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1. Concept “Fundamental theology” is a comprehensive term used to describe reflection that is basic to theology as a whole. The term has been used in a variety of ways, and the shape and scope of this theology often depend on the specific theological conception or issue under discussion at the time. Some theologians employ the term “foundational theology” and “philosophical theology” interchangeably with “fundamental theology,” while others make a distinction between these terms. Fundamental theol…

[German Version] (Jul 29, 1905, Jönköping, Sweden – Sep 17, 1961, near Ndola, Zambia), first held high government offices in Sweden. In 1953, he was appointed secretary-general of the UN. His negotiation skills enabled him to mediate in numerous conflicts. When he attempted to arbitrate in the Congo crisis, he died …

[German Version] The expression communio sanctorum, an explanatory addition to “the holy church” in the Apostles' Creed, first appears in the context of pre-baptismal instruction in the catechetical sermon De symbolo of Bishop Nicetas of Remesiana. It soon came into widespread use, especially in Gaul. It may be interpreted as a reference to the sanctorum omnium congregatio (Nicetas), to those who have achieved perfection (in the context of veneration of the saints), or to participation in the sacraments. Luther recognized communio sanctorum as a gloss clarifying the signific…

[German Version] I. Dogmatics – II. Liturgy – III. Music – IV. Canon Law I. Dogmatics …

[German Version] The sacredness (or holiness) of the church is stated in principle in Eph 5:27: Christ sanctifies the church by cleansing it with the washing of water; it is then “holy” ( hágia, sancta) and without blemish, i.e. sinless. The creeds adopted the predicate of holiness as one of the essential marks of the church (BSLK 24). In the course of time, the sense of the church’s holiness was extended from moral spotlessness to include purity from heretical doctrine (sixth Synod of Toledo, 638; DH 493). For the faithful, mem…

[German Version] I. Territory – II. History – III. Statistics I. Territory …

[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament – III. New Testament – IV. Church History – V. Sociology – VI. Systematic Theology – VII. Law – VIII. Practical Theology – IX. Judaism – X. Islam…

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[German Version] (1504, Altmorschen, near Melsungen – Aug 26, 1575, Northeim). After receiving a master’s degree at Erfurt, he became rector of the Latin school in Melsungen, for which ordination was not required. In 1530 the city council of Göttingen appointed him pastor of Sankt Nikolai and commissioned him to introduce the Reformation into the city; in 1535 he became superintendent and pastor of the Johanniskirche. Upon his inquiry, Luther advised him against a belated ordination (letter of Mar 1, 1542). In 1542 Philip of …

Part of 16 Lamentations - 16.2 Ancient Hebrew TextsThe manuscript 4QLam (4Q111; 16.2.1.2) preserves remains of a Lamentations text distinct from mt-Lam (16.2.2). It was first published by Cross in 19831 and finally edited by the same author in * djdxi in 2000.2 Kotzé, in his text-critical study of 2013, has discussed and evaluated anew the textual variants of 4QLam in great detail.3The fragments of 4QLam contain extensive text from Lam 1:1–18. Verses 6–8 and 11–17 are almost completely legible and exhibit a textual tradition that differs significantly from the proto-Masoretic text4 i…

Part of 16 Lamentations - 16.2 Ancient Hebrew Textsmt-Lam is the only available complete Hebrew text of Lamentations. The poetic lines, which are in general very regular throughout the five poems,1 as well as the rigorous literary form of the alphabetic acrostics in Lamentations 1–4 contributed to the accurate transmission of the text. Thus mt-Lam is generally assumed to be “fairly well preserved.”216.2.2.1 History of ResearchApart from the discussion of text-critical details in commentaries3 and a series of eclectic notes published in articles by Ehrlich,4 Robinson,5 and Driver,6…