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[German version] [1] I. Armenian king (190-around 160 BC) Son of one Zariadris, descended from Orontes. At the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC he ruled the Araxes valley around Armavira under Seleucid sovereignty. After the battle of Magnesia (190 BC), he revolted …

(Μενέμαχος/ Menémachos). [German version] [1] Pontic general, 71 BC Pontic general. When Mithradates [6] VI and Licinius [I 26] Lucullus faced one another at the Lycus in northern Bithy…

[German version] [1] A. I. Founder and Ruler of the Parthian Empire (247-217 BC) Uncertain origin; around 250 BC under his leadership, the Parni invaded the region of Astauene. The confusion in the eastern part of the Seleucid kingdom allowed A. to conquer Parthia around 238, and Hyrcania shortly thereafter. He was crowned in Asaak. In spite of a counterattack led by Seleucus II, A. was able to maintain his hold on Parthia and Hyrcania. He left a strong state behind him at his death in 217. He was the founder of the Parthian Empire and founding father of the Arsacids. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfel…

(Latin Vasaces). [German version] [1] V. Mamikonian Armenian, imperial general under Arsaces [4] II of Armenia. V. tried to maintain good relations with Rome. Together with the king, c. 368 he fell into the hands of Sapor [2] II, who had V. flayed (Procop. BP 1,5: Βασσίκιος; Faustus [4] Buzandaci 3,16; 4,2; 4,11; 4,16; 4,20; 4,23-49; 4,53 ff.). Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [German version] …

(Ἀσάνδρος; Asándros) [German version] [1] Macedonian satrap of Lydia (334-331 BC) Son of a certain Philotas, probably related to  Parmenion, under Alexander [4] the Great the commander of the  Prodromoi and  Paeones (so in Diod. Sic. 17,17,4), in 334-331 BC satrap of  Lydia; he participated in the conquest of  Caria. In the winter of 329/28 he led troops to Alexander and then is no longer mentioned. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve, 2, no. 165 Heckel, 385. [German version] [2] Macedonian satrap of Caria (around 320 BC) Son of Agathon, after the death of  Alexander [4] the Great satrap of  Caria, changed sides to  Antigonus [1] in 320 BC, but in 315 joined  Ptolemaeus and  Cassander. Apparently he was driven from Asia Minor and fled with some ships to Cassander via Athens. The latter sent him back with an army under  Prepelaus which however was decisively defeated by Ptolemy. A. submitted to Antigonus but soon revoked the contract and was driven from Caria by him (Diod. Sic. 18,3,39; 19,62,68f.; 75).…

(Σανατρούκης/ Sanatroúkēs). [German version] [1] Parthian ruler, 1st cent. BC (Greek literary sources: Σινατρούκης/ Sinatroúkēs, Phlegon of Tralleis, fr. 12 in Photius; Σινατροκλῆς/ Sinatroklês, Ps.-Lucian, Macr. 15; or in the genitive: Σιντρίκου/ Sintríkou, App. Mithr. 104). Son of Artabanus [4] I and brother of Mithridates [13] II, Gotarzes I and Orodes [1] I. In 78/7 BC, in his 80th year, S. was elevated to the Parthian throne by the Sacaraucae and ruled a further 7 years (Ps.-Lucian, Macr. 15). In the conflict between Mith…

[German version] (Παρθαμάσιρις/ Parthamásiris). Brother of Axidares; he was chosen by Osroes [1] to be the successor to the Armenian throne. In AD 114, Trajan met with P. in Elegeia but refused to acknowledge him and had him killed contrary to international law (Fronto, Principia historiae p. 212 van den Hout 1988). …

(Φαρασμάνης; Pharasmánēs). [German version] [1] Ph. I. King in the Caucasus (1st cent. AD) Son of Mithridates [19] and king of Iberia [1] (Caucasus). From AD 35, as an ally of Rome, P. had been supporting the Armenian kingdom of his brother Mithridates [20] (Tac. Ann. 6,32-35; 11,8-9) and, after AD 51, that of his own son Radamistus (Tac. Ann. 12,44-47). His relatives’ failure as client kings to Rome (cf. Tac. Ann. 13,37) and the acceptance of the Arsacid Tiridates I. as king of Armenia must have affected him…

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[German version] (Ζιαήλας; Ziaḗlas). The son from the first marriage of Nicomedes [2] I was excluded by him from the succession to the Bithynian throne. Z. therefore fled c. 255 BC to an Armenian king whose name is not known (Samos [1]). After his father's death, with the help of the Galatian Tolistobogii in battles lasting until c. 250, he succeeded in gaining the main part of Bithynia (Memnon FGrH 434 F 14). In a letter sent to Cos between 246 and 242 (Syll.3 456 = Welles 25) Z. recognized the asylum ( ásylon ) of the Temple of Asclepius there. The letter also r…

[German version] (Ζαμάσφης/ Zamásphēs). Persian king, son of Peroz [1] I. His reign 496-499 interrupted that of his brother Cavades [1] I, who had been dethroned in a conspiracy of high nobles and Zoroastrian clerics because of his support for Mazdak. When Cavades, who had escaped from the 'Castle of Forgetfulness', returned at the head of an army of Hephthalitae, Z. vacated the throne without a fight (Agathias 4,28). His later fate is unclear. PLRE 2, 1195.…

(Φραάτης; Phraátēs). [German version] [1] P. I Parthian king, 1st half of the 2nd cent. BC Son of Phriapatius, Parthian king from 176 BC. In about 171 BC, P. defeated the Amardi and deported them to Charax near the Caspian Gates (Isidorus of Charax 7). He died soon afterwards, after having appointed his brother Mithridates [12] I as his successor (Just. Epit. 41,5,9-10). Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliography M. Schottky, Media Atropatene und Groß-Armenia, 1989, Index s.v. P. [German version] [2] P. II Parthian king, 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC Nephew of P. [1], son of Mithridates…

(Δημῶναξ; Dēmônax or Δαμῶναξ; Damônax). [German version] [1] D. of Mantinea Arbitrator in Cyrene about 550 BC Respected aristocrat who was appointed as ‘arbitrator’…

(Ἀριοβαρζάνης; Ariobarzánēs, Old Persian Ariyabrdana). [German version] [1] Satrap of Dascylium Vice-governor in 407 BC under  Pharnabazus, satrap of Dascylium, and perhaps his eldest son (Xen. Hell. 1,4,7) [1]; guest-friend of the Spartan  Antalcidas (Xen. Hell. 5,1,28). Succeeded Pharnabazus in 387 BC as satrap of Propontis [1]. In 368 BC A. succeeded, with the aid of his confidant  Philiscus, in assuring the support of Athens and Sparta (Xen. Hell. 7,1,27), which he in fact obtained during his revolt a…

[German version] [1] Member of the Parthian royal house P. (not P. I!), a son of Orodes [2] II; he is central to the first phase of the  Parthian Wars which followed the battle of Carrhae. In 53 BC, P. got engaged to a sister of the Armenian king Artavasdes [2] II, sealing the latter's coming over to the Parthian side. The Parthian invasion of Syria (51-50) was only nominally un…

[German version] (Ζαρβιηνός /Zarbiēnós). A king of Corduene (Gordyaea), who negotiated with Appius Claudius [I 24] Pulcher in 71/70 BC over an alliance with Licinius [I 26] Lucullus, and was betrayed to his overlord Tigranes [2] II of Armenia, who disposed of him. Lucullus gave him a magnificent burial in 69 and confiscated his treasures (Plut. Lucullus 21; 29). Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld)

[German version] More correctly perhaps Gylakes (Armenian Głak), Armenian eunuch and ‘head gentleman-in-waiting’ ( Hajr mardpet). After C. had temporarily changed over to the Persian side, he attempted from AD 368 onwards, together with the ‘regent’ ( hazarapet)  Artabannes [1], to protect the interests of young king  Pap and to limit the power of the higher nobility and the Church. Around 370 Sapor II induced Pap, through secret messages, to murder his ministers and to have their heads sent to him (Amm. Marc. 27,12; 30,1,3). Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliography J. Markwart, S…

The term 'Parthian and Persian wars' refers to the wars which the Romans initially fought against the Parthians (see A an B below) and subsequently against their successors, the Persian dynasty of the Sassanids (see C and D). [German version] A. Up to the end of the Roman republic The diplomatic relations between Romans and Parthians, begun under L. Cornelius [I 90] Sulla, had gradually deteriorated. Nevertheless, the invasion into the Parthian kingdom in 54 BC, headed by the triumvir M. Licinius [I 11] Crassus, took place without any provocat…

[German version] [1] Q. Cornelius V. Author of an antiquarian compilation, 1st cent. Roman eques…

(Vararanes). [German version] [1] V. I Son of Sapor [1] I, Persian Great King AD 273-276. The capture and death of Mani take place in his time. PLRE 1, 945. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [German version] [2] V. II Son of V. [1], Persian Great King 276-293. V. had to go to battle with Carus [3] in 283, who was advancing on Ctesiphon. The sudde…

(Ἀρτάβ/πανος, Ἀρταπάνης; Artáb/panos, Artapánēs, Old Pers. Rtabānuš, Elamite Irdabanuš). [German version] [1] Brother of Darius I and uncle of Xerxes …

Name of an old patrician family, probably connected with the name of the god  Jupiter [1. 281; 2. 729]. The gens was one of the so-called ‘Trojan families’, who were said to have moved from Alba Longa to Rome under king Tullus Hostilius [I 4] (see below). The Iulii were prominent in the 5th and 4th cents. BC. Their connection to the family branch of the Caesares, which rose to prominence from the 3rd cent. and whose outstanding member was the dictator  Caesar (with family tree), is unclear. Caesar's adoptive son,…

[German version] In AD 694/5, W. became co-regent of his father, the Visigoth king Egica, who had become senile and died in 702. Information about his sole reign is difficult to obtain. The acts of the 18th Council of Toledo ( …

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[German version] After the death of King Artabanus II [5] which did not occur before AD 39, the empire of the Parthians was shaken by battles for the throne that filled the entire period of the reign of his successor G. His relationship to his predecessor and to the Arsacids is unclear: whilst he is usually regarded in the literary sources as the son of Artabanus (Tac. Ann. 11,8f.; Jos. Ant. Iud. 20,3,4), various pieces of circumstantial evidence lead us to conclude that he was only the foster-son…

[German version] [1] Parthian king Parthian king; see  Osroes. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [German version] [2] C. King of Armenia, early 3rd cent. AD was most probably the name of the Arsacid king of Armenia who took part in the Part…

(Ἀρσάμης; Arsámēs). [German version] [1] Son of Ariaramnes Old Pers. Ars̆āma, son of Ariaramnes, father of Hystaspes, grandfather of Darius I [1. DB §2]. Xerxes [1. XPf §3] says that A. was still alive when Darius came to the throne (522/521BC). The insciptions attributed to him and his father are probably not genuine [1. 12; 2. 65-67]. Kuhrt, Amélie (London) Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Helen (Utrecht) [German version] [2] Son of Darius I Son of Darius I and Artystone. Commanded the Aethiopians and Arabs for his half-brother Xerxes in the campaign against Greece (…

(Πτολεμαῖος/ Ptolemaîos). Personal name meaning 'warlike' (not 'hostile'), first recorded in Hom. Il. 4,228; the name occurred in Macedonia in the 5th and 4th cents. BC, from where it spread to Thessaly, still in the 4th cent. (IG IX 2, 598). It became prominent with the Lagid dynasty, and became common, not only in Egypt, where it may at first have indicated solidarity with the dynasty, but also elsewhere. It underwent many deformations and transmutations.…

[German version] (Ῥοδομίστος/ Rhodomístos). The son of the Iberian king Pharasmanes [1] I; in AD 51, with the collusion of his father and the acquiescence of the Romans, he toppled his uncle, brother-in-law and step-father Mithridates [20] from the Armenian throne. Despite governing cruelly, R. was unable to withstand the Parthian nominee Tiridates [5] I and had to retreat to Iberia [1] in 54. His pregnant wife Zenobia [1], whom R. initially dragged along on th…

(Ἰζάτης; Izátēs). [German version] [1] I. I. King of Adiabene until c. 30 AD King of  Adiabene until c. AD 30. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [German version] [2] I. II. Grandson of I. [1], king from approx. 36 AD Grandson of I. [1], king from c…

[German version] (‘stallion and steed’). The brothers H. and H., sons of the Jute (Danish) Wihtgil, were said to be the leaders of Anglo-Saxon warriors recruited by the southern British king Vortigern in AD 449 to help him repel the Scots and Picts. After a few years, a conflict developed between the Britons and the…

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[German version] According to R. Göbl's classification ([1], cf. [2]),  Iran experienced four successive ‘waves’ of invading Hunnic peoples from the 4th cent. AD. While the first three groups of these ‘Iranian Huns’ (Kidarites, Alchon, Nezak) have left few traces in the literary sources, the H. in the 5th/6th cents. AD belonged to the most prominent and dangerous eastern neighbours of the Persians. They are first explicitly attested at the time of King Perozes and were vividly described by Procopius (BP 1,3). According to his report, the Ephthalitai were a Hunnic people, also kn…

[German version] is the name in British (Nennius, Historia Brittonum 31-49) and English sources of a king who, in AD 428 or 449, enlisted the Anglo-Saxons under Hengist and Horsa and was thereby responsible for the Germanic conquest of Britannia. Gildas 23 does not mention V. by name, but calls him by the probably less appropriate title of superbus tyrannus ('proud tyrant'). PLRE 2, 1185. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliography A. J. Kettle, s. v. V., LMA 8, 1860  J. Morris, Arthurian Period Sources 3, 1995, 171 f.

(Σόαιμος/ Sóaimos, Σόεμος/ Sóemos). [German version] [1] Ituraean, under Herodes [1] the Great, executed in 29 BC Ituraean (Ituraea), in a position of trust under Herodes [1] the Great, who in 30 BC gave him the duty of guarding him and, should he not return from his visit to Octavianus [1], of killing his wif…

(Isdigerdes). [German version] [1] Y. I Persian great king 399-420/1. His rule represents a high point of good relations with the Roman East (otherwise: Claud. in Eutropium 2,475f.). This was expressed e.g. in the dying Arcadius' [1] request of Y. to take on the guardianship of his under-age son Theodosius [3] II (Procop. Pers 1,2,7-10; Theophanes A. 5900; uncertainty in Agathias 4,26,3-7), but, above all, Y. appeared so tolerant to Christians that Western accounts even ascribe to him the intention of…

[German version] [1] A. I, founder of the Sassanid empire, died 242 AD A. I, the founder of the Sassanid empire, whose background and beginnings are partially obscure. It seems certain that he was the son of Papak, a minor Persian ruler under Parthian supremacy. But it is difficult to situate his ancestor Sasan in his genealogy, even though, by tradition, Sasan is seen as the high priest of the temple of Anahita near Istachr (Fars) and as Papak's father. Even during Papak's lifetime, A. began to extend his d…

(Κλεοπάτρα; Kleopátra, Lat. Cleopatra). I. Mythology [German version] [I 1] Daughter of Boreas and Oreithyia Daughter of  Boreas and  Oreithyia, first wife of  Phineus. C. was rejected in favour of  Idaea [3], whom Phineus married as his second wife; her sons were blinded (Apollod. 3.200; Hyg. Fab. 18). Prescendi, Francesca (Geneva) …

[German version] (Πισσούθνης/ Pissoúthnēs), son of one Hystaspes, may have been related to the Achaimenidai [1. 174 and note 3]. As satrap of Sardis in 440 BC he supported the oligarchs of Samos in their (unsuccessful) rebellion against Athens (Thuc. 1,115; cf. Plut. Pericles 25). Between 430 and 427 P. sent Arcadian and native mercenaries to help the Greeks of Colophon, but they failed (Thuc. 3,34). When the Le…

(Ὀρόντης/ Oróntēs, MSS; Ὀρόντας/ Oróntas, OGIS 264,4; Ἀροάνδης/ Aroándēs, OGIS 390ff.). Armenian satraps and kings: O. [1-6]; the river O. [7]. [German version] [1] Relative of the Armenian royal family Relative of the royal family. After initial antagonism with Cyrus [3] the Younger, O. became his follower, and was subsequently convicted of treason and executed (Xen. An. 1,6; 9,29). Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel) [German version] [2] O. I Persian governor of Armenia Son of the Bactrian Artasyras. As the Persian governor of Armenia, he married Rhodogune, the daughter of Artaxerxes [2] II, soon after 401 BC (OGIS 392; Xen. An. 2,4,8). His involvement in the uprising of satraps in 361/60 (Pomp. Trog. Prologi 10) cost him his position in Armenia, but he was compensated by being made governor of Mysia (Diod. Sic. 15,90f.; [2. No. 3863-3865]). From there he rose against Artaxerxes [3] III (OGIS 264a)  in 357, but ultimately made peace with him and died after 349.…

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(Ξέρξης/ Xérxēs; Old Persian Xšayāršā, 'ruling over heroes'). [German version] [1] X. I Achaemenid great king (486-465 BC), son of Darius [1] I and Atossa [1]. 'Born in the purple', X. was designated by his father as his successor (XPf 31 ff. = [6. 81-85]; Hdt. 7,2 f.; …

[German version] Son of the Parthian king Pacorus, who was made king of Armenia in about AD 110 by his father. When Osroes ousted Pacorus, A. also lost his throne to his own brother Parthamasiris. During the subsequent period, he seems to have made efforts to prevent contact being made between Parthamasiris and his Roman sovereign  Trajanus and, in so doing, to gain some recognition for himself. He was unsuccessful in this respect.…

[German version] [1] Commander serving under the Armenian king Arsaces II (mid-4th cent. AD) Commander serving under the Armenian king Arsaces II, who fled to Shapur II and was later appointed, together with  Cylaces, as the governor of Armenia. Both soon went over to the side of Arsaces' son  Pap, who first found refuge with the Romans, but was assigned to Armenia by  Valens at the request of A. and Cylaces. During a renewed Persian attack, A. and Cylaces along with Pap fled to the mountains. A. then receive…

[German version] The Arian (Arianism) of Harudic descent was the duke of Brixia when he succeeded Arioald as king of the Langobardi in AD 636. Under his rule, the Ligurian coast from the city of Luna [3] up to the Frankish border and Opitergium in Venetia were captured. A campaign against the exarchate of Ravenna (late 643) was stalled following a battle on the river Scultenna (Paulus Diaconus, Historia Langobardorum 4,42; 45; 47). On 22 November 643, R. decreed the Edictus R. , a collection of Langobar…

(Persian Šāpūr, Greek Σαπώρης/ Sapṓrēs). [German version] [1] I Son of Ardashir [1] and Great King of Persia AD 240/242-2…

Nomen gentile, probably originally Etruscan, occurred at Rome only from the 1st cent. BC onwards. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] A certain S. from Camerinum was commissioned to recruit followers for Catilina at Picenum in 63 BC, presumably because he was of the Umbrian-Picenan municipal nobility (cf. CIL I2 1921; 1929) (Sall. Catil. 27,1). Bartels, Jens (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] Friend of Horace's; he h…

(Ἀριαράθης/ Ariaráthēs). Name of kings of Cappadocia. [German version] [1] A. I A. I, b. 405/4 BC, became satrap of Northern Cappadocia under Artaxerxes [3] III, and retained the position under the latter's successors and during the Macedonian conquest (v. Alexander [4] the Great). I…

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[German version] Name of an Iranian noble family [1], attested from the 1st cent. BC (Plut. Crassus 21 et passim) until the 9th cent. AD [2]. The S. crowned the Parthian kings and served as commanders-in-chief under the Arsacids and Sassanids. It remains unclear whether the S. owned estates in Sacastane and thereby had family connections with the Indo-Parthian dynasty (as in [3]). Abdagaeses; Sinnaces …

[German version] A pro-Roman king of Iberia [1] who was expelled in AD 368/9 by Sapor [2] II (Amm. Marc. 27,12,4). In 370, Valens [2] had S. brought back by Terentius [II 1], and Aspacures, S.' pro-Persian cousin, arranged for the territory along the Cyrus [5] to be divided between them, so S. received only the part bordering on Armenia and the Lazi (Amm. Marc. 27,12,16 f.). This arrangement was approved by the emperor but aroused the anger of the great king, who wanted to maintain the rule of his protégé over t…

(Ἀρταουάσδης; Artaouásdēs). [German version] [1] I. King of Armenia between 160 and 120 BC King of Armenia between 160 and 120 BC. He was the son of Artaxias I and father (not brother) of Tigranes I. Toward the end of his rule, he was attacked by …

[German version] Parthian noble from the house of Suren, who in AD 36 supported the counter-king  Tiridates against  Artabanus [5] II and after Tiridates' failure fled to Syria (Tac. Ann. 6,31 and passim). Whether he is identical to the homonymous troop leader of A…

[German version] (Pahlavi pāp, bāb, ‘father’). Son of the Armenian king Arsaces [4] II and Pharandsem of Siwnik'. After his father was captured, P. fled to Valens, who restored him as ruler of Armenia in the same year (AD 369) with the support of the comes et dux Terentius (Amm. Marc. 27,12,9-10). In the following,  Sapor [2] II managed to persuade P. to implement anti-Roman measures. P. thus dispatched the heads of his ministers Cylaces and Artabannes [1] to the Persian king (Amm. Marc. 27,12,14). However, the poisoning of the katholikós Nersēh by the king as claimed by Armenian …

(Γόρδιος; Górdios). [German version] [1] Mythical founder of the Phrygian state Mythical founder of the Phrygian state and eponymous hero of its capital  Gordium. When birds flew around him as he was ploughing, he wanted to find out the significance of the sign from the seers in the city. A beautiful girl from a family of seers whom he asked for information at the city gate int…

The name of several kings of Osroene in the era from 94 BC to AD 244. Worthy of notice are: [German version] [1] II. Ariamnes bar Abgar (68-53 BC) A. II Ariamnes bar Abgar, reigned 68-53 BC. He was accused by the Romans of having caused the catastrophe of Crassus. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [German version] [2] V Ukkāmā (the Black) (4BC to 50 AD) A. V Ukkāmā (the Black), 4 BC - AD 7 and AD 13-50; played a dubious role in the Parthian struggle for the throne between Gotarzes II and Meherdates. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [German version] [3] VIII, the Great (77-212 AD) A. VIII, the Great, 177-21…

[German version] (Μιθρήνης; Mithrḗnēs). Eminent Persian, who surrendered the castle of Sardis to  Alexander [4] the Great in 334 BC (Arr. Anab. 1,17,3f.; Diod. Sic. 17,21,7: Mithrínēs; Dion Chrys. 73,2: Mithránēs…

[German version] [1] C.I. Sassanid king since 488 AD Sassanid king from AD 488, son of  Perozes. After he had first played individual powerful families off against each other, he supported the social-religious movement of  Mazdac in order to destroy the power of the aristocracy. This led in 496 to a conspiracy of the Zarathustrian clergy with the higher nobility, in the course of which C.'s brother Zamasphes was elevated to the throne whilst he himself disappeared in the ‘castle of oblivion’. C. managed…

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(Greek Περόζης; Perózēs). [German version] [1] P.I. Persian king of kings, 459-484 AD (Arabic Fīrūz). Persian Great King (AD 459-484), son of Yazdgird II. His reign is characterised by disputes with tribes of Hunni, who were already supporting a campaign for the throne against Hormisdas [5] III. In about AD 465 P. got into conflict with king Kunchas of the Kidarites, to whom he sent a woman to be his wife, claiming that she was his sister (Priscus fr. 41 Blockley). More dangerous to him were the Hephthalitae,…

(Ἀρχέλαος; Archélaos). [German version] [1] Macedonian king (ca. 413-399 BC) Son of  Perdiccas, king of Macedonia about 413-399 BC, w…

[German version] (Ναβέδης; Nabédēs). Military commander under Chosroes [5] I in the Persian War of Iustinianus [1]. Initially commandant of Nisibis (Procop. Pers. 2,18,9; 19; Procop. Anecdota 2,28), he defeated the Romans in AD 543 at Anglon in the region of Dvin/Persarmenia (Procop. Pers. 2,25,5-35) and in 550 undertook an invasion of Lazica (Procop. Goth. 4,9,6f.). PLRE 3, 909. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld)…

(Νικομήδης; Nikomḗdēs). [German version] [1] Spartan commander, 458 or 457 BC Member of the Spartan royal family of the Agiadae, son of Cleombrotus [2], brother of Pausanias, the victor of Plataeae. In 458 or 457 BC, N. led a Spartan army as the guardian of his underage nephew Pleistoanax to support the inhabitants of the Doris region against the Phocians and on the return march defeated the Athenians near Tanagra (Thuc. 1,107,2-108,1; Diod. Sic. 11,79,4-80,6; Plut. Cimon 17,4-9; Plut. Pericles 10,1-4).…

Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [German version] [1] Wife of Chosroes [6] II, c. 600 AD (Šīrīn, Σειρέμ / Seirém, Σιρήν/ Sirḗn). A Christian from Ḫūzistan, one of the wives of Chosroes [6] II, who was elevated by him to queen in AD 592 (Theophylaktos Simokattes, Historiae 5,13,7). She was still alive in 627 (Theophanes, Chronographia anno mundi 6118). Only late oriental authors tell of her suicide over the corpse of her husband [1. 401-405]. The S. topic underwent many literary revisions in the Islamic world, of which the epic Chosrou and S. by the Pers…

[English version] Der Waliser N. gilt als Verfasser der um 829 n.Chr. entstandenen Historia Brittonum, obwohl seine Autorschaft neuerdings bestritten wird [1. 1089f.]. Bei dem Werk handelt es sich um eine Kompilation in lat. Sprache, die keine geschlossene gesch. Darstellung bildet, sondern Quellentexte für eine solche in halbwegs chronolog. Re…

[English version] (Μοναίσης). Parth. Adeliger, der 37 v.Chr. vor Phraates IV. zu M. Antonius [I 9] floh. Dieser nahm ihn als eventuellen Thronprätendenten gut auf (Cass. Dio 49,24,2), stellte sich aber auch der Versöhnung des M. mit Phraates nicht in den Weg (Plut. Antonius 37). In Antonius' Partherkrieg bra…

[English version] [1] Befehlshaber der Wache für den festgesetzten Partherkönig Vonones I., den er 19 n. Chr. tötete Befehlshaber der Wache für den in Pompeiopolis/ Kilikien festgesetzten Partherkönig Vonones I., den er 19 n. Chr. auf der Flucht am Fluß Pyramos tötete (Tac. ann. 2,68; vgl. Suet. Tib. 49,2). Verm. ist er identisch mit dem in CIL V 2837 (= ILS 2022) genannten C. R. Rufus. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [English version] [2] R. Palaemon, Q. röm. Grammatiklehrer, 1. Jh. Berühmter (vgl. Iuv. 6,451 ff.; 7,215 ff.) röm. Grammatiklehrer des 1. Jh. n. Chr. aus Viceti…

…

[English version] [1] I. Armen. König (190-ca. 160 v. Chr.)…

[English version] (Παρθαμάσιρις). Bruder des Axidares, von Osroes [1] als dessen Nachfolger zum armenischen König bestimmt. Traian, mit dem P. 114 n.Chr. in Elegeia zusammentraf, erkannte ihn nicht an und ließ ihn völkerrechtswidrig töten (Fronto, Principia historiae p. 212 van den Hout 1988). Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliography M. Karras-Klapproth…

(Γόρδιος). [English version] [1] myth. Gründer des phryg. Staates Mythischer Gründer des phryg. Staates und eponymer Heros seiner Hauptstadt Gordion. Als ihn beim Pflügen Vögel umfliegen, will er in der S…

[English version] …

[English version] [1] C.I. Sasanidischer König seit 488 n.Chr. sasanidischer König seit 488 n.Chr., Sohn des Peroz. Nachdem er anfangs einzelne mächtige Familien gegeneinander ausgespielt hatte, unterstützte er die sozial-rel. Bewegung Mazdaks, um die Macht des Adels zu brechen. Dies führte 496 zu einer Verschwörung des zarathustrischen Klerus mit dem Hochadel, in deren Verlauf C.' Bruder Zamasphes auf den Thron gehoben wurde, während er selbst im “Schloß der Vergessenheit” verschwand. C. konnte jedoch …

(griech. Περόζης). [English version] [1] P.I. Persischer Großkönig 459-484 n. Chr. (arab. Fīrūz). P…

[English version] [1] Mitglied des Parthischen Königshauses P. (nicht P.I.!), ein Sohn Orodes' [2] II.; er steht im Mittelpunkt der auf die Schlacht bei Karrhai folgenden ersten Phase der Partherkriege. P. wurde 53 v.Chr. mit einer Schwester des armen. Königs Artavasdes [2] II. verlobt, womit dessen Übergang auf die parth. Seite besiegelt wurde. Der parth. Einfall nach Syrien (51-50) stand nur nominell unter der Führung des noch jungen P. Eine größere Rolle spielte er bei dem seit 41 unter seiner Leitu…

(Πτολεμαῖος). PN mit der Bed. “kriegerisch” (nicht: “feindlich”), zum ersten Mal in Hom. Il. 4,228 belegt; im 5. und 4. Jh. v. Chr. kommt der Name in Makedonien vor, von wo er noch im 4. Jh. nach Thessalien gelangte (IG IX 2, 598). Der Name wird mit der Dyn. der Lagiden prominent und viel getragen, nicht nur in Äg., wo er anfangs vielleicht die Solidarität mit der Dyn. dokumentierte, sondern auch anderswo. Es gibt zahlreiche Verformungen und Umbildungen. Ptolemaier Berühmte Personen: P. [1] I. Soter, P. [6] III. Euergetes; der Sohn Caesars P. [22]; der Naturwissenschaftl…

[English version] (Ναβέδης). Feldherr Chosroes' [5] I. im Perserkrieg des Iustinianus [1]. Zunächst Kommandant von Nisibis (Prok. BP 2,18,9; 19; Prok. anecdota 2,28), besiegte er die Römer 543 n.Chr. bei Anglon in der Gegend von Dvin/Persarmenien (Prok. BP 2,25,5-35) und unternahm 550 einen Einfall nach Lazika (Prok. BG 4,9,6f.). PLRE 3, 909. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld)

(Ἀρτάβ/πανος, Ἀρταπάνης, altpers. Rtabānuš, elam. Irdabanuš). [English version] [1] Bruder Dareios' I. und Onkel des Xerxes Bruder Dareios' I. und Onkel des Xerxes, der Dareios bzw. Xerxes vor den Feldzügen gegen die Skythen (Hdt. 4,83) bzw. gegen Griechenland warnte (7,10-18) [1]. Xerxes schickte ihn von Abydos an den Dardanellen zurück und beauftragte ihn für die Dauer des Krieges mit der Regentschaft (Hdt. 7,46-53). Vielleicht um 500 v.Chr. Satrap von Baktrien und so mit Irdabanuš von PF 1287, 1555 identisch [2]. Kuhrt, Amélie (London) Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Helen (Utrecht) …

(Ὀρόντης, Hss.; Ὀρόντας, OGIS 264,4; Ἀροάνδης, OGIS 390ff.). Armenische Satrapen und Könige: O. [1-6], der Fluß O. [7]. [English version] [1] Verwandter des armenischen Königshauses Verwandter des königlichen Hauses, nach anfänglicher Gegnerschaft Gefolgsmann Kyros' [3] d.J., wurde des Verrats überführt und hingerichtet (Xen. an. 1,6; 9,29). Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel) [English version] [2] O. I. Pers. Statthalter von Armenien Sohn des Baktriers Artasyras, heiratete bald nach 401 v.Chr. als persischer Statthalter von Armenien Rhodogune, die Tochter Arta…

(Ὀρώδης). [English version] [1] O.I. Partherkönig aus dem1. Jh. v.Chr. Partherkönig 81/80-76/5 v.Chr., wird (unter dem Namen Uruda) nur in Keilschrifttexten erwähnt [1. 517, 1162f., 1165, 1170f., 1174, 1446]. Verm. war er ein Sohn des Artabanos [4] I. und damit ein Bruder der vor und nach ihm regierenden Könige Mithradates [13] II., Gotarzes I. und Sanatrukes. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliography 1 T.G. Pinches, J.N. Strassmaier, A. J. Sachs, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, 1955. J. Oelsner, Randbemerkungen zur arsakid. Gesch. anhand von babylo…

(mittelpersisch Narseh, armenisch Nersēh, griech. Ναρσῆς, auch Ναρσαῖος). [English version] [1] Bruder Sapors I., gest. 302 n.Chr. Bruder Sapors I., stürzte 293 n.Chr. als Prinzstatthalter des (pers.) Armenien seinen Großneffen Wahram III. vom persischen Thron und dokumentierte seinen Erfolg mit der Inschr. von Paikuli (vgl. [1]). Um 296 erneuerte N. den Konflikt mit Rom durch einen Einfall in das (röm.) Armenien. Der Caesar Galerius [5] erlitt 297 eine Niederlage bei Karrhai (Ḥarran), konnte N. aber 298 besiege…

[English version] Nach dem nicht vor 39 n.Chr. erfolgten Tod des Königs Artabanos [5] II. wurde das Partherreich durch Thronkämpfe erschüttert, die die gesamte Regierungszeit seines Nachfolgers G. ausfüllten. Dessen Verwandtschaft zu seinem Vorgänger wie zu den Arsakiden überhaupt ist unklar: Während er den lit. Quellen gewöhnlich als Sohn des Artabanos gilt (Tac. ann. 11,8f.; Ios. ant. Iud. 20,3,4), lassen verschiedene Indizien darauf schließen, daß er nur Pflegesohn des früheren Königs war und e…

[English version] Sasanidische Königin, Tochter Chosroes' II. und möglicherweise Schwestergemahlin Cavades' II. Sie kam nach der Beseitigung des Usurpators Sharwaraz im Frühjahr 630 an die Macht und regierte bis Herbst 631 (PLRE 3A, 246). Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliography M.-L. Chaumont, s.v. Bôrân, EncIr 4, 366.

[English version] [1] A. I. Gründer und König des Partherreiches (247-217 v. Chr.) ungewisser Herkunft; unter seiner Führung brachen die Parner um 250 v.Chr. in die Astauene ein. Die Wirren im Osten des Seleukidenreiches ermöglichten es A., der sich 247 in Asaak krönen ließ, um 238 Parthien und bald danach Hyrkanien zu erobern. Trotz eines Gegenangriffs Seleukos' II. konnte A. Parthien und Hyrkanien behaupten und bei seinem Tod (217) ein gefestigtes Staatswesen hinterlassen. Er war der Gründer des Partherreiches und der Stammvater der Arsakiden. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) …

[English version] [1] Partherkönig im 1. Jh. n. Chr. Sohn Vologaises' I., kämpfte seit 89/90 n.Chr. mit Pakoros um die parthische Krone, konnte sich aber erst seit 108/9 durchsetzen. Durch seinen Eingriff in Armenien (vgl. Axidares; Parthamasiris) provozierte O. Traians Partherkrieg, den er trotz schwerer Rückschläge überstand. 117 vertrieb er seinen Sohn Parthamaspates, den Traian auf die röm. Seite gezogen und zum Partherkönig gemacht hatte. Bei einem Zusammentreffen mit Hadrian 123 wurde Frieden gesch…

[English version] (Μιθροβουζάνης). Sohn des Zariadris von Sophene, der sich beim Tod des Vaters (163 v.Chr.) am Hof Ariarathes' V. von Kappadokien aufhielt. Dieser lehnte den Vorschlag Artaxias' [1] I. von Armenien ab, die Söhne des Zariadris zu beseitigen und Sophene zw. Armenien und Kappadokien aufzuteilen, und verhalf M. zu seinem Thron (Diod. 31,22; Pol. 31,16). Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliography M. Schottky, Media Atropatene und Groß-Armenien, 1989, 196-199.

(Ἀρταουάσδης). [English version] [1] I. König von Armenien (zw. 160 und 120 v.Chr.) König von Armenien zw. 160 und 120 v.Chr. Er war Sohn Artaxias' I. und Vater (nicht Bruder) Tigranes' I. Gegen Ende seiner Regierung wurde er von dem Arsakiden Mithradates II. angegriffen (Iust. 42,2,6), was zur Übergabe seines Enkels Tigranes II. als Geisel an die Parther führte. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [English version] [2] II. König von Armenien (55-34 v.Chr.) (auch Artabazes, Ἀρταβάζης), als Sohn und Nachfolger Tigranes' II. seit 55 v.Chr. König von Armenien. Zunächst auf r…

[English version] (Πισσούθνης), der Sohn eines Hystaspes, war vielleicht mit den Achaimenidai verwandt [1. 174 und Anm. 3]. Als Satrap von Sardeis unterstützte er 440 v.Chr. die Oligarchen von Samos bei ihrem (mißglückten) Aufstand gegen Athen (Thuk. 1,115; vgl. Plut. Perikles 25). Zwischen 430 und 427 schickte P. arkadische und eingeborene Söldner den Griechen Kolophons zu Hilfe, die jedoch scheiterten (Thuk. 3,34). Als die Lesbier und andere ionische Griechen 427 Kontakte zu Sparta knüpften, ste…

[English version] Sohn des Partherkönigs Pakoros, der um 110 n.Chr. von seinem Vater zum König von Armenien gemacht wurde. Als Osroes Pakoros verdrängte, verlor auch A. den Thron an seinen eigenen Bruder Parthamasiris. Er scheint in der Folgezeit versucht zu haben, eine Kontaktaufnahme zw. Parthamasiris und seinem röm. Oberherrn Traianus zu verhindern und von diesem seine eigene Anerkennung zu erreichen, was jedoch nicht gelang. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliography M. Karras-Klapproth, Prosopographische Studien zur Gesch. des Partherreiches, 1988  A. Stein, s.v. Exed…

[English version] Der dritte Partherkönig und der erste, der den Namen Arsákēs als Beinamen annahm (“Arsakes III.”), regierte ca. 191-176 v.Chr. Er war der Vater der parthischen Könige Phraates [1] I., Mithradates [12] I. und Artabanos [4] I. und damit der Stammvater aller späterer Arsakiden (Arsakes; Iust. 41,5,8-9; Nisa-Ostrakon 1760). Parther; Parthia Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliography M. Schottky, Parther, Meder und Hyrkanier, in: AMI 24, 1991, 61-134, bes. 95-98  J. Wolski, L'empire des Arsacides, 1993, 58-65.

(auch Mithridates, Μιθραδάτης, Μιθριδάτης). Der PN Μιθραδάτης ist persisch - Mz. [4. 10-17] bezeugen die urspr. Schreibweise, Inschr. (Syll.3 709 passim; 741,14,23; 742,4; 12) bieten vereinzelt schon zeitgenössisch Μιθριδάτης/ Mithridates (griech. ILS 37,8, lat. ILS 38,28; 60,5; 9) wie meist in späteren Dokumenten (Syll.3 785,10) und Hss. Es handelt sich bei dem Wechsel α/ι um eine seit dem 5. Jh. nachweisbare, in der gesprochenen Sprache auftretende Vokalschwächung in der Kompositionsfuge, die erst allmählich von der geschriebenen Spra…

(Κλεοπάτρα, lat. Cleopatra). I. Mythologie [English version] [I 1] Tochter des Boreas und der Oreithyia Tochter des Boreas und der Oreithyia, erste Gattin des Phineus. Wegen Idaia [3], die Phineus als zweite Frau heiratet, wird K. verstoßen; ihre Söhne werden geblendet (Apollod. 3,200; Hyg. fab. 18). Prescendi, Francesca (Genf) [English version] [I 2] Tochter des Idas und der Marpessa Tochter des Idas und der Marpessa, Gattin des Meleagros. Nach dem Raub durch Apollon wird sie wegen der Klage ihrer Mutter auch “Alkyone” …

Unter Parther- und Perserkriegen sind die Kriege verstanden, welche die Römer zunächst gegen die Parther (s.u.A.-B.), dann gegen deren Nachfolger, die pers. Dyn. der Sāsāniden (s.u. C.-D.), geführt haben. [English version] A. Bis zum Ende der römischen Republik Die unter L. Cornelius [I 90] Sulla begonnenen diplomatischen Beziehungen zw. Römern und Parthern hatten sich nach und nach verschlechtert. Dennoch erfolgte der Einfall des Triumvirn M. Licinius [I 11] Crassus ins Partherreich 54 v.Chr. ohne Anlaß und Kriegserklärung; 53 ging…

[English version] [1] Angehöriger des kappadokischen Königshauses, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Bruder Ariarathes' I. von Kappadokien, half Artaxerxes [3] III. bei den äg. Feldzügen. Sein Bruder adoptierte seinen Sohn Ariarathes II. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [English version] [2] Mitglied des kappadokischen Königshauses, 2. Jh. v. Chr. (in den Hss. auch Olophernes). Sohn Ariarathes' IV. von Kappadokien und der Antiochis, angeblich von der zunächst kinderlosen Königin untergeschoben. Da diese ihrem jüngeren Sohn Mithradates (= Ariarathes V.) die Krone v…

[English version] Nach der Einteilung R. Göbls ([1], vgl. [2]) erlebte Iran seit dem 4. Jh. n.Chr. vier aufeinanderfolgende “Wellen” von Einbrüchen hunnischer Völker. Während die ersten drei Gruppen dieser “iranischen Hunnen” (Kidariten, Alchon, Nezak) in den lit. Quellen wenig Spuren hinterlassen haben, gehörten die H. im 5./6. Jh. n.Chr. zu den prominentesten und gefährlichsten östl. Nachbarn der Perser. Sie sind erstmals für die Zeit des Königs Peroz ausdrücklich bezeugt und werden von Prokopios (BP 1,3) anschaulich beschrieben. Nach seinem Zeugnis waren die Ephthalitai e…

Name mehrerer Könige von Osrhoëne in der Zeit von 94 v. Chr. bis 244 n. Chr. Hervorzuheben sind: [English version] [1] II. Ariamnes bar Abgar (68-53 v. Chr.) A. II. Ariamnes bar Abgar, regierte 68-53 v. Chr. Er wurde von den Römern bezichtigt, die Katastrophe des Crassus verschuldet zu haben. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [English version] [2] V. Ukhama (der Schwarze) (4 v.-50 n. Chr.) A. V. Ukkāmā (der Schwarze), 4 v. - 7. n. Chr. und 13-50; spielte 49/50 eine zweifelhafte Rolle im parthischen Thronstreit zw. Gotarzes II. und Meherdates. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [English version] [3] …

(Ἀρχέλαος). [English version] [1] Maked. König (ca. 413-399 v. Chr.) Sohn des Perdikkas, König von Makedonien ca. 413-399 v. Chr., nach Platons gehässiger Darstellung (Gorg. 471) Sohn einer Sklavin und durch Mord auf den Thron gekommen; doch erscheint er um 415 in einem Vertrag mit Athen nach Perdikkas und dessen Bruder Alketas an dritter Stelle, also als legitim (IG I3 89,60). Die Ermordung anderer Thronanwärter ist bei den Argeadai, die kein festes Nachfolgerecht kannten, nicht ungewöhnlich. Mit den Athenern stand er auf gutem Fuß, lieferte ihnen Holz…

[English version] Ein von Münzen her bekannter König Armeniens, dem der zwölfte Sockel der väterlichen Ahnenreihe Antiochos' [16] I. von Kommagene zugewiesen werden dürfte. Er wäre dann der Sohn des Arsames und Vater des Xerxes von Armenien sowie der Herrscher, der sich zu Tributzahlungen an Antiochos [5] III. verpflichtete (Pol. 8,25). Seine Regierungszeit mag in das Jahrzehnt vor 215 v. Chr. fallen. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliography M. Schottky, Media Atropatene und Groß-Armenien, 1989  M.-L. Chaumont, in: Gnomon 67, 1995, 330-336.

(Δημῶναξ oder Δαμῶναξ). [English version] [1] D. aus Mantineia Schiedsrichter in Kyrene um 550 v.Chr. Angesehener Aristokrat, der um 550 v.Chr. auf Anraten des Delphischen Orakels zum “Schiedsrichter” (καταρτιστήρ) in Kyrene bestellt wurde (Hdt. 4,161). Um die Gegensätze dort beizulegen, reformierte D. die drei Phylen, in die er die verschiedenen Kolonisten- und Zuwanderergruppen - Theraier und Perioiken, Peloponnesier und Kreter, “Nesioten”, d.h. Leute von den (ionischen?) Inseln - neu einteilte [1]. Die Mach…