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Exedra

(523 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[German version] A. Terminology and definition Exedra is a latinized Greek word (ἐξέδρα = outdoor seat), which started to be used by the Romans in the Republican era. On the basis of written sources, the exedra can be defined as a space open to the elements and generally having (two) columns in antis. An exedra could have benches and was sometimes decorated with statues of deities or commendable citizens. They had either a rectangular or semicircular ground plan, with the rectangular form being more common; in many cases there was a portico in front. Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg) [German version] B…

Baths

(969 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[German version] A. Terminology and definition In Greek baths were called βαλανεῖον ( balaneîon) or λουτρόν ( loutrón), in Latin lavatrina, balneum, balnea, balnae. In the Graeco-Roman period there were private baths in dwelling houses as well as public baths, whilst in the ancient Orient only private baths were known. The public baths were mostly privately owned and rather modest in size; for the monumental public baths, see  Thermae [1]. Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg) [German version] B. Greece There were private baths in Greece from the Minoan-Mycenaean period onwards; the…

Porticus

(446 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[German version] I. Definition Porticus is Lat. for the Greek stoá , a covered colonnade with rear and often also side walls. The columns could be in antis, prostyle or between side walls. The porticus with one or multiple naves was normally linear and one-storeyed, but could also be round ( porticus absidata) and two-storeyed. In contrast to the Greek stoá the Roman porticus was seldom free-standing. Porticūs lay mostly along a road or an open space in front of a building or on one or more sides of a courtyard. As a peristylion , porticus also denoted an independent building. An exceptio…

Colosseum

(903 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[German version] A. Terminology and History Originally, the C. was called amphitheatrum Flavium (Flavian amphitheatre) after the imperial dynasty which had built it. The name Colisaeus appears for the first time in an epigram of the 8th cent. AD (Beda Venerabilis, PL 94,453); it derived from the neighbouring colossal statue of Nero ( Colossus Neronis). Vespasian (Suet. Vesp. 11,1) had initiated the building of the C. in the valley between Esquiline, Palatine and Caelius, on the site previously occupied by the lake ( stagnum) belonging to the famous   Domus Aurea

Baptisterium

(605 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[German version] A. Terminology The Latinized Greek term baptisterium (βαπτιστήριον; baptistḗrion, from βαπτίζω;

Macellum

(652 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[German version] A. Terminology, definition and typology The term macellum is first attested in Plautus; we can assume that it is probably the Latinized version of the Greek word μάκελλος/ mákellos (‘market’) which, however, was not used to refer to this institution before the Roman conquest of Greece and only rarely afterwards. A macellum was a public complex of buildings, which, like a courtyard, was enclosed by walls. Along to the walls, in most cases behind a portico, were little shops or allotments for vendors. The courtyard was frequently quadratic, but could also be rectangular or round. A central monume…

Amphitheatre

(1,954 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[German version] A. Terminological and typological definition Amphitheatrum is a latinized Greek word (ἀμφιθέατρον; amphithéatron) and literally means ‘double  theatre’ or ‘theatre with two halves’; it is first mentioned in Augustan times (Vitr. De arch. 1,7,1; Str. 14,1,43; R. Gest. div. Aug. 22). In Republican times, the term spectacula, which refers to the function rather than the type of building, was used for the earliest preserved amphitheatre (Pompeii; CIL X 852) as well as for the rows of wooden benches on the Forum Romanum (Fest. 120…

Basilica

(1,856 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[German version] A. Terminology and definition …

Kolosseum

(835 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[English version] A. Terminologie und Geschichte Urspr. wurde das K. nach der kaiserlichen Dynastie, die es erbaut hatte, amphitheatrum Flavium (Flavisches Amphitheater) gen. Colisaeus erscheint zum ersten Mal im 8. Jh.n.Chr. in einem Epigramm (Beda Venerabilis, PL 94,453); dies wurde von der benachbarten Kolossalstatue des Nero (Colossus Neronis) abgeleitet. Das K. wurde auf Initiative des Vespasian (Suet. Vesp. 11,1) im Tal zw. Esquilin, Palati…

Bäder

(848 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[English version] …

Amphitheatrum

(1,811 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[English version] A. Terminologische und typologische Definition A. ist ein latinisiertes, gr. Wort (ἀμφιθέατρον) und bedeutet soviel wie “doppeltes Theater” oder “Theater mit zwei Hälften”; es wird erstmalig in augusteischer Zeit erwähnt (Vitr. 1,7,1; Strab. 14,1,43; R. Gest. div. Aug. 22). In republikan. Zeit wurde der Begriff spectacula, der sich eher auf die Funktion als auf den Bautypus bezieht, sowohl für das früheste erh. A. (Pompeji; CIL X 852), als auch für die hölzernen Sitzreihen auf dem Forum Romanum (Fest. 120,1-3 L.) benutzt. Nach Vitr. 5,1,1 resultierte die längliche Form der

Baptisterium

(540 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[English version] A. Terminologie Der latinisierte griech. …

Porticus

(425 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[English version] I. Definition P. ist das lat. Wort für die griech. stoá , eine überdeckte Säulenhalle mit Hinterschale und häufig auch Seitenmauern. Die Säulen konnten in antis, prostyl sowie zw. Wangenmauern stehen. Die ein- oder mehrschiffige P. war normalerweise linear und einstöckig, konnte aber auch gerundet ( p. absidata) und zweistöckig sein. Im Gegensatz zur griech. Stoa war die röm. P. nur selten freistehend. Porticus befanden sich meist entlang einer Straße oder vorgelagerten Fläche sowie an ei…

Exedra

(495 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[English version] A. Terminologie und Definition E. ist ein latinisiertes griech. Wort (ἐξέδρα = Sitz im Freien bzw. außerhalb), das in republikan. Zeit in den röm. Sprachgebrauch einging. Auf der Grundlage schriftl. Quellen kann die E. als ein Raum definiert werden, der nach außen hin offen ist und meist (zwei) Säulen in antis aufweist. Eine E. konnte mit Si…

Nymphäum

(675 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[English version] A. Etymologie und Definition Das Wort νυμφαῖον/ nymphaíon ist erstmals für das 4. Jh.v.Chr. belegt, und zwar auf Delos (IG XI,2,144, A Z. 91); es bezeichnete ursp…

Macellum

(609 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[English version] A. Terminologie, Definition und Typologie Der Begriff M. ist zum erstenmal bei Plautus nachzuweisen; es ist anzunehmen, daß es sich um die latinisierte Version des griech. Wortes μάκελλος/

Basilika

(1,755 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg) | Schiemann, Gottfried
[English version] Basilika [English version] A. Terminologie und Definition Der Begriff B. geht auf das griech. Wort βασιλική ( basilikḗ) zurück, das soviel wie “majestätisch, königlich, fürstlich, herrlich, großartig” (lat. regalis) bedeutet; bezeichnet dieses Adj. ein Gebäude, muß ein Subst. wie στοά ( stoá) ergänzt werden, denn B. ist in griech. Te…

Meta

(562 words)

Author(s): Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) | Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg)
[German version] [1] First wife of Aegeus (Μήτα; Mḗta, = Melite: Schol. Eur. Med. 673), first wife of Aegeus (Apollod. 3,207). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [2] General [German version] A. Definition The etymology of the Latin term meta is unclear. Basically it describes cone- or pyramid-shaped objects of stone, or sometimes wood, with various functions. In stone as a meta molendaria, the conical lower stone of ancient mills ( mola asinaria, Mill), on top of which the upper stone, the catillus, turned (Dig. 33,7,18,5). Nielsen, Inge …

Thermae

(4,525 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg) | Meister, Klaus (Berlin)
[1] Baths [German version] I. Etymology and definition Thermae (fem. pl.) is a Latinization and substantivization of the Greek adjective θερμός/ thermós, 'warm'. The word was used in its Latinized form to describe a bathing establishment, and subsequently passed back into the Greek language in this sense. As in Classical Antiquity, modern scholarship has no precise definition of 'thermal baths' (TB), although it has for the smaller baths ( balnea). TB are normally defined as large, public…

Synagogue

(1,187 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, Inge (Hamburg) | Hollender, Elisabeth (Cologne)
(συναγωγή/ s ynagōgḗ, literally 'bringing together', 'assembly'; Latin synagoga). A Greek word that can refer either to the Jewish congregation or to the place (the building) where the congregation comes together.…
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