, a Medīna opponent of Muḥammad, according to one statement a Naḍīrī, according to another, a member of the Ṭaiyiʾī family of Nabhān but the son of a Naḍīrī woman. In any case, he was an ardent champion of Judaism (cf. the expression saiyid al-aḥbār, Ibn His̲h̲ām, p. 659, 12). Aroused by the result of the battle of Badr, he went to Mecca where he used his considerable poetic gifts (in the Kitāb al-Ag̲h̲ānī he is called faḥl faṣīḥ) to incite the Ḳurais̲h̲ to fight against the victor. He then returned to Medīna, where he is said to have compromised the wives of the Muslims …

, opponent of Muḥammad at Medina, reckoned to belong to his mother’s clan al-Naḍīr, though his father was an Arab of the Nabhān section of Ṭayyiʾ. He presumably followed the Jewish custom of taking his religion from his mother, but it is doubtful if he was a scholar, as the words in a poem sayyid al-aḥbār (Ibn His̲h̲ām, 659, 12) would imply, if the poem were genuine. Aroused by the deaths of many leading Meccans at Badr, he went to Mecca and used his considerable poetic gifts (he is called faḥl faṣiḥ in K. al-Ag̲h̲ānī ) to incite Ḳurays̲h̲ to fight the Muslims. On hi…

, adversaire de Muḥammad à Médine. Rangé dans le clan des Banū l-Naḍīr auquel appartenait sa mère, bien que son père ait été un Arabe de la fraction des Nabhān (Ṭayyiʾ), il avait probablement, suivant la coutume juive, reçu la religion de sa mère, mais il est douteux qu’il ait été un docteur, comme le laisserait croire l’expression sayyid al-aḥbār qu’on trouve dans un poème (Ibn His̲h̲ām, 659, l. 12), à supposer que ce texte lui-même soit authentique. Irrité de la mort de nombreux Mekkois à Badr, il se rendit à La Mekke et mit en œuvre ses immenses dons poétiques (il est qualifié de faḥl faṣīḥ dans …

Abū Sharāḥīl (or Shuraḥbīl) (al-)Rammāḥ b. Abrad b. Thawbān (d. 149/766), known as Ibn Mayyāda, was a Bedouin poet. His tribe was the Murra, a branch of the Dhubyān (a subtribe of the Ghaṭafān). He lived in western Najd (in the north-central Arabian Peninsula), in or near a place called Ḥimā Ḍariyya, close to the Ḥijāz. His father was a shepherd, despite being a descendant of al-Ḥārith b. Ẓālim (d. 600 C.E.), the leader of the Ghaṭafān, and a grandson of Salmā, the daughter of the famous poet Kaʿb b. Zuhayr (…

Abū l-ʿAbbās ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf al-Qurashī al-Hāshimī (d. c. 68/687–8), known usually as Ibn ʿAbbās, was a paternal cousin and a Companion of the Prophet. 1. The life of Ibn ʿAbbās. The making of a Companion—between history and myth The sources tell us much about Ibn ʿAbbās, both historical and mythical. Given the importance attributed to his contribution to religious science, the period of his birth and childhood is surrounded by an aura of legend and fantasy, like those of the prophet Muḥammad h…

, a subdivision of Ḳurays̲h̲ [ q.v.] whose pedigree is Taym b. Murra b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy b. G̲h̲ālib b. Fihr. All of the important figures among the Taym before Islam and in its early days belonged to the genealogical line of ʿAmr b. Kaʿb b. Saʿd b. Taym. They included Abū Bakr [ q.v.], Ṭalḥa b. ʿUbayd Allāh [ q.v.] and Ṭalḥa’s paternal uncle, Maʿmar b. ʿUt̲h̲mān (cf. M. Lecker, Biographical notes on Abū ʿUbayda Maʿmar b. al-Muthannā , in SI, lxxxi [1995], 71-100, at 77-83, 96-7; Mālik b. Anas [ q.v.] was reportedly a mawlā of the Taym; on p. 263a of the entry about him…

, branche des Ḳurays̲h̲ [ q.v.] descendant de Taym b. Murra b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy b. G̲h̲ālib b. Fihr. Tous les personnages importants des Taym, avant et au début de l’Islam, appartenaient à la lignée de ʿAmr b. Kaʿb b. Saʿd b. Taym. On y trouve Abū Bakr [ q.v.], Ṭalḥa b. ʿUbayd Allāh [ q.v.] et l’oncle de Ṭalḥa, Maʿmar b. ʿUt̲h̲mān (cf. M. Lecker, Biographical notes on Abū ʿUbayda Maʿmar b. al-Muthannā, dans SI, LXXXI [1995], 71-100, dans 77-83, 96-7; Mālik b. Anas [ q.v.] était, dit-on, un mawlā des Taym; p. 247b de l’article le concernant, lire Himyar au lieu de Ḥumayr; M. J. Kister, The massacre of th…

b. Nufayl, a so-called ḥanīf [ q.v.] and “seeker after true religion”, who lived in Mecca before Muḥammad’s mission (though some pronounced him a Companion of the Prophet). In a major battle before Islam Zayd reportedly led the Ḳurays̲h̲ [ q.v.] clan to which he belonged, the ʿAdī b. Kaʿb. The cycle of reports about him in Islamic historiography all but presents him as Muḥammad’s precursor. Some scholars even went as far as declaring him a prophet who received revelations, and a ¶ messenger sent to mankind. Precisely like Muḥammad before his call, Zayd is said to have practiced taḥannut̲h̲ [ q.…

Abū Muslim ʿAbd Allāh b. T̲h̲uwab , one of the eight Successors allegedly famous for their asceticism ( zuhd [ q.v.]). He was born of the tribe K̲h̲awlān in the Yaman. One report (Abū Nuʿaym, Ḥilya , ii, 125) has it that he only became a Muslim in Syria during the caliphate of Muʿāwiya, but other reports say that he had already been converted to Islam during the prophet’s lifetime while still in the Yaman. When al-Aswad b. Ḳays (cf. Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar, Tahd̲h̲īb , xii, 236 and Abū Nuʿaym, Ḥilya, ii, 128; or: b. Kaʿb, cf. Ṭabarī, i, 1795) al-ʿAnsī D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥimār [ q.v.] summoned him to embrace his cause…

, a place near Medīna famous for the battle fought there between the related tribes of the Aws and Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲, some years before the Migration of Muḥammad and his adherents to that town. It belonged to the Jewish tribe of Ḳuraiẓa, and according to Samhūdī, was two miles east (to be more accurate south-east) of Medīna, above a cornfield called Ḳawrā. A few incidental mentions of the place in the traditions help to locate it more accurately. Muḥammad’s men, who slew Kaʿb b. Ashraf, went past the …

, ancienne tribu arabe d’origine obscure. Des généalogistes musulmans lui supposent une ascendance muḍarite en se fondant sur une parole attribuée au Prophète selon laquelle l’ancêtre de la tribu, ʿAmr b. Luḥayy [ q.v.], descendait de Ḳamaʿa (= ʿUmayr) b. Ḵh̲indif, donc de Muḍar (Ibn His̲h̲ām, Sīra, Caire 1355/1936, I, 78; al-Balād̲h̲urī, Ansāb, I, Caire 1959, 34; al-Fāsī, S̲h̲ifāʾ al-G̲h̲arām biak̲h̲bār al-balad al-ḥarām, Caire 1956, II, 44-5; Muṣʿab al-Zubayrī, Nasab Ḳurays̲h̲, Caire 1953, 7-8, 11; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Inbāh ʿalā ḳabāʾil al-ruwāh, Nad̲j̲af 1386/1966, 97-8;…

, an ancient Arab tribe of obscure origin. Muslim genealogists assuming a Muḍarī origin of K̲h̲uzāʿa based their argument on an utterance attributed to the Prophet according to which the ancestor of the tribe, ʿAmr b. Luḥayy [ q.v.] was a descendant of Ḳamaʿa (= ʿUmayr) b. K̲h̲indif, thus tracing their pedigree to Muḍar (Ibn His̲h̲ām, al-Sīra al-nabawiyya , ed. al-Saḳāʾ, al-Abyārī and S̲h̲alabī, Cairo 1355/1936, i, 78; al-Balād̲h̲urī, Ansāb al-as̲h̲rāf , ed. Muḥammad Ḥamīdullāh, Cairo 1959, i, 34; al-Fāsī, S̲h̲ifāʾ al-g̲h̲arām bi-ak̲h̲bār al-balad al-ḥarām …

b. Nufayl, fut ce qu’on nommait un ḥanīf [ q.v.], «cherchant la vraie religion»; il vécut à La Mecque avant la mission de Muḥammad (bien que certains le qualifient de Compagnon du Prophète). Dans une bataille importante ¶ livrée avant l’islam, il conduisait ʿAdī b. Kaʿb, le clan de Ḳurays̲h̲ dont il faisait partie. Le cycle des récits le concernant le présente pratiquement comme un précurseur de Muḥammad. Certains savants s’avancent même à voir en lui un prophète qui aurait reçu des révélations, un messager envoyé à l’humanité. Pré…

Al-Najāshī al-Ḥārithī (d. c.40/660 or 49/669) is the sobriquet of Qays b. ʿAmr, a renowned Yemeni poet who sided with the fourth Muslim caliph, ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (r. 35–40/656–61), against the ruler of Syria and future caliph Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān (r. 41–60/661–80). He was born into the al-Ḥārith b. Kaʿb b. ʿAmr tribe of Yemen from the Najrān region of southwest Arabia (Kaḥḥāla, 1:231). His nickname, najāshī, comes from the Ge’ez word for ‘king’ (used in early Islam for the Ethiopian ruler) because his mother was Ethiopian and also, apparently, because of his d…

The Najadāt were an early Khārijī subsect, named after its founder, Najda b. ʿĀmir (d. 73/692; Najdiyya and other variant spellings are recorded). Initially, he followed Nāfiʿ ibn al-Azraq (d. 65/684–5) in the Basran Khārijī rebellion of 65/684–5 against the Umayyad governor Masʿūd b. ʿAmr al-ʿAntakī (d. 65/684–5) and then against the Zubayrid general Muslim b. ʿUbays (d. 65/684–5), retreating with the Azāriqa into al-Ahwāz (Pers., Ahvāz), in southwestern Iran (al-Balādhurī, 7:174). There, howeve…

, the name of two tribal groups in northern Arabia: a branch of Ḵh̲uzāʿa [ q.v.] and a branch of the so-called Northern Arabian federation Ḳays ʿAylān [ q.v.], more precisely, the Hawāzin [ q.v.] 1. The lineage of the Salūl who were a branch of Ḵh̲uzāʿa was: Salūl b. Kaʿb b. ʿAmr b. Rabīʿa b. Ḥārit̲h̲a. The genealogists list, beside Salūl himself, ¶ the following descendants of his as eponyms of tribal groups (the term employed is baṭn ): Ḳumayr b. Ḥabs̲h̲iya (variants: Ḥabs̲h̲iyya, Ḥabas̲h̲iyya, Ḥubs̲h̲iyya), Ḥulayl b. Ḥabs̲h̲iya, including the desce…

, nom de deux groupes tribaux d’Arabie du Nord: une branche des Ḵh̲uzāʿa [ q.v.] et une branche de la fédération Nord-arabique dite des Ḳays ʿAylān [ q.v.], plus précisément, les Hawāzin [ q.v.]. 1. La généalogie des Salūl, branche des Ḵh̲uzāʿa, était: Salūl b. Kaʿb b. ʿAmr b. Rabīʿa b. Ḥārit̲h̲a. Les généalogistes citent, outre Salūl luimême, ses descendants dont les noms suivent, comme éponymes de groupes tribaux (le terme employé est baṭn): Ḳumayr b. Ḥabs̲h̲iya (var. Ḥabs̲h̲iyya, Ḥabas̲h̲iyya, Ḥubs̲h̲iyya), Ḥulayl b. Ḥabs̲h̲iya, notamment les descendants d’Abū G̲h…

, Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ī leader in Baṣra, killed in 61 (680—681). He belonged to the Rabīʿa b. Hanẓala b. Mālik b. Zaidmanāt (called Rabīʿa al-Wusṭā, Naḳāʾiḍ, ed. Bevan, p. 185, 5 = 699, 11 Mufaḍḍalīyāt, ed. Lyall, p. 123, 12, 772, 8), a branch of the tribe of Tamīm which supplied so many leaders to the Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ī movement. His father was called Ḥudair b. ʿAmr b. ʿ Abd b. Kaʿb and Udaiya was his mother’s or grandmother’s, name; she belonged to the tribe of Muḥārib b. Ḵh̲aṣafa (Ibn Duraid, Kitāb al-Is̲h̲tiḳāḳ, ed. Wustenfeld, p. 134; Ibn Ḳutaiba, Kitāb al-Maʿārif ed. Wüstenfeld, p. 209; Ṭabarī, Mubar…

, Abū ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Ḳuras̲h̲ī al-Basṭī , Muslim mathematician, jurist and scholar, born in Baza (Basṭa) in Spain, at the beginning of the 9th/15th century. He studied in his native town, following ʿAlī b. Mūsā’s courses in law, Ḳurʾān exegesis, belles-lettres and the science of the fixed shares in an estate ( farāʾiḍ [ q.v.]). Afterwards he settled in Granada, where Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. Futūḥ and the imām ʿAbd Allāh al-Saraḳusṭī were his teachers. The specialised teachings of the former were oriented…

, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlî al-Ḳuras̲h̲ī al-Basṭī, mathématicien, juriste et savant musulman, né à Baza(Basṭa), en Espagne, au début du IXe/XVe siècle. Il fit ses études dans sa ville natale, suivit les cours de ʿAlī b. Mūsā dans les domaines du droit, de l’exégèse ḳurʾānique, des belles-lettres, de la science des partages successoraux ( farāʾid). Il s’installa ensuite à Grenade où il eut pour maîtres Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. Futūḥ et l ’imām ʿAbd Allāh al-Saraḳusṭī; du premier, il reçut un enseignement spécialisé, à tendance philosophique, scientifique et philo…