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[German version] I. General Literary communication is communication by means of texts - stabilized, coherent and substantial statements. These may be written or eventually put down in writing, but they may also remain oral ( Literacy). Since for earlier societies as a rule only written texts can be studied, the term ‘literature’ focusses on such sedimented media of literary communication. Nevertheless, particularly for ancient societies the mainly oral character of literary communica…

[German version] (Και(α)φᾶς, Cai(a)phâs). Joseph, with the epithet Caiphas (from Aramaic qayyāfā), was high priest of the Temple of Jerusalem (AD 18-36) and therefore the leader of the Sanhedrin ( Synhedrion), the highest Jewish authority for civil and political issues during Hellenistic and Roman times. As son-in-law of the high priest Ananus (or Annas, Hannas; AD 6-15), he belonged to one of the important families of priests that regularly occupied this office (Jo 18,13; also mPar 3,5 and tYev 1,10) [4. 234]. He was appointed by the Roman procurator Valerius Gratus (AD 15-26), stayed in office under Pontius Pilate (AD 26-36), and was thus contemporaneous to Jesus Christ (Ios. Ant. Iud. 18,2,2; Mt 26,3.57; Lk. 3,2; Jo 11,49; 18,13f.; 24; 28; Acts 4,5; Socr. 5,17,11). He was removed from office by Vitellius, governor of Syria (Ios. ant. Iud. 18,4,3). His role in the arrest, condemnation and execution of Christ is contested [2].…

(Ἰάσων; lásōn). [German version] [1] Leader of the Argonauts Thessalian hero from  Iolcus, leader of the  Argonauts, participant in the Calydonian Hunt (Apollod. 1,68), son of  Aeson [1] and Polymela (Hes. Cat. 38-40; Apollod. 1,107) or  Alcimede (Pherecydes 3 F 104 FGrH; Apoll. Rhod. 1,47); brother of  Promachus (Apollod. 1,143); with  Hypsipyle, he fathered  Euneus [1] (Hom. Il. 7,468) and Nebrophonos (Apollod. 1,115), and with  Medea, he fathered Medeus (Hes. Theog. 1001),  Mermerus [3] and Pheres (Apollod. 1,146). …

[German version] I. Origin According to the legend of the origin of the Septuagint, which is based on the so-called Letter of Aristeas [2] ([12. 20-37; 15. 677-687; 13]), king Ptolemy [3] II Philadelphus had the Pentateuch translated into Greek for his library by 70 (or 72; 70 = ἑβδομήκοντα/ …

[German version] (Σαμβήθη/ Sambḗthē or Σάββη/ Sábbē). Name, probably derived from Hebrew šabbat (Sabbath) [7. 622 ff.], of the Jewish Sibyl, who can be identified with the Egyptian, Persian and Babylonian Sibyls [2. 317 ff.]. A Sabbe is first recorded in Pausanias' [8] list of four Sibyls ( c. AD 160) (Paus. 10,12,1-9), drawing on Alexander [23] Polyhistor. She can be identified with a prophetess known as a 'Noah's daughter' in Or. Sib. 3,823 ff., Or. Sib. prooemium 33 and Or. Sib.  1,289. The 12 books of the Oracula Sibyllina, pseudepigraphic apocalyptic literature (Apocalypse…

(Φασάηλος; Phasáēlos). [German version] [1] Eldest son of Antipater [4] and Cyprus Eldest son of Antipater [4] and Cyprus, born in c. 77 BC probably in Marissa (Idumaea; Jos. Bl.  1,8,9; Jos. Ant. lud. 14,7,3). In 47 BC, P. was appointed governor  (στρατηγός/stratēgós) of Jerusalem and the surrounding area by Antipater (ἐπίτροπος/ epítropos of Judaea under the high priest and ethnarchos Hyrcanus [3] II), while his brother Herod [1] took on the same office in Galilee (Jos. Ant. lud. 14,9,2; Jos. Bl 1,10,4). Josephus credits P…

[German version] This historical depiction of world events (from Adam to the destruction of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem by Titus in AD 70) was written in Hebrew, presumably in the 10th cent. in southern Italy.…

[German version] The last of seven procurators who administered most of Palestine as a Roman province after the death of Agrippa I in AD 44 under the supreme command of the Syrian governor. Born in Clazomenae, he obviously obtained his office through the links between his wife Cleopatra and the empress Poppaea Sabina (Jos. Ant. Iud. 20,252f.). His rule lasted only two years (AD 64-66) and ended with the outbreak of the 1st Jewish uprising against Rome (Tac. Hist. 5,10). Josephus Flavius whose Bellum Iudaicum is the most important source for Gessius Florus (GF) (cf. Jos. BI 2,1…

(Μενέλαος/Menélaos, Attic Μενέλεως/Menéleos; Latin Menelaus). [German version] [1] Ruler of Sparta, married to Helena A significant character in the cycle of myths about the Trojan War ( Troy: Cycle of myths). A younger brother of Agamemnon, who ruled the most significant power centre in Greek myth, Mycene, by marriage to Zeus's daughter Helen ( Helene [1]; their only child was a daughter, Hermione) M. became king of a region in the Eurotas valley with its capital Sparta and Amyclae [1], which was significant in the pre-Doric period (description of his territory in…

[German version] (from the Hebrew šelōmṣiyōn, Aramaic short form Šelamṣah, 'Peace o…

[German version] I Greek (Φίλων/ Phíl ōn). [German version] [I 1] Athenian politician Athenian from Acharnae who was exiled by the Oligarchic regime in 404 BC (Triakonta). During the civil war, he lived as a metoikos (resident without Attic citizenship) in Oropos awaiting the outcome of events. Following his return, when he applied to join the boulḗ he was accused of cowardice and other misdemeanours at a dokimasia investigation (Dokimasia) (Lys. 31; possibly 398 BC). Walter, Uwe (Cologne) Bibliography Blass, vol.1, 480f.  Th.Lenschau, A. Raubitschek, s.v. P. (2), RE 19, 2526f. …

[German version] (Φασαηλίς/ Phasaēlís, Φασηλός/ Phasēlós, modern Ḫirbat Faṣāil). City founded by Herodes [1] I in memory of his elder brother Phasael [1] to the north of Jericho in the fertile Jordan rift valley, probably after 30 BC (Ios. Ant. Iud. 16,5,2; Ios. BI 1,21,9). Inherited after Herod's death by his sister Salome (Ios. Ant. Iud. 17,8,1; Ios. BI 2,…

[German version] (Μαχαιροῦς/ Machairoûs, Hebrew Mekawar, Mekabar). Fortress situated east of the Dead Sea in southern Peraea, on the border with the Nabataean kingdom ( Nabataei) which Alexander [16] Iannaeus (103-76 BC) had built (modern Ruǧm al-Mišnaqa). According to Plin. HN 5,16,72, M. was, apart from Jerusalem, the strongest fortress in Judea. M. was completely destroyed during the Roman campaign in 63 BC by Pompeius (Str. 16,763) and later by the proconsul of Syria Gabinius [I 2] (57-55 BC) (Jos…

[German version] One of the highest princes of angels in Jewish mystical literature. There are several etymological explanations for M.'s name. Odeberg [2. 137 ff.] had already pleaded for the Greek words metá and thrónos, ‘(he who sits)next to the throne (of God)’ (similarly [1]; negatively [5. 75]). In addition, a tradition of 70 secret names is linked with M. [3], including ‘Youth’, ‘Servant’, ‘Yahoel’ and ‘little Yahweh’. He is given a central role in late antique Hekhalot literature [5]. In the so-called Third Book of Enoch…

[German version] (Hebrew benē Ṣādōq, 'sons of Zadok') is a term for the descendants of Zadok (a grandson of Aaron), one of the high priests in the Temple in Jerusalem at the time of  David [1] (2 Sam 15:24-37). In the pre-Exilic period (up to 586 BC), they had sole claim to the office of high priest (1 Kg 2:26 f.), and in the post-Exilic period (from 538 BC), they once again were able to prevail in the offices of priest and high priest (Ez 44:6-16; Priests III). In the post-Exilic period, the perform…

[German version] (Ζοροβαβελ/ Zorobabel, LXX). The pseudepigraphic Hebrew Apocalypse of Z. (Apocalypses) was presumably written in Palestine (Palaestina) at the beginning of the 7th cent. AD and reflects Messianic ex…

(Hebrew šelomṣiyōn, 'Peace of Zion', Aramaic short form šelamṣāh; Σαλώμη/ Salṓmē). [German version] [1] Sister of Herod [1] the Great, 2nd half, 1st cent. BC Sister of Herod (Herodes [1]) the Great ( c. 57 BC - AD 10). Until his death, she played an important role in factional intrigues at the Herodian court: she plotted against Herod's Hasmonaic wife Mariamme [1] I and t…

[German version] Son (or grandson) of Judas Galileus, who (like his father Hezekiah) fought against Rome and Herod (Ios. Ant. Iud. 18,1,6; 14,9,2) [2]. Judas is described by Iosephus [4] Flavius as the founder of the so-called fourth (nameless, later given the derogatory name of Sicarii, ‘Dagger Men’ = ‘Murderers’ [1. 50]) philosophical school, which differed from the Pharisaei mainly in its love of freedom and its struggle for the absolute rule of God (Ios. Ant. Iud. 18,1,1; 18,1,6) [3. 599; 1. 8…

(Greek Ὀν(ε)ίας/ On(e)ías; Hebrew neḥonyah, ḥunyah, ḥoni); personal name, which was widespread in ancient Judaism ([9. vol. 2, 1394, 1455]; Jos. Ant. Iud. 14,22; 25; 222; Jos. Ap. 2,49; Mishnah Taan 3,8). In the pre-Maccabaean period, bearers of this name …

[German version] (ζηλωταί/ zēlōtaí, from Greek ζηλοῦν/ zēloûn, 'strive after'). Political and religious group of Jews who rose against Roman rule in Palestine in the 1st cent. AD, primarily in the first Jewish-Roman War (Jewish Wars). The term 'Zealots' can be found in Iosephus [4] Flavius (BI 4,160f.; 7,268-270), whose Bellum Iudaicum (books 4-7) and Antiquitates form the most important historical sources for the Zealots' movement and ideology. The term is a translation of the Hebrew qannāīm ( qannā, 'eager', sc. for God, e.g. in the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhed…

(Φωκυλίδης/ Phōkylídēs). [German version] [1] Poet from Miletus, c. 540 BC Greek poet from Miletus (Phryn. 336, p. 463 R.; Suda) who wrote hexameters and elegiac gnomai (gnome; elegiac: Athen. 632d; both: Suda φ 643), c. 540 BC (Suda). The Γνῶμαι/ Gnômai, aphorisms, are ascribed to P. by many authors (e.g. Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Strabo, Dion [I 3] Chrysostomus, Athenaeus, Clement of Alexandria). They begin (as do those of Demodocus [2] of Lerus) with καὶ τόδε Φωκυλίδου/ kai tóde Phōkulídou, 'P. says this, too'). They are written in hexameters (from one to eight verses…

This item can be found on the following maps: Syria | Dead Sea (textual finds) | Caesar | Christianity | Zenobia | Coloniae | Alexander | Commerce | Hasmonaeans | Legio | Limes | Mesopotamia | Natural catastrophes | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Aegean Koine [German version] I. Name Hebrew Y  rūšālēm, presumably ‘foundation of the (god) Šalēm’, in the Masoretic texts ( Masorah) always vocalized in the dual form Y  rūšālayim…

[German version] The special tax of two drachmas per person imposed on the Jewish population after the conquest of Jerusalem (AD 70) by Vespasianus (Jos. BI 7,218). The fiscus iudaicus ( FI) replaced the half-shekel tax levied for the Jewish Temple and was regarded as a punitive measure as it was diverted to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in Rome. Under Domitianus the FI was collected rigourously as a measure for preventing conversions (Suet. Dom. 12,2) [3; 4; 7], but already under Nerva the collection was eased off [1; 4]. The levying of the FI is attested until the mid 3rd cent. AD …

[German version] (Λιβιάς; Libiás, Latin Livias, also Iulias). Town in the eastern Jordan valley, the Aramaic name of which is bet ramta, and which, according to Jewish tradition, is to be identified with the biblical bet haran (or haram; Nm 32:36; Jos 13:27) (jTalmud Shevi 9,2 [38d]). The Christian traditions of Hier. and Eus. (Euseb. On. 48,13ff.; Βηθραμφθά, Bēthramphthá) follow this. Even if this identification is not certain, bet ramta is undoubtedly identical with the town mentioned by Jos. (BI 17,10,6) Bētharámata (Βηθαράματα), …

(Μανάημος; Manáēmos). Greek form of the Hebrew proper name Menaḥem (‘the comforter), attested in the Old Testament (2 Kgs 15:14ff.) and in other Semitic languages. [German version] [1] Essenian, 1st cent. BC Essenian ( Essenes) (1st cent. BC), who foretold Herod ( Herodes [1]) the Great that he would become king and that he would turn his back on godliness and and justice, and who predicted, in a second prophecy, the duration of his reign (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,10,5). Like M. [3], the son of Judas Galilaeus, he is identified with the scribe M. [1; 2]. Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) [German version] [2] In…

(Σίμων/ Símōn). [German version] [1] Sculptor in bronze from Aegina, c. 480-460 BC Sculptor in bronze from Aegina. S. participated with a horse and a charioteer in the votive offerings dedicated by Phormis at Olympia; accordingly, his period of artistic activity is around 480-460 BC. The base which belonged to it has been identified. A dog and an archer by S. (Plin. HN 34,90) probably formed a further group. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography …

I. Ancient Orient [German version] A. General The magic of the ancient Orient and of Egypt is based on a view of the world that runs counter to that of religion. In the world-view of magic, men, gods and demons are tied to each other and to the cosmos by sympathies and antipathies, whereas in the religious world view everything is created by the gods for their own purposes; the relations between men and the cosmos are the result of deliberate actions of the gods. In the practice of religion, however, both world views are integrated…

(Ἰώσηπ(π)ος; Iṓsēp(p)os, Ιώσηφ(ος); Iṓsēph(os)). From Hebrew yosep yosipyah ‘may God add (further children)’, a prevalent Jewish name in memory of the biblical patriarch Joseph (Gen. 35; 37-50), e.g. in the Herodian family. [German version] [1] Uncle and brother-in-law of Herod [1] the Gr. Uncle and brother-in-law of  Herod [1]  the Great (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,65; 81). He acted as his deputy for the duration of Herod's journey to M.  Antonius [I 9] in 34 BC. He became involved in the intrigues surrounding Queen  Mariamme, his wife Salome pr…

(Ἑκαταῖος; Hekataîos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Cardia, 4th cent. BC Tyrant of  Cardia, kept in office by  Alexander [4] although  Eumenes [1] made an effort to free the city (Plut. Eumenes 3). In the Lamian War, he supported  Antipater [1] (Diod. Sic. 18,14,4). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [2] Henchman of Alexander [4] the Gr., 4th cent. BC One of the  hetairoi of Alexander [4], entrusted by him in 336 BC with the removal of  Attalus [1], whom he murdered (Diod. Sic. 17,2,5; 5,2). …

…

[German version] (from the Hebrew personal name ṭōviyyȧh, Neh 2,10; Τωβιας/ Tōbias

[German version] (Φερώρας; Pherṓras). Youngest son of Antipater [4], born c. 68 BC probably in Marissa (Idumaea), died c. 5 BC. His first marriage was to a Hasmonaean princess (the sister of Mariamme [1] I, the first wife of his elder brother Herodes [1] I), his second was to a "slave girl" (Jos. BI 1,24,5; Jos. Ant. Iud. 16,7,3). P. was a close comrade-in-arms of his brother Herodes: on his commission he restored the fortress of Alexandreum to the north of Jericho (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,11,5; Jos. BI 1,16,3), acted as his representative in 30 BC while Herodes was meeting the later Augustus in Rhodes, and in 20 BC, with the latter's permission, was appointed by Herodes over the tetrarchy of Peraia (to the east of the  Jordan) (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,10,3; Jos. BI 1,24,5). P. took part in the  family and political intrigues that dominated the Herodian court [2. 274ff.], e.g. on the side of Herodes's son Antipater [5] in his succession to the throne [4. 322ff.; 2. 288ff.]. He was banished from  Jerusalem …

[German version] [1] Prophet see  Prophets Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) [German version] [2] Jud.-Hell. tragedian (Ἐζεκίηλος, Εζεκιῆλος; Ezekíēlos, Ezekiêlos). Judaeo-Hellenistic tragedian, who probably lived in Alexandria (or see [5]). The draft of the Exagōgḗ, the only known work of E., of which 5 fragments (269 trimeters) have been preserved, can be dated to the period between c. 240 BC ( terminus post quem: origin of the Septuagint) and 100 BC ( terminus ante quem: evidence from  Alexander [23] Polyhistor). The preserved verses (the most complete tragedy fragments after Euripides) were handed down in the Praeparatio Evangelica (9,28,1-29,16) of  Eusebius [7] of Caesaria, who quotes them from the work Perì Ioudaíōn (Περὶ Ἰουδαίων, ‘On the Jews’) by Alexander Polyhistor (FGrH 273 F 19). Verses 7-40a and 50b-54 were also handed down by Clement of Alexandria (Strom. 1,23,155,2-7; 156,1f.) and verses 256-269 by Eustathius [5] of Antioch (PG 18, 729 D). The subject of the Exagōgḗ

[German version] [1] Granddaughter of Aristobulus II. and Iohannes Hyrcanus II. (Hebrew Mirjam; the form Mariamne in Fr. Hebbel's drama is a corruption from later MSS). Granddaughter of Aristobulus [2] II. and Iohannes Hyrcanus [3] II. Born c. 53/52 BC, M. was a celebrated beauty. Married to Herod ( Herodes [1]) the Great, she became involved in the intrigues and conflicts between Hasmoneans and Herodeans. In 29 Herod had her executed on suspicion of unfaithfulness based on the calumnies of his sister Salome (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,218-236)…

(Καλλιρ[ρ]όη; Kallir(r)hóē, ‘the fair-flowing’). [German version] [1] Daughter of Oceanus Daughter of Oceanus, wife of  Chrysaor [4], mother of  Geryoneus (Hes. Theog. 351; 979ff.; Apollod. 2.106; Hyg. Fab. 151). She appears in the circle of  Persephone (H. Hom. 5,419); also mentioned as wife of Manes or of Poseidon (Dion. Hal. Ant. 1.27.1; schol. Pind. O. 14.5). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [2] Daughter of Achelous Daughter of Achelous, wife of  Alcmaeon [1], mother of Amphoterus and Acarnan (Apollod. 3.88ff.; Eur. Alcestis TGF fr. 79). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [3] Daughter of Scamander Daughter of the river god  Scamander, wife of  Tros, mother of  Ilus [1] and  Ganymede [1], among others (Hellanicus schol. Hom. Il 2.231); also mentioned as wife of  Erichthonius [2] (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,62,2). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [4] Mistress of the Dionysian priest Coresus…

[German version] (προσήλυτος/ prosḗlytos, 'one that has arrived (to join the group)'; Latin proselytus). The first recorded use of the Greek term prosḗlytos is in the Septuagint as a translation of the Biblical concept gēr (a 'foreigner' resident in Israel and enjoying special legal status) [8. 40-45; 9. 51 ff.]. Towards the end of the epoch of the Second Temple (1st cent. AD), prosḗlytos then chiefly refers to a convert to Judaism (Jos. Ap. 2,28) [4. 60 ff.], who enjoyed almost the same rights within the Jewish community as one born a Jew [1. 60-123]. Ac…

[English version] [1] Prophet s. Propheten Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) [English version] [2] jüd.-hell. Tragödiendichter, 3. oder 2. Jh. v. Chr. (Ἐζεκίηλος, Εζεκιῆλος). Jüd.-hell. Tragödiendichter, der vermutlich in Alexandreia (anders [5]) lebte. Die Abfassung der Exagōgḗ, des einzigen bekannten Werkes des E., von dem fünf Fr. (269 Trimeter) erh. sind, ist auf den Zeitraum zw. ca. 240 v.Chr. ( terminus post quem: Entstehung der Septuaginta) und 100 v.Chr. ( terminus ante quem: Zeugnis des Alexandros [23] Polyhistor) zu datieren. Die erh. Verse (das umfangreichste Tra…

[English version] (hebr. benē Ṣādōq - “Söhne Zadoks”) bezeichnet die Nachkommen Zadoks (Enkel Aarons), eines der Hohenpriester im Jerusalemer Tempel zu Zeiten Davids [1] (2. Sam 15,24-37), die in vorexilischer Zeit (bis 586 v. Chr.) den Alleinanspruch auf das Hohepriesteramt besaßen (1 Kg 2,26 f.) und sich in nachexilischer Zeit (ab 538 v. Chr.) erneut für das Priester- und Hohepriesteramt durchsetzen konnten (Ez 44,6-16; Priester III.). Die Priester, denen allein der Opferdienst vorbehalten war, wa…

[English version] (Ματθίας; Nebenform des EN Mattathias, hebr. Mattityah, “Gottesgabe”). Vater des Historikers Iosephos [4] Flavios, über den außer den Aussagen des Sohnes in seiner vita (Ios. vita 1) wenig bekannt ist. Er lebte von 6 n.Chr. bis nach 70 n.Chr., da Iosephos über das Schicksal seiner Eltern während des jüd.-röm. Krieges berichtet (vita 41; Ios. bell. Iud. 5,13,1). M. gehörte dem Priestergeschlecht der Yehoyarib an (1 Chr 24,7), und seine Urgroßmutter war vermutlich eine Tochter des Alexandros [16] Iannaios und somit Hasmonäerin (vita 1,4; krit. [3], affirmativ [2]). W…

[English version] (Λιβιάς, Livias, auch Iulias). Ort im östl. Jordantal, dessen aram. Name bet ramta lautet, und der nach jüd. Überl. mit dem biblischen bet haran (oder haram; Nm 32,36; Jos 13,27) zu identifizieren ist (jTalmud Shevi 9,2 [38d]). Dem folgt die christl. Trad. bei Hier. und Eus. (Eus. On. 48,13ff.; Βηθραμφθά, Bēthramtha). Bleibt diese Gleichsetzung auch unsicher, so ist bet ramta zweifellos mit dem bei Ios. (bell. Iud. 2,4,2, ant. Iud. 17,10,6) gen. Ort Bētharámata (Βηθαράματα), an dem Herodes [1] d.Gr. einen Palast besaß, identisch. Unter Herodes [4] Ant…

[English version] (Ζοροβαβελ, LXX). Die pseudepigraphische hebr. Apokalypse des S. entstand verm. Anf. des 7. Jh. n. Chr. in Palaestina und spiegelt die messianischen Erwartungen der jüd. Bevölkerung wider, die - durch die antijüd. byz. Gesetzgebung bedroht - auf die persische Eroberung Palaestinas hoffte (pers.-byz. Kriege 604-630 n. Chr.; Datier. der Apokalypse ins 4. Jh. oder 5. Jh. [1]). Eingebettet in eine Rahmenhandlung, die Offenbarung der messianischen Erlösung durch Metatron (einige Mss.:…

(Φασάηλος). [English version] [1] Ältester Sohn des Antipatros [4] und der Kypros Ältester Sohn des Antipatros [4] und der Kypros, geb. ca. 77 v.Chr. verm. in Marissa (Idumaea; Ios. bell. Iud. 1,8,9; Ios. ant. Iud. 14,7,3). 47 v.Chr. wurde Ph. durch Antipatros (ἐπίτροπος/ epítropos von Iudaea unter dem Hohenpriester und Ethnarchen Hyrkanos [3] II.) zum Gouverneur (στρατηγός/ stratēgós) von Jerusalem und Umgebung ernannt, während sein Bruder Herodes [1] dasselbe Amt in Galilaea übernahm (Ios. ant. Iud. 14,9,2; Ios. bell. Iud. 1,10,4). Iosephos attestie…

(Φίλων). [English version] [1] Athen. Politiker Athener aus Acharnai, wurde 404 v.Chr. vom oligarchischen Regime verbannt ( triákonta ) und lebte während des Bürgerkrieges abwartend als Metoike in Oropos. Nach der Rückkehr wurde er bei der Bewerbung für die bulḗ in einer Dokimasieklage ( dokimasía ) der Feigheit und anderer Verfehlungen bezichtigt (Lys. 31; viell. 398 v.Chr.). Walter, Uwe (Köln) Bibliography Blass, Bd.1, 480f.  Th.Lenschau, A. Raubitschek, s.v. Ph. (2), RE 19, 2526f. [English version] [2] Athen. Bürger und Soldat (4. Jh. v. Chr.) Athener aus dem Demos Paiania, …

[English version] Die der jüd. Bevölkerung nach der Eroberung Jerusalems (70 n.Chr.) durch Vespasianus auferlegte Sondersteuer von zwei Drachmen pro Kopf (Ios. bell. Iud. 7,218). Der f.I. löste die für den jüd. Tempel erhobene Halbschekel-Steuer ab und wurde als Strafmaßnahme empfunden, da er dem Tempel des Iuppiter Capitolinus in Rom zugeführt wurde. Unter Domitianus wurde der f.I. als Maßnahme zur Verhinderung von Konversionen rigoros eingezogen (Suet. Dom. 12,2) [3; 4; 7], aber bereits unter Nerva wurde die Einziehung gelockert [1; 4]. Die Erhebung des f.I. ist bis in die Mi…

[English version] (Φασαηλίς, Φασηλός/ Phasēlós, h. Ḫirbat Faṣāil). Von Herodes [1] I. in Erinnerung an seinen älteren Bruder Phasael [1] wahrscheinlich nach 30 v.Chr. nördl. von Jericho im fruchtbaren Jordangraben gegr. Stadt (Ios. ant. Iud. 16,5,2; Ios. bell. Iud. 1,21,9). Nach Herodes' Tod an seine Schwester Salome vererbt (Ios. ant. Iud. 17,8,1; Ios. bell. Iud. 2,6,3), ging Ph. nach deren Tod in den Besitz der Livia [2], der Gattin des Kaisers Augustus, über (Ios. ant. Iud. 18,2,2; Ios. bell. Iud. …

(Ἑκαταῖος). [English version] [1] Tyrann von Kardia, 4. Jh. v.Chr. Tyrann von Kardia, von Alexandros [4] im Amt belassen, obwohl sich Eumenes [1] um die Befreiung der Stadt bemühte (Plut. Eumenes 3). Im Lamischen Krieg unterstützte er Antipatros [1] (Diod. 18,14,4). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [English version] [2] Berater von Alexandros [4] d.Gr., 4. Jh. v.Chr. Einer der Hetairoi von Alexandros [4], von ihm 336 v.Chr. mit der Kaltstellung von Attalos [1] beauftragt, den er ermordete (Diod. 17,2,5; 5,2). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, Nr. 292 (nicht mit N…

[English version] I. Allgemein Lit. Kommunikation ist Kommunikation mit Hilfe von Texten, stabilisierten, kohärenten und umfangreicheren Äußerungen. Diese können schriftlich sein oder verschriftlicht werden, können aber auch im Bereich des Mündlichen verbleiben (Schriftlichkeit-Mündlichkeit). Da für frühere Ges. im Regelfall nur schriftliche Texte untersucht werden können, konzentriert sich der L.-Begriff auf solcherart sedimentierte Medien der lit. Kommunikation. Gerade für ant. Ges. muß gleichwohl…

(hebr. šelomṣiyōn, “Friede Zions”, aram. Kurzform šelamṣāh; Σαλώμη). [English version] [1] Schwester Herodes' [1] d. Gr., 2. H. 1. Jh. v. Chr. Schwester Herodes' [1] d.Gr. (ca. 57 v. Chr.-10 n. Chr.). Sie nahm bis zu dessen Tod eine wichtige Rolle im intriganten Spiel um die Macht am herodianischen Hof ein. So intrigierte sie gegen Herodes' hasmonäische Frau Mariamme [1] I. und deren Söhne Alexandros und Aristobulos [4] sowie gegen ihre eigenen Gatten Iosephos [1] und Kostobaros, die hingerichtet wurden (Ios. bell. I…

(Ἰώσηπ(π)ος, Ιώσηφ(ος)). Von hebräisch josep josipjah, “Gott möge (weitere Kinder) hinzufügen”; in Erinnerung an den bibl. Patriarchen J. (Gn 35; 37-50) verbreiteter jüd. Name, u.a. in der herodian. Familie. [English version] [1] Onkel und Schwager Herodes' [1] d.Gr. Onkel und Schwager Herodes' [1] d.Gr. (Ios. ant. Iud. 15,65; 81), fungierte 34 v.Chr. während dessen Reise zu M. Antonius [I 9] als sein Stellvertreter, geriet in die Intrigen um die Königin Mariamme und wurde auf Anzeige seiner Frau Salome wegen Ehebruchs mit Mariamme …

[English version] (προσήλυτος, “Hinzugekommener”; lat. proselytus). Die griech. Bezeichnung p. ist erstmals als Übers. des biblischen Begriffs gēr (der im Land Israel ansässige und bes. Rechtsstatus genießende “Fremde”) in der Septuaginta belegt [8. 40-45; 9. 51 ff.]. Gegen Ende der Epoche des Zweiten Tempels (1. Jh. n. Chr.) bezeichnet prosḗlytos dann hauptsächlich den zum Judentum Konvertierten (Ios. c. Ap. 2,28) [4. 60 ff.], der innerhalb der jüd. Gemeinschaft fast dieselben Rechte besaß wie ein Jude von Geburt [1. 60-123]. Die Bedingung…