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Justin Martyr (Saint)
(771 words)
[German Version] (Iustinus Martyr; born in Flavia Neapolis [Nablus], Samaria, died 165 in Rome) was a Greek apologist and Christian philosopher. He was born into a pagan family (who called themselves “Samaritans”), received a grammatical and rhetorical education, and was familiar with a variety of philosophical schools. He understood his eventual conversion to Christianity as a turn to the true philosophy. Justin may have taught for a time in Ephesus and finally established a Christian school in Rome, which was modeled on pagan schools of philosophy. His most famous student was Tatian. Because he refused to offer sacrifice, he was tortured and beheaded in Rome under the city …
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Religion Past and Present
Apollinarius of Hierapolis, Claudius,
(669 words)
[German Version] bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia (c. 175). Claudius Apollinarius or Apollinaris (Latin form; the preferred Greek form is “Apolinarios”; cf. Zahn) was a bishop in Phrygia during the reign of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (161–180, sole reign 169–176; cf. Eusebius
Hist. eccl. IV 21 with IV 19; IV 26.1;
…
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Religion Past and Present
Neophytes
(210 words)
[German Version] The term νεόϕυτος/
neóphytos (“newly planted”) appears in the New Testament only in 1 Tim 3:6 (possibly influenced by Isa 5:7 LXX; cf. also 1 Cor 3:5–9), where it refers to a recent adult convert, who is excluded from the office of bishop (cf. also the Syriac
Didascalia 4). Canon 2 of the Council of Nicea in 325 forbids ordination to the priesthood or episcopate immediately after baptism; similar decrees appear in canon 3 of the Council of Laodicea (between 343 and 381),
Apostolic Canons 80, and canon 19 of the Fourth Council of Toledo (633). Canon 10 (13) of the (Western) Council of Sardica in 343 requires neophytes to…
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Religion Past and Present
Paschal/Easter Calendrical Controversies
(573 words)
[German Version] The first disputes regarding the date of Easter or the duration of the preceding fast (Fasting: III, 1; the sources are not clear which) go back to the mid-2nd century, when there were differences between Polycarp of Smyrna and Anicetus, the bishop of Rome, which were resolved amicably (Eus.
Hist. eccl. IV 14.1, 5; V 24.16f.). During the episcopate of Victor I of Rome, the so-called Paschal Controversy arose between the church in Rome and the churches in Asia Minor (Eus.
Hist. eccl. V 23–25). In Asia Minor, the church followed the Jewish calculation of the date…
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Religion Past and Present
Easter
(5,925 words)
[German Version] I. Terminology – II. Church History – III. Liturgy – IV. Customs and Traditions – V. Homiletics and Education – VI. Art History
I. Terminology
Easter (cf. Ger.
Ostern) is the English word for the feast of Jesus Christ's resurrection (II). The name in other Germanic and Romance languages derives instead from Gk πάσχα/
páscha (Aram. פַּסְחָא/
pascha' or פִּסְחָא/
pischa' for Heb. פֶּסַח/
pesah. [from פסח/
psh., “limp/go past”, etymology not entirely clear]; Lat. as
pascha or
passa), for example,
Påske (Danish and Norwegian),
Pasen (Dutch),
Påsk (Swedish),
Pasqua (…
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Religion Past and Present
Athenagoras,
(311 words)
[German Version] Greek apologist (2nd half of 2nd cent.), is mentioned briefly only by Methodius of Olympus (
De resurrectione mortuorum I, 37, 1–3, with a fragment from Athenagoras's
Supplicatio)…
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Religion Past and Present
Theophilus of Alexandria (Saint)
(379 words)
[German Version] (c. 345, Memphis – Oct 15, 412, Alexandria), patriarch of Alexandria. He was said to have been a catechumen and student of Athanasius, who baptized him. He entered the clergy prior to 370 and worked as an episcopal secretary; he may also have been the teacher of Tyrannius Rufinus. Between 384 and 387 he was enthroned as bishop of Alexandria. He systematically destroyed the pagan temples (including the Serapeum) and…
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Religion Past and Present