodios' ‘Argonautika; Kallimachos' ‘Hekale, ‘Hymnen, ‘Epigramme; Aratos [4]; Nikandros' ‘Theriaka). Möglicherweise identisch mit M. [2]. Damschen, Gregor (Halle/Saale) Bibliography 1 J. Geffcken, s.v. M.…

(Λεόντιος). [English version] [1] Ptolem. Kommandant von Seleukeia Pieria, Ende 3. Jh. v. Chr. Ptolem. Kommandant von Seleukeia Pieria; 219 v.Chr. übergab er die Stadt - nach anfänglichem Widerstand in aussichtsloser Position - an Antiochos [5] III. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [English version] [2] Peltastengeneral, 3. Jh. v. Chr. Makedone, von Antigonos [3] Doson testamentarisch zum Peltastengeneral berufen. L. widersetzte sich mit Megaleas der proachaiischen Politik Philippos' V. und dessen Mentor Aratos [2]; nach der Aufwiegelung der Elitetru…

(Πτολεμαῖος). PN mit der Bed. “kriegerisch” (nicht: “feindlich”), zum ersten Mal in Hom. Il. 4,228 belegt; im 5. und 4. Jh. v. Chr. kommt der Name in Makedonien vor, von wo er noch im 4. Jh. nach Thessalien gelangte (IG IX 2, 598). Der Name wird mit der Dyn. der Lagiden prominent und viel getragen, nicht nur in Äg., wo er anfangs vielleicht die Solidarität mit der Dyn. dokumentierte, sondern auch anderswo. Es gibt zahlreiche Verformungen und Umbildungen. Ptolemaier Berühmte Personen: P. [1] I. Soter, P. [6] III. Euergetes; der Sohn Caesars P. [22]; der Naturwissenschaftl…

(Νικόδημος). [English version] [1] Ankläger des Demosthenes, gest. wohl nach 349 v.Chr. Athener aus Aphidna, Ankläger des Demosthenes [2] (Aischin. 2,148), Freund des Meidias [2] und des Eubulos [1], wurde von Aristarchos, dem Sohn des Moschos (Idomeneus FGrH 338 F 12), getötet (352 v.Chr.: [2]; vorzuziehen wohl nach 349, so [1. 112] und [3. 9-12]), wofür Meidias den Demosthenes verantwortlich machte (dazu [1. 102-105]; zu Aristot. rhet. 1397b 7 siehe [2]). Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 Schäfer, Bd. 2 2 H.E. Stier, s.v. N. (2), RE 17, 347 3 D.M. MacDowell (ed.), Demo…

(Λεωνίδας). Vgl. auch Leonides. [English version] [1] Spartan. König, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Spartan. König, Agiade (Agiadai), Sohn des Anaxandridas, etwa 490/89 v.Chr. Nachfolger seines Stiefbruders Kleomenes [3] I. L. erhielt 480 nach der Räumung der Tempe-Stellung den Auftrag, die Thermopylen gegen das Heer des Xerxes zu verteidigen, während die griech. Flotte bei Artemision (Nordeuboia) die Weiterfahrt der pers. Geschwader vereiteln sollte (Hdt. 7,175). L. verfügte allenfalls über 8000 Mann (darunter 1000 Perioi…

(Μενεκράτης). [English version] [1] att. Komödiendichter, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Att. Komödiendichter des 5. Jh.v.Chr., von dem noch zwei Stücktitel, Ἑρμιονεύς (oder Ἑρμιόνη?) und Μανέκτωρ (wohl ‘Manes als Hektor), überliefert sind [1. test. 1] sowie aus letzterem ein anapästischer Tetrameter (fr. 1). Ob M. einmal an den Dionysien gewann, ist unsicher [1. test. *2]. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 1-2. [English version] [2] Tragiker, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Griech. Tragiker, siegte an den Großen Dionysien 422 v.Chr. (TrGF 35 T 1), vielleicht i…

[English version] (Καλλέας) von Argos. Sonst unbekannter Verf. eines sympotischen Epigramms (Anth. Pal. 11,232), das auf dem Sprichwort aufbaut: ‘Der Wein verrät den Charakter’, einer Version des alten Sprichworts in vino veritas (vgl. Alkaios fr. 333 Voigt; Thgn. 500; Aischyl. fr. 393 Radt usw.). Das sehr seltene Kompositum λυσσομανής (“rasend”, V. 2) wurde wahrscheinlich aus Antipatros [8] von Sidon (Anth. Pal. 6,219,2) übernommen. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography V. Longo, L'epigramma scoptico greco, 1967, 106  H. Beckby, Anthologia Graeca, III-IV, 21967.

(Μιχαήλ, Mîkāēl). [English version] [1] Erzengel Eine der herausragendsten Engelgestalten (vgl. die Bezeichnung archistratēgós, “oberster Heerführer” des himmlischen Heeres, JosAs 14,8, s.a. slHen 22,5; 33,10), der zu den sieben (äthHen 20,5) bzw. vier (äthHen 9,1; 10,11) Erzengeln (vgl. [1]) gehört. Der Name bedeutet “Wer ist wie Gott” oder “Wer siegt wie Gott”. M., der erstmals im ‘Buch der Wächter (äthHen 1-36, E. 4./A…

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[English version] (Κυλλήνιος). Verf. zweier epideiktischer Epigramme, die thematische und stilistische Affinitäten zum “Kranz” des Philippos aufweisen, sich jedoch ni

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(Πάμφιλος). [English version] [1] Athen. Militär, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Athenischer hípparchos und stratēgós, errichtete 389 v.Chr. auf Aigina eine feste Stellung und belagerte…

(Φίλων). [English version] [1] Athen. Politiker Athener aus Acharnai, wurde 404 v.Chr. vom oligarchischen Regime verbannt ( triákonta ) und lebte während des Bürgerkrieges abwartend als Metoike in Oropos. Nach der Rückkehr wurde er bei der Bewerbung für die bulḗ in einer Dokimasieklage ( dokimasía ) der Feigheit und anderer Verfehlungen bezichtigt (Lys. 31; viell. 398 v.Chr.). Walter, Uwe (Kö…

(Νικίας). [English version] [1] bed. Feldherr im Peloponnesischen Krieg, ca. 470-413 v.Chr. Sohn des Nikeratos aus Athen, geb. ca. 470 v.Chr., gest. 413, einer der bedeutendsten Feldherren im Peloponnesischen Krieg. Nach dem Tode des Perikles konkurrierte N. mit Kleon [1] um Einfluß bei der Volksversammlung und d…

(Κοσμᾶς). [English version] [1] K. und Damianos Ärzteheilige und Heilungspatrone Ärzteheilige und Heilungspatrone. Das griech. Synaxarion …

(Πολύστρατος). [English version] [1] Begüterter Athener, Ratsherr 411 v. Chr. Begüterter Athener, bekleidete mehrfach Ämter, war 411 v. Chr. Ratsherr und nach dem oligarchischen Umsturz an der Auswahl der 5000 Bürger beteiligt, die künftig als einzige polit. Rechte besitzen sollten. In den Seegefechten bei Eretria gegen die Spartaner wurde er verwundet. Nach dem Sturz der 400 ( tetrakósioi ) wurde P. zu einer hohen Geldbuße verurteilt und um 410/409 im Alter von 70 J. erneut wohl wegen seiner polit. Tätigkeit angeklagt; von seiner…

(Κῦρος, lat. Cyrus). [English version] [1] K. I. (d.Ä.) Großvater Kyros' [2] (d.Gr.), aus der Zylinder-Inschrift seines Enkels (TUAT I 409,21) bekannt. Dieser weist ihm dort den Titel “großer König, König von Anšān” ( šarru rabû šar Anšān; Anschan) zu und nennt ihn einen “Nachkommen” ( liblibbu) des Teis…

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(Ἑκαταῖος). [English version] [1] Tyrann von Kardia, 4. Jh. v.Chr. Tyrann von Kardia, von Alexandros [4] im Amt belassen, obwohl sich Eumenes [1] um die Befreiung der Stadt bemühte (Plut. Eumenes 3). Im Lamischen Krieg unterstützte er Antipatros [1] (Diod. 18,14,4). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [English version] [2] Berater von Alexandros [4] …

[English version] (Περῖτας). Sonst unbekannter Epigrammatiker, dem alternativ zu Leonidas [3] von Tarent zwei Distichen über Priapos, den Gartenwächter, zugeschrieben werden: Anth. Pal. 16,236 (vgl. 16,261 desselben Leonidas), das vielleicht das Muster für 16,237 von Tymnes und sicherlich für Priap. 24 ist.…

(Φάλαικος). [English version] [1] Phokischer Militär, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des Onomarchos. Ph. wurde im J. 352 v.Chr. als Minderjähriger von seinem Onkel Phayllos [1] als vierter stratēgós autokrátōr (Stratege mit Sondervollmachten) der Phoker im 3. Heiligen Krieg eingesetzt. Als Vormund wurde Mnaseas [1] bestellt, der aber bereits 351 starb (Diod. 16,38,6f.). Nach wechselnden Kämpfen gegen Theben wurde Ph. 347 abgesetzt, offenbar weil er sich den Friedensbemühungen der Phoker widersetzte (als offizieller Grund wurde die Ver…

(Ἡγήσιππος). [English version] [1] athen. Rhetor und Gesandter, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des Hegesias aus Sunion, athenischer Rhetor und Gesandter aus reicher Familie. 357/6 v.Chr. beantragte er in der Ekklesia Hilfe für Eretria (IG II2 125 = Tod, 154), 356/5 die athenische Symmachie …

[English version] (Ἰομήδης). Sonst unbekannter Verf. einer im syr. Nemra (Namarae Batanaeorum) gefundenen Grabinschr. aus dem 2. oder 3. Jh. n.Chr. (fünf teilweise beschädigte Distichen). Der Dichter, der sich selbst als ‘Herr ( prýtanis) der ausonischen Muse’ (V. 10) bezeichnet, feiert dort die eigenen Vorväter, die einst am selben Ort ein Denkmal der Tyche geweiht hatten. Am Ende (V. 9) zeichnet er mit seinem Namen (τήνδ' Ἰομήδης), hinter dem man - angesichts seiner absoluten Singularität - eine beabsichtigte …

[English version] (Γαιτουλικός). Epigrammdichter, dem die Anthologia Palatina zehn Gedichte (unecht jedoch Anth. Pal. 7,245 und vielleicht 6,154) zuschreibt, die aufgrund von Stil und Themen (nicht durch ihre Anordnung) an den “Kranz” des Meleagros oder des Philippos denken lassen; 11,409 stammt jedoch aus dem Anthologion des Diogenianos [2] von Herakleia. Umstritten ist die Identifizierung mit dem Dichter Cn. Cornelius [II 29] Lentulus Gaetulicus, cos. 26 n.Chr., der 39 von Caligula hingerichtet wurde. Die Dichtung des G. ist ohne Originalität. Sie basiert…

(Σαβῖνος). [English version] [1] hippokratischer Arzt und Hippokrateskommentator, 1.-2. Jh. Hippokratischer Arzt und Hippokrateskommentator, der im 1. bis 2. Jh. n. Chr. wirkte. Er war der Lehrer des Metrodoros [8] und des Stratonikos, der wiederum Lehrer…

(Ἑρμόδωρος). [English version] [1] Kritiker seiner Mitbürger in einem Heraklit-Fragment In einem Frg. des Philosophen Herakleitos [1] von Ephesos kritisiert dieser seine Mitbürger, weil sie H., den ‘wertvollsten Mann’ unter ihnen, mit der Begründung verbannt hätten, bei ihnen solle ‘niemand der wertvollste sein’ (Diels/Kranz 22,121 = Strab. 14,1,25; Cic. Tusc. 5,105). Nach späterer Trad. soll der nach It. ins Exil gegangene H. an der Abfassung der Zwölftafelgesetze (Tabulae duodecim) beteiligt gewesen sei…

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(Μητρόδωρος). [English version] [1] M. von Chios Demokriteer, 5./4. Jh. v. Chr. Demokriteer (Demokritos [1]) des 5./4. Jh.v.Chr., der das Volle und die Leere, das Seiende und das Nicht-Seiende als Prinzipien kennt. Diese Orthodoxie geht aber nicht zwangsläufig über die grundsätzlichen Lehrmeinungen des Atomismus hinaus: M. soll in anderen Dingen seine eigenen Ansichten gehabt haben (70 A 3 DK) M. propagiert in eleatischer Manier (eleatische Schule) die Ungeschaffenheit des Universums (τὸ πᾶν), weil ein ges…

[English version] Verf. einer Weihinschr. (sechs Distichen unter dem Lemma Ἰουνίωρος), in der eine Aphroditestatue proklamiert, daß sie in Sinuessa (Campanien) neben einem Tempel mit Blick aufs Meer aufgestellt worden sei: die Weihende, Eon (ᾘῶν, V. 3), stellt sich als Freigelassene des Drusus (d.Ä. oder d.J.?) und seiner Gattin vor (V. 4). Unbeweisbar ist die Gleichsetzung des Dichters sowohl mit Lucilius Iunior, dem Freund des Seneca, als auch mit dem Epigrammatiker Pompeius Macer Iunior.…

(Ἡράκλειτος). [English version] [1] H. von Ephesos ionischer Philosoph, um 500 v. Chr. Sohn des Bloson, herausragende Persönlichkeit der ion. Philosophie. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [English version] A. Zur Person H.' Hauptschaffenszeit ist um 500-503 v.Chr. anzusetzen (Diog. Laert. 9,1). Seine Familie hatte im öffentl. Leben von Ephesos eine führende Position. Die doxographische Überl. verzeichnet zahlreiche Anekdoten über H.' Arroganz und Verachtung seiner Mitbürger wie der Menschheit im allg., die meist auf den Fragmenten des H. selbst beruhen. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) …