, the pilgrim highway running from al-ʿIrāḳ to the Holy Cities of the Ḥid̲j̲āz, named after Zubayda bint D̲j̲aʿfar [ q.v.], the wife of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd. The main section of the Darb Zubayda, from Kūfa to Mecca, is something over 1,400 km. in length. The branch to Medina leaves the main road at Maʿdin al-Naḳira, which is also the point at which the road from Baṣra joins it. From Maʿdin al-Naḳira to Mecca the distance is about 500 km., and from the same point to Medina it is about 250 km. Between Maʿdin al-Naḳira and Mec…

, route du pèlerinage du ʿIrāḳ aux villes saintes du Ḥid̲j̲āz qui doit son nom à Zubayda bint Ḏj̲aʿfar [ q.v.], épouse de Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd. La partie principale du Darb Zubayda, de Kūfa à La Mekke, a un peu plus de 1400 km. de long. La bifurcation vers Médine est située à Maʿdin al-Naḳira, où arrive également la route de Baṣra. De ce point, il y a encore 500 km. environ jusqu’à La Mekke et 250 jusqu’à Médine. Entre Maʿdin al-Naḳira et La Mekke, le tronçon qui va de Maʿdīn Banī Sulayin et al-Mislaḥ se double d’une autre…

b. Abī D̲j̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr [ q.v.], Umm D̲j̲aʿfar (d. 216/831-2), wife of the caliph Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd [ q.v.], mother of his successor Muḥammad al-Amīn [ q.v.]. Her name was Amat al-ʿAzīz (“handmaid of the Almighty”), but she is known by her pet name Zubayda (“little butter ball”), given to her by her grandfather al-Manṣūr on account of her plumpness and radiant looks. Her beauty, intelligence, extravagance and generosity made her one of the most admired women in her time. She set the fashion at the caliphal court and …

b. Abī Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr [ q.v.], Umm Ḏj̲aʿfar (m. 216/831-2), épouse du calife Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd [ q.v.] et mère de son successeur al-Amīn [ q.v.]. Son nom était Amat al-ʿAzīz, «servante du Tout Puissant», mais elle était connue par le surnom affectueux, Zubayda, «boulette de beurre», que son grand-père al-Manṣūr lui avait donné eu égard à son aspect physique, potelé et radieux. Sa beauté, son intelligence extravagante et généreuse, firent d’elle une des femmes les plus admirées de son époque. Elle créait la mode à l…

ḍarība (A) : a tax, applied in particular to the whole category of taxes which in practice were adde…

s̲h̲āhbandar (P) : lit. harbour, port master; a term for a customs officer, collector of taxes; in T…

, a station on the Kūfa to Mecca Pilgrimage route, the so-called Darb ¶ Zubayda [ q.v. in Suppl.]. It lay in Nad̲j̲d in what is now the northeastern corner of Saudi Arabia, towards the ʿIrāḳī border, in approx. lat. 28° 50′ N., long. 43° 20′ E. some 180 km/112 miles north-north-east of Fayd [ q.v. in Suppl.]. It is mentioned by such geographers as Ibn K̲h̲urradād̲h̲bih, Ibn Rusta, Ḳudāma and al-Muḳaddasī, and such pilgrims as Ibn D̲j̲ubayr and Ibn Baṭṭūṭa passed through it. It was the birthplace of the 2nd/8th century poet Ibn Mutayr [ q.v.]. Today, the site of al-T̲h̲aʿlabiyya is in the s…

Būrān, or Khadīja (d. 271/884), was a wife of the ʿAbbāsid caliph al-Maʾmūn (r. 198–218/813–833) and the daughter of his agent in Iraq, al-Ḥasan b. Sahl. She was born in Ṣafar 192/December 807 and betrothed to al-Maʾmūn at an early age. Their marriage, at Fam al-Ṣilḥ in Ramaḍān 210/December 825 or January 826, was a seventeen-day celebration of ʿAbbāsid glory and reconciliation. Chroniclers recalled the opulence of the festivities and the generous gifts exchanged. Zubayda, widow of al-Maʾmūn's f…

, a well in the environs of Mecca. Although the well was famous in early Islamic times, the name no longer occurs in the Meccan area. Available sources fail to show whether Biʾr Maymūn has been abandoned or is still in use under another name. The location of the ancient well is also uncertain. Much of the evidence places it between the Great Mosque and Minā, somewhat closer to the latter. The account given by al-Ṭabarī, iii, 456, of the death of the Caliph al-Manṣūr at Biʾr Maymūn in 158/775 indicates that the well lay inside the Sacred Zone ( al-Ḥaram ) and suggests that …

Zubayda Khānum Amīna-yi Aqdas (d. 1893) was one of the favourite and most powerful wives of Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh Qājār's (r. 1848–96). She was born in a village near Garrūs, in Kurdistān, to a poor shepherd family. It was through Anīs al-Dawla (d. 1896), Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh's then-favourite wife and de facto queen, that she came to the royal ḥaram (the part of a house set apart for the women of the family, referring also collectively to the women themselves). Accompanying her husband on a royal trip to Kurdistān, Anīs al-Dawla saw the orphan Zubayda, felt so…

étape sur la route du Pèlerinage de Kūfa à la Mecque, appelée Darb Zubayda [ q.v. in Suppl.]. Elle est située dans le Nad̲j̲d, dans ce qui est aujourd’hui le coin nord-est de l’Arabie Saʾūdite, du côté de la frontière avec l’ʿIrāḳ, à environ 28° 50΄ de latitude Nord et 43° 20΄ de ‘longitude Est, à quelques 180 km/112 miles au nord-nord-est de Fayd [ q.v. in Suppl.]. Elle est mentionnée par des géographes tels qu’Ibn Ḵh̲urradād̲h̲bih, Ibn Rusta, Ḳudāma, al-Muḳaddasī, Yākūt ( Buldān, Leipzig 1870, nombreuses références, VI, 53) et des pèlerins tels qu’Ibn Ḏj̲ubayr et Ibn Baṭṭūṭa…

, an early Islamic settlement in western Arabia, now essentially an archaeological site marked by the birka or cistern of Abū Salīm. It lies in the eastern foothills of the Ḥid̲j̲āz mountain chain some 200 km/124 miles east of Medina. In early Islamic times it lay on the main pilgrimage route from Kūfa in ʿIrāḳ to Mecca, later known as the Darb Zubayda [ q.v. in Suppl.], with such facilities as food and drinking water for the pilgrims. Today, the area ¶ is green for much of the year and is used by Bedouins for grazing their flocks. Originally an extensive ḥimā [ q.v.] which Abū Bakr confiscated f…

, the ancient Pagrae, guarded the Syrian end of the Baylān pass on the road from Antioch to Alexandretta across the Amanus, and was thus a place of transit and a strategic position of importance. This region, which had been laid waste at the time of the first wars between the Arabs and the Byzantines, was furnished with colonists by Maslama; this initiated a recovery, and His̲h̲ām built a small fort there; it was naturally included in the region of the ʿawāṣim [ q.v.] organised by Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd behind the Syro-Cilician t̲h̲ug̲h̲ūr , and there existed there at …

, puits des environs de la Mekke. Bien que le puits ait été célèbre au début de l’époque islamique, le nom n’apparaît plus dans la région mekkoise. Les sources dont nous disposons n’indiquent pas si le Biʾr Maymūn a été abandonné ou s’il est encore en usage sous un autre nom. L’emplacement de l’ancien puits est également incertain. La majeure partie des témoignages le situent entre la grande-mosquée et Minā, un tant soit peu plus près de ce dernier lieu. Le récit que donne al-Ṭabarī (III, 456) d…

, or ʿarafāt , plain about 21 km. (13 miles) east of Mecca, on the road to Ṭāʾif, bounded on the north by a mountain-ridge of the same name. The plain is the site of the central ceremonies of the annual Pilgrimage to Mecca; these are focussed on a conical granite hill in its N.E. corner, under 200 feet in height, and detached from the main ridge; this hill also is called ʿArafa, but more commonly Ḏj̲abal al-Raḥma (Hill of Mercy). On its eastern flank, broad stone steps (constr…

—in Saʿūdī Arabia—a long, narrow arch of nafūd or dune desert, varying in width from 10 to 75 km., extending around an eastward curve for a total length of over 1,000 km., connecting the Great Nafūd of the northwest with the Empty Quarter (al-Rubʿ al-K̲h̲ālī [ q.v.]) of the south, lacking in natural water sources except along the fringes, but furnishing a favourite area of pasturing. In the past separating the interior area of al-Yamāma from the coastal region of al-Baḥrayn, al-Dahnāʾ today serves as an informal boundary between the Province of Nad̲j̲d and the…

, ancien établissement islamique en Arabie occidentale, de nos jours essentiellement site archéologique marqué par la birka, ou bassin d’Abū Salīm. Il se trouve sur le piémont oriental de la chaîne de montagnes du Ḥid̲j̲āz, à quelque 200 km à l’Est de Médine. Aux premiers temps de l’Islam, il se situait sur la principale route du pèlerinage de Kūfa en ʿIrāḳ à la Mekke, connue par la suite sous le nom de Darb Zubayda [ q.v. au Suppl.], et offrant aux pèlerins des facilités comme la nourriture et l’eau potable. Aujourd’hui, la région est verdoyante la plus grande partie …

, Pagrae de l’Antiquité, gardait l’extrémité syrienne de la passe de Baylān sur la route d’Antioche à Alexandrette à travers l’Amanus, et était donc un lieu de passage et une position stratégique d’importance. La région, qui avait été dévastée lors des premières guerres entre Arabes et Byzantins, fut pourvue de colons par Maslama, de qui elle relevait, et His̲h̲ām y bâtit un fortin; naturellement, ¶ elle fut incluse dans le district des ʿawāṣim [ q.v.] organisé par Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd en arrière des t̲h̲ug̲h̲ūr syro-ciliciens, et il y existait au temps d’al-Balk̲h̲ī un hospice …

— en Arabie Séoudite — est un arc long et étroit de nafūd ou désert de dunes, d’une largeur variant de 10 à 75 km., suivant une courbe orientée vers l’Est sur une longueur totale de plus de 1000 km.; il relie le Grand Nafūd du Nord-ouest à al-Rubʿ al-Ḵh̲ālī [ q.v.] du Sud et est dépourvu de points d’eau naturels sauf le long de ses bordures, mais offre une zone de prédilection pour le pâturage. Al-Dahnāʾ qui, dans le passé, séparait la région intérieure d’al-Yamāma de la région côtière d’al-Baḥrayn, sert actuellement de frontière officieuse entre la Province de Nad̲j̲d …

al-Aṣg̲h̲ar, Abu ’l-Ḥad̲j̲nāʾ (not to be confused with Nuṣayb b. Rabāḥ [ q.v.], who is sometimes given the kunya of Abu ’l-Had̲j̲nāʾ), a negro poet of the Arabic language originally from Yamāma. He is described as mawlā ’l-Mahdī to distinguish him from his homonym, because the future ʿAbbāsid caliph had bought him and freed him during the reign of al-Manṣūr (136-58/754-75). It was he who gave him his kunya and married him to a female slave named D̲j̲aʿfara. Once established on the throne (158/775), al-Mahdī, whose companion he had become, offered him property in…