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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete (Ῥαῦκος; Rhaûkos). Town in central Crete, c. 15 km southwest of Heracleum [1], present-day Agios Myron (named after a 3rd cent. bishop of R.), with Minoan remains in the surrounding area. The acropolis had been inhabited since the Late Mycenaean Period. At the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC, R. formed an alliance with Gortyn (Pol. 22,15,1) and in 166 BC it was the object of a combined military operation by Gortyn and Knossos (Pol. 31,1) [1. no. 4…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Crete | Apollo (Δρῆρος; Drêros). Town in north-east Crete in a mountainous position, with a double acropolis, from which there is a view of the Gulf of Mirabello, modern Hagios Antonios near Neapolis. Already populated in the Minoan period, D. reached its peak between the 8th and 6th cents. BC. The Temple of Apollo Delphinios from the mid 8th cent. BC, combining Minoan and Doric elements (with cult images of Apollo, Leto and Artemis) [1], …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) (Μήθυμνα; Mḗthymna). City on the north coast of the island of Lesbos, formerly Molivos, today again officially M., on a hill jutting into the sea. M. was one of the five póleis of Lesbos (Hdt. 1,151; Strab. 13,2,2) with a considerable amount of territory after the subjugation of Arisbe ( c. 600 BC). The ancient history of M. was dominated by continual rivalry with Mytilene. M. was involved in the founding of Assus in Asia Minor (Strab.…

[German version] (Πεδιῆς; Pediês). Deme of Lindos on Rhodes, possibly on the coastal plain to the north of Lindos [1. 747]. It had its own tribute payment in the Delian League (between 2000 drachmas and 1 talent: ATL 1, 370f.). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 F.Hiller von Gärtringen, s.v. Rhodos, RE Suppl. 5, 731-840. Id., Die Demen der rhodischen Städte, in: MDAI(A) 42, 1917, 171-184.

[German version] (Καίρατος; Kaíratos). River on Crete. On its western bank lies  Cnossus, occasionally also referred to as C. (Str. 10,4,8; Callim. H. 3,44; Eust. in Dionys. Per. 498). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography M. S. F. Hood, D. Smyth, Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area, 21981.

[German version] Area in Bruttium. The only reference was found on an epigraphical copy of the Senatus Consultum deBacchanalibus from 186 BC, containing instructions for the local administration (CIL I2 581,30 in agro Teurano; cf. ILLRP 2, 511). Judging by where the bronze tablet was found (Tiriolo), the Ager Teuranus should be localized in the vicinity thereof.  Bacchanalia Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 945.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Mycenaean culture and archaeology | Persian Wars | Delian League (Ἰάλυσος; Iálysos). City on the north coast of the island of Rhodes; with  Lindus and  Camirus one of the three ancient cities of Rhodes. Situated c. 15 km south-west of Rhodes city, on the western slope of the 267 m-high mountain Filerimos (ancient name Achaía, Diod. Sic. 5,57,6; Ath. 8,360e), which functions as the acropolis of I. Settlement and necropolis from the Mycenaean period at the present-day village of Trianda. …

[German version] (Μάταλον; Mátalon). Town on the Southern coast of Crete (Strab. 10,4,11; Stadiasmus maris magni 323), originally the harbour for Phaestus (Pol. 4,55,6), later for Gortyn; now called Matala. According to one myth, this is where Zeus made landfall after abducting Europa. Only a few classical remains from the Roman period. Some early Christian cliff graves on the northern side of the bay, now partly below sea-level. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography H. Buhmann, s.v. Matala, in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 410 I. F. Sanders, Roman Crete, 1982, 161.

[German version] City in the area of the  Hernici (Plin. HN 3,63), today Alatri. Like Ferentinum and Verulae, A. did not participate in 307-306 BC in the war of the Hernici against Rome (Liv. 9,42,11) and was therefore rewarded like them with autonomy and   conubium (Liv. 9,43,23). A few structural ruins, i.a. an aqueduct and wall. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 654.

[German version] Region in northern  Campania (Plin. HN 14,62) between Mons Masicus and Volturnus, known particularly for its wines (Plin. HN 23,24). From 340 BC under Roman control (land distribution to Roman settlers: Liv. 8,11,13 f. 12,12). Pillaged by Carthaginians in the war against Hannibal (Liv. 22,13,9). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 689 f.

[German version] (from Arabic ṣaḥrā, 'desert'; cf. Hdt. 2,32: τὰ ἐρῆμα τῆς Λιβύης/ tà erêma tês Libýēs, 'the desert region of Libya'; Mela 1,50: deserta Africae). The indigenous people today call only individual parts of the S. by their own name. The largest desert on earth, situated in North Africa, with an expanse from the Atlantic in the west to the Red Sea in the east ( c. 6000 km; c. 8 million km2). The S. underwent several cyclical climatic changes (Climate) in prehistoric times that shaped the vegetation and the natural profile; the last of these changes in…

[German version] Main settlement of the Illyrian Iapodes, now Cakovac near Ogulin (in modern Croatia). It was destroyed in 35 BC by the future Augustus (App. Ill. 19-21; Cass. Dio 49,35,2-4). In the Roman period, M. had the status of a municipium (CIL III 10060). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, 1969.

[German version] From a historio-geographical perspective, the term landscape carries several basic implications and connotations. Generally speaking, it can designate a space where historically relevant events have taken place. It is then attributed the quality of a historical source, to be interpreted in a variety of ways. Of further interest is the reciprocal relationship between man and landscape in terms such as: how did man perceive, design, and change the landscape? And how, on the other ha…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Crete (Ὀλοῦς; Oloûs). Dorian port on the northern coast of Crete, on the western part of the bay of Mirabello on the isthmus of the Spinalonga peninsula, modern Elounda. But for a basilica with splendid mosaics from the 5th cent. AD, the remains of O. are under water. In the Hellenistic period, a considerable prosperity developed in O., due not least to its double harbour, with correspondingly growing political significance. The history …

[English version] (Χάλκη). Insel vor der Nordküste von Rhodos (29 km2). Die Polis Ch. (Reste von Akropolis, Apollontempel, Nekropole) gehörte zum rhodischen Kamiros. Im 5. Jh.v.Chr. Mitglied des Attisch-Delischen Seebundes. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography P.M.Fraser, G.E. Bean, The Rhodian Peraea and Islands, 1954, 144f.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kreta (Ἔλυρος). Ausgedehnte Stadt im SW von Kreta (Steph. Byz. s.v. E.) bei Rodovani östl. von Kandans. Arch. Befund: Wenige Ruinen aus röm. Zeit (Stadtmauer, Theater, Aquädukt). Der Hafen von E. war Syia (Steph. Byz. s.v.). E. gehörte evtl. zum Koinon der westkret. Oreioi, die wohl zw. 280 und 250 v.Chr. einen Vertrag mit Magas von Kyrene schlossen [1. 1; 2. 468] und war 183 v.Chr. Partner im Bündnis der 31 kret. Städte mit Eumenes II. (Syll.3 627,7). Stiftung einer brn. Ziege in Delphoi (Paus. 10,16,5). E. wa…

[English version] Nach Strab. 5,2,9 Ort an der via Flaminia zw. Oriculi (h. Otricoli) und Rom, evtl. identisch mit Falerii (Strab. l.c.). Auf der Tab. Peut. 5,4 ( Aequo Falsico) östl. des Tiberis [1. 320]. Zusammenhang mit Aequi Falisci (Verg. Aen. 7,695; Sil. 8,490) unklar. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 Miller 2 Nissen, 2, 364.

[English version] (Λισσήν). Örtlichkeit auf Kreta mit, v.a. wegen unklarer Angaben der Scholiasten zu Hom. Od. 3,293, unsicherer geogr. Zuordnung, wahrscheinlich das h. Kap Lithinos. Zugehörigkeit zu Phaistos bei Strab. 10,4,4 (nur durch Konjektur) und Steph. Byz. s.v. Φαιστός. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography P. Faure, La Crète aux cents villes, in: Kretika Chronika 13, 1959, 190.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kreta (Ῥίθυμνα). Stadt an der NW-Küste von Kreta (Plin. nat. 4,59), h. Rethymnon, bereits in minoischer Zeit besiedelt (Tempel und Nekropole im Süden der Stadt). Auf ptolem. Einfluß deutet im 3. Jh. v. Chr. die vorübergehende Umbenennung in Arsinoë (nach der Gattin Ptolemaios' [7] IV.) hin. Keine Überreste aus klass. und hell. Zeit, aus spätröm. Zeit ist ein Gebäude erhalten. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography M. Guarducci, Inscriptiones Creticae 2, 268-277  I. F. Sanders, Roman Crete, 1982, 163  R. Schee…

[English version] (Πεδιῆς). Demos von Lindos auf Rhodos, mit eigener Tributleistung im Attisch-Delischen Seebund (zw. 2000 Drachmen und 1 Talent: ATL 1, 370f.), evtl. in der Küstenebene nördl. von Lindos [1. 747]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 F.Hiller von Gärtringen, s.v. Rhodos, RE Suppl. 5, 731-840. Ders., Die Demen der rhod. Städte, in: MDAI(A) 42, 1917, 171-184.

[English version] (Καίρατος). Fluß auf Kreta. An seinem westl. Ufer liegt Knosos, gelegentlich auch mit dem Namen K. versehen (Strab. 10,4,8; Kall. h. 3,44; Eust. in Dion. Per. 498). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography M.S.F. Hood, D. Smyth, Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area, 21981.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Kreta (Ὀλοῦς). Dor. Hafenstadt an der Nordküste von Kreta, am westl. Teil des Golfes von Mirabello auf dem Isthmos der Halbinsel Spinalonga, h. Elunda. Bis auf eine Basilika mit prächtigen Mosaiken aus dem 5. Jh. n.Chr. liegen die Reste von O. unter Wasser. In hell. Zeit entwickelte sich in O. nicht zuletzt dank seines Doppelhafens ein beachtlicher Wohlstand, der mit wachsender polit. Bed. korrespondierte. Die Gesch. von…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaimenidai | Ägäische Koine | Ägäische Koine | Ägäische Koine | Getreidehandel, Getreideimport | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kreta | Makedonia, Makedones | Mykenische Kultur und Archäologie | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Perserkriege | Pompeius (Κυδωνία). Stadt im NW von Kreta, h. Chania, nach Strab. 10,4,7 die drittgrößte Stadt der Insel (vgl. Flor. 1,42,4). Ihre Gründung wird legendär zurückgeführt auf Minos und seinen Sohn Kydon (Diod. 5,78,2; Paus. 8,53,4). Die Stadt …

[English version] Name zweier Straßenstationen in It.: an der Via Aemilia Scauri nahe Populonia (Tab. Peut. 4,2; Geogr. Rav. 4,32; Itin. Anton. 292,4) und an der Straße von Siena nach Chiusi (Tab. Peut. 4,4; Geogr. Rav. 4,36; Ptol. 3,1,49). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Theater (auch Herdonia: Strab. 6,3,7; Sil. 8,567; App. Hann. 48; Ptol. 3,1,72; Herdonea: Liv. 25,21,1; 27,1,6). Stadt in Apulia ( regio II: Plin. nat. 3,105; CIL IX 689f.; 1156; Itin. Anton. 116,2), h. Ordona, an der via Minucia (Strab. 6,3,7; Plin. nat. 2,244), Ausgangspunkt der Straßen nach Beneventum, Aeclanum und Ausculum. Nach der Schlacht bei Cannae (216 v.Chr.) Übertritt auf die Seite Hannibals und bis 210 v.Chr. häufig in die Auseinandersetzungen des 2. Pun. Krieges …

[English version] (Μετεών). Ortschaft der illyr. Labeates in der Landschaft Labeatis (Pol. 29,3; Liv. 44,23,3; 32,3), in der Nähe des h. Podgorica (Montenegro). Polit. Bed. erlangte M. 168 v.Chr. als Treffpunkt des Pantauchos, eines Gesandten des maked. Königs Perseus, und des Illyrierfürsten Genthios (Pol. l.c.; Liv. l.c.). Erh. sind Türme der Stadtmauer des 3. Jh.v.Chr.; keine systematischen Ausgrabungen. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography J.J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, 1969, 26f., 166.

[English version] Stadt in Latium am mons Albanus beim h. Castelgandolfo. Nach legendärer, um Verbindung Roms mit Troia bemühte Überlieferung gegr. von Aineias' [1] Sohn Ascanius (in der röm. Version auch Ilus, Verg. Aen. 1,267, bzw. Iullus, Cato HRR fr. 9). Eine frühe Vormachtstellung in Latium ist wahrscheinlich. Wohl bereits im 7. Jh. v. Chr. wurde A. L. vom etr. dominierten Rom eingemeindet. Die Tradition hat dies dem König Tullus Hostilius zugeschrieben (Liv. 1,29; Dion. Hal. ant. 3,31,3-6). Die Bevölkerung wurde nach Rom umgesiedelt, der mons Caelius (Roma) in das röm. Stad…

[English version] (Ὤλερος). Ort in Ostkreta, von wo aus wohl im 4. Jh.v.Chr. der Großteil der Bevölkerung in die Neugründung Hierapytna übersiedelte. Danach war O. Kultzentrum der Athena Oleria [1]. Zu lokalisieren beim h. Meseleri. Keine ant. Reste. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996, Nr. 74,8. C. Bursian, Geogr. von Griechenland, Bd. 2, 1868, 579  H. van Effenterre, Die von den Grenzen der ostkret. Poleis eingeschlossenen Flächen als Ernährungsspielraum, in: E. Olshausen, H. Sonnabend (Hrsg.), Stu…

[English version] Quelle (auch ad caput Ferentinum, Liv. 2,38,1) in Latium, vermutlich an der Südseite des mons Albanus , im lucus Ferentinae (Liv. 1,50,1). Bis Mitte des 4. Jhs. v. Chr. Versammlungsort der Latini (Liv. 1,50,1; 2,38,1; 7,25,5; Dion. Hal. ant. 3,45; 51; 4,45; 5,61). Laut röm. Annalistik (Liv. 1,51,9) wurde hier, auf Veranlassung des Tarquinius Superbus, Turnus Herdonius ertränkt. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 558  A. Alföldi, Das frühe Rom und die Latiner, 1977, 34-36.

[English version] (Ὄαξος, Ἄξος). Bergstadt im nördl. Mittelkreta, an das Gebiet von Tylissos grenzend, ca. 30 km südl. von Heraklion, in jüngeren Quellen Axos (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἄ.) genannt. O. lag an den nördl. Ausläufern des Ida-Gebirges, an einer steilen Akropolis mit wenigen arch. Überresten (Mauer). Bereits in spätminoischer Zeit besiedelt, entwickelte sich O. seit dem 8./7. Jh. v.Chr. zu einer bed., in ihrer Bausubstanz h. jedoch nur noch rudimentär erh. Stadt. Aus O. stammte Phronime, die Mu…

[English version] (Ἴμβρασος). Fluß auf Samos (Plin. nat. 5,135), ant. auch als Parthenios (Strab. 10,2,17) bezeichnet, in der Nähe des Hera-Tempels, h. Imvrasos. Unter dem Lygosbaum (Keuschlammbaum) am Ufer des I. soll gemäß ant. Trad. Hera geboren worden sein (Paus. 7,4,4; Apoll. Rhod. 1,187), was Anlaß zu periodisch wiederkehrenden kult. Handlungen im Wasser des I. gab. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography E. Buschor, I., in: MDAI(A) 68, 1953 (1956), 1-10  H.J. Kienast, Zum heiligen Baum der Hera auf Samos, in: MDAI(A) 106, 1991, 71-80  G. Shipley, A History of Samos 80…

[English version] Gebiet in Bruttium. Einzige Erwähnung auf einer inschr. Kopie des Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus von 186 v. Chr. mit Anweisungen an die Lokalbehörde (CIL I2 581,30 in agro Teurano; vgl. ILLRP 2, 511). Nach dem FO der Bronzetafel (Tiriolo) ist die Landschaft A. T. in der Umgebung dieses Ortes zu lokalisieren. Bacchanalia Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 945.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete | Education / Culture (Ἀπτάρα, Ἀπτέρα; Aptára, Aptéra). Port in the north-west of  Crete on a 230 m high plateau, today Aptara; on coins and in inscriptions Aptara, in literature Aptera (ancient explanation of the name: Steph. Byz. s. v. A.; Paus. 10,5,10). Signs of settlement from the 2nd millennium BC. Frequently involved in interstate politics in early Hellenistic times. In 220 BC under pressure from  Polyrrhenia A. terminated its alliance with  Knossos (Pol. 4,55,4). There is evidence of a   symmachia …

[German version] Roman castellum in Dalmatia on the Salona - Narona road (Plin. HN 3,142: N.; Nerate: other MS traditions; Geogr. Rav. 4,16: Netrate; 5,14: Nerente), modern Jesenice east of Split/Croatia. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography A. Mayer, Die Sprache der alten Illyrier, 1957, 240f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | Tribus | | Coloniae | Coloniae | Italy, languages | Latini, Latium | Oracles | Regio, regiones Harbour town in southern Latium, modern Anzio. According to first treaty between Rome and Carthage, dated by Polybius back to 508/507 BC [1], this town, rich in tradition (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,32), was at that time under Roman control (Pol. 3,22,11). Soon after, A. came under the influence of the  Volsci, and was thus inv…

[German version] Region in  Latium between   mons Albanus and the coast of the mare Tyrrhenum. Its name is derived from the town of Pometia (Cic. Rep. 2,44; Liv. 2,16,8; 17,5 f.; 25,6; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 4,50; 6,29), which it has not been possible to localize. Probably towards the end of the 6th cent. BC, the ager Pomptinus (AP) came into the possession of the neighbouring  Volsci. Rome's reaction to this was -- supposedly as early as 492 BC -- the foundation of the colony of  Norba (Liv. 2,34,6; Dion. Hal. …

[German version] (Ῥύτιον/ Rhýtion). City in southern central Crete (Plin. HN 4,59), today's Rhotasi. Traces of settlements from late Minoan to Venetian periods. First literary mention at Hom. Il. 2,648 (reference to its being well populated). Rhytium was important beyond its borders as a cultic site for Zeus Skylios [1. 141]. Politically, R. was dependant on Gortyn  (Str. 10,4,14). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 H. Verbruggen, Le Zeus crétois, 1981. H. Beister, s. v. Pyrgos, in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 580  M. Guarducci, Inscriptiones Creticae 1, 1935, 303 f.  I. F.…

[German version] (Μαραθήσιον; Marathḗsion). Town on the west coast of Asia Minor (ruins at the Ambar Tepe [1]); after an exchange with Samos, it belonged to the territory of Ephesus (Scyl. 98; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μ.; Plin. HN. 5,114). From 478/7 BC it was a member of the Delian League (ATL 1,336f.; 515; 2,80; 3,204; 307). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography R. Meriç et al (Ed.) IK 17,1, 1981, 111 (with inscriptions 3112-3114), 100 (map). Magie 2, 886.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Aegean Koine (Λεβήνα; Lebḗna). City on the southern coast of Crete (Str. 10,4,12; Plin. HN 4,59) near the modern village of Lendas. Older form of the name: Λεβήν/ Lebḗn. There is evidence that it was already settled in the Minoan period. Initially important as the harbour for Gortyn, L. became a religious centre from the 4th cent. BC onwards because of its sanctuary of Asclepius founded at a healing spring (the visible remains of the temple as well as the stoa and nympha…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete (Ἔλυρος; Élyros). Extensive urban settlement in south-western Crete (Steph. Byz. s.v. E.) near Rodovani east of Kandans. Archaeological data: some Roman ruins (town walls, theatre, aqueduct). Syia was Elyrus' port (Steph. Byz. s.v.). It is possible that E. belonged to the koinon of the western Cretan Oreioi, who probably entered an alliance with Magas of Cyrene between 280 and 250 BC [1. 1; 2. 468]; from 183 BC, it was part of the alliance of thirty-one Cretan cities with Eumenes…

[German version] (Κεραία; Κεραῖαι; Keraía, Keraîai). Town on Crete in the north-west of the island, of undetermined location between Lappa and Polyrrhenia (Steph. Byz. s.v. Βήνη). In the Lyttian War (220 v.Chr.), C. -- together with other Cretan towns -- seceded from Cnossus and Gortyn (Pol. 4,53,6). In 183 BC, it was one of the Cretan towns to enter an alliance with Eumenes II of Pergamum [1. 179]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 M. Guarducci (ed.), Inscriptiones Creticae IV, 1950.

[German version] (Λευκὰ ὄρη; Leukà órē). The ‘white mountains’ in western Crete, up to 2,482 m high (Str. 10,4,4). Uncultivated and inaccessible with a remarkable stand of cypress trees (Plin. HN 16,142; cf. Theophr. Hist. pl. 4,1,3), in Plin. HN 31,43 also mentioned in connection with the search for sources. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography J. Bowman, Kreta, 1965, 271ff. P. Faure, Noms de montagnes crétoises, in: L'Association G. Budé. Lettres d'humanités 24, 1965, 426-446.

[German version] Linguistically, a forest in Latin (Serv. Aen. 1,310) is differentiated according to the degree of human cultivation ( silva, nemus,   saltus ) and the associated religious sphere ( lucus,  ‘Grove’). On one hand, forests caused fear and discomfort (Cic. Nat. D. 2,6; Plin. HN 12,3), on the other hand they were valued as places of (even productive) rest and recuperation (Plin. Ep. 1,6,2; 9,10,2; Tac. Dial. 9,6; 12,1). Forests received an extremely negative connotation among Romans in the context of the military …

[German version] (Ἅληξ; Hálēx). River in southern Bruttium, modern Alice. According to Timaeus (FGrH 566 F 43b) and Strabo (6,1,9) the border river between Rhegium and Locri (Paus. 6,6,4, however, says Caecinus). In the Peloponnesian War (426 BC) scene of an Athenian expedition against Locri (Thuc. 3,99). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 955.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete (Λισος; Lisos in inscriptions, Λισ(σ)ός; Lis(s)ós in literature; cf. Λίσσα; Líssa, Scyl. 47; Ptol. 3,15,3; Tab. Peut. 8,5). City on the south-western coast of Crete, to the west of modern Sougia, in a position protected by mountains and only open to the sea. From the late 4th cent. BC, L. with Elyrus, Hyrtacina and Tarrha formed the koinón of the oreíoi (‘mountain dwellers’). The city was occupied from the Classical to the Byzantine periods. Of supraregional importance was the Asclepium with the me…

[German version] (Δίκτη; Díktē). Mountain in Crete, not identifiable with certainty. In particular Str. 10,4,12 indicates that in antiquity, D. was not in the Lassithi Hills as today, but rather designated the Modi ridge (539 m) on the eastern tip of Crete and that this was the birthplace of Zeus (cf. Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,61; Diod. Sic. 5,70,6; Ath. 9,375f.). At the Minoan town of Palaikastro there was a sanctuary of Zeus Diktaios. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography P. Faure, Nouvelles recherches de spéléologie et de topographie crétoises, in: BCH 84, 1960, 189-220 E. Meyer,…

[German version] Town of the Histri, probably modern Medulin (Croatia) in southern Histria. Like Faveria, it was conquered by the Romans in 177 BC (Liv. 41,11,8). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography V.Vedaldi Iasbez, La Venetia Orientale e l'Histria, 1994, 354f.

This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Μυτιλήνη; Mytilḗnē). [German version] A. Geography City in the southeast of the island of Lesbos, of great political, economic and cultural signficance throughout antiquity. M. owed its prominent position not least to its favourable topographical situation. The earliest settlement, founded by Aeolians in about 1200 BC, was on the modern Kastro Hill and was separated by an a…

This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Theatre | Ionic | Natural catastrophes | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Phoenicians, Poeni | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) | Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (ἡ Σάμος/ hē Sámos, Lat. also Samus). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [German version] I. Geography Island in the southeastern Aegean Sea, only c. 2 km from the mainland of Asia Minor (at Mycale); connected in prehistoric times; total area 476 km2. The island is crossed by a chain of mountains (Ampelus according to …

(Πάρος; Páros). Island in the Cyclades (195 km2, 22 km long, 16 km wide), west of Naxos [1], south-west of it is the island Antiparos. [German version] I. Geography and early settlement history The landscape is shaped by Mt.Marpessa [2] (modern Prophitis Ilias) - heavily forested in Antiquity, today largely bare - with a height of up to 771 m. The foothills of the mountain stretch to the fertile coasts. Already settled in the Neolithic, P. developed into a significant site of the Cycladic culture. Important find spots are Na…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Mycenaean culture and archaeology | Aegean Koine (Ἀμνισός; Amnisós). Harbour settlement, belonging to  Knosos during the Minoan period (Epineion: Str. 10,4,7), situated on the northern coast of  Crete, 8 km east of  Heracleum on the river A. (modern Karteros); remains of the Minoan town structure (i. a. ‘Villa of the Lilies’); its name is listed on the place name register of Amenophis III [1. 67 ff.] and in the clay tablet archives of Cnossus; it was f…

[German version] City in  Latium on the   mons Albanus near modern Castel Gandolfo. According to legendary documents making every effort to ensure the connection of Rome with Troy, founded by  Aeneas' [1] son  Ascanius (in the Roman version also Iulus, Verg. Aen. 1,267, or Iullus, Cato HRR fr. 9). An early position of supremacy in Latium is probable. Most likely already in the 7th cent. BC, Alba Longa (AL) was incorporated by Etruscan-dominated Rome. Tradition has ascribed this to King Tullus Hostilius (Liv. 1,29; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,31,3-6). The population was relocated to Rome, the mon…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete (Λατώ; Latṓ). City in the east of Crete, situated in an isolated mountain area at a height of c. 400 m, with a good view of the coast, 15 km away from modern Agios Nikolaos. Already settled in the Minoan period but then deserted by the inhabitants. In the 8th cent. BC, Doric re-establishment and then in the ancient and classical period one of the most prominent towns on the island. Numerous inscriptions document the engagement of L. in international politic…

[German version] Name of two road stations in Italy: one on the Via Aemilia Scauri near Populonia (Tab. Peut. 4,2; Geogr. Rav. 4,32; It. Ant. 292,4) and the other on the road from Siena to Chiusi (Tab. Peut. 4,4; Geogr. Rav. 4,36; Ptol. 3,1,49). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Crete (Πραισός/ Praisós). City in eastern Crete (Scyl. 47) on the peninsula of Sitia, near the modern village of Nea Praisos (Vaveli) between three acropoleis. The location was already settled in the Neolithic Period (cult site in a cave to the north west of the town). Numerous remains from the Minoan and Mycenaean periods survive (megalithic building in the south; tholos tombs in the necropolis north of the town, in use from the 15th-2nd cents. …

[German version] There is no Greek or Latin term to be found in ancient literature corresponding to the modern 'volcano'; nevertheless, individual volcanic phenomena are identified, such as lava-flow: Greek ῥύαξ/ rhýax (< ῥέω/ rhéō, 'to flow'; cf. also Theophrastus's Perì rhýakos toû en Sikelíai mentioned in Diog. Laert. 5,49), Lat. Vulcanius amnis ('Vulcanic stream', Claud. Rapt. Pros. 172; from Latin Vulcanius, 'pertaining to Vulcan and his works'), saxa liquefacta 'liquified rocks' (Verg. Aen. 3,576) or massa ardens 'blazing mass' (Iuv. 10,130). For the Roman god see Volcanus. I…

[German version] Town in Liburnia (Tab. Peut. 5,4; ILS 1989), modern-day Nadin/Croatia, on the road from Iader to  Burnum. The Roman town was built in the time of Augustus on an earlier indigenous settlement. As a Roman colonia and as municipium to the tribus Claudia, N. was part of the regio X of Italy (Plin. HN. 3,130).There is documentary evidence for the following officials: II viri, aediles and an officialis Naeditarum (CIL III 2860-2876). The town's aristocracy came from the indigenous families. The preservation of social structures and cultic observances i…

[German version] In Roman tradition the name given to the earliest inhabitants of  Latium (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,10; Lydus, Mag. 1,10). The etymology of the name is uncertain: Lycoph. 1253 hints at a derivation from Βορείγονοι ( Boreígonoi;  Aeneas [1] was prophesied that he would settle ἐν τόποις Βορειγόνων; en tópois Boreigónōn); others -- on the presumption that the A. pursued a nomadic way of life -- formulate an onomastic development from Aberrigenes ( aberrare) to A. (Paul. Fest. 19; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,10; Auctor de origine gentis Romanae 4,2). The origin of the A. is equa…

[English version] [1] Ortschaft in Moesia Superior Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Legio | Limes | Moesi, Moesia | Thrakes, Thrake, Thraci | Straßen Ortschaft (Itinerarstation) in Moesia Superior (Tab. Peut. 7,1; Itin. Anton. 221,4; Νοοῦαι: Ptol. 3,15,5), 4 km östl. vom h. Svištov (Bulgarien). Die Gründung von N. erfolgte um 30 n.Chr.; unter Vespasianus war hier die legio I Italica stationiert (Lager am rechten Donauufer in der Nähe eines Flußüberganges). Daneben entstand eine Zivilsiedlung. Reiche arch. und inschr. Funde (Festungsmauer m…

[English version] Statio an der via Popilia (Tab. Peut. 7,1), nach der Sala Consilina benannt ist, im liber regionum 120 praefectura Consiline in provincia Lucaniae. Belebte Marktstätte (Cassiod. var. 8,33) bei einer alten Quelle (Marcellianum). Im 5. Jh.n.Chr. Bischofssitz. Das bei Plinius erwähnte alte Kastell (Plin. nat. 3,95) ist evtl. mit Padula im Tal des Tanagro in Verbindung zu bringen (so schon [3]), wo man auf einem Hügel einen Festungsring sowie im Tal prähistor. Gräber (archaische des 7.-5. Jh. und lukanische des 4.-2. Jh.v.Chr.) gefunden hat. Pappalardo, Umberto (Nea…

(Ἁλίσαρνα). [English version] [1] Kleine Stadt im Grenzgebiet der Landschaften Mysia und Troas Kleine Stadt, Dynastensitz im Grenzgebiet der Landschaften Mysia und Troas. Bei Xenophon (hell. 3,1,6; an. 7,8,17) wird H. im Zusammenhang mit dem Spartanisch-Persischen Krieg 400-396 v.Chr. erwähnt. Der dort gen. Dynast Prokles ist Nachkomme des Anf. des 5. Jh. v.Chr. hierher verbannten Spartanerkönigs Damaratos, der H. neben Pergamon und Teuthrania von Dareios. I. geschenkt bekommen hatte (Paus. 3,7,8). Genaue Lage, weitere Gesch. unbekannt. Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster) Bibli…

(Κρήτη, lat. Creta). [English version] A. Siedlungsgeographie K. ist die größte der griech. Inseln mit einer West-Ost-Ausdehnung von 250 km und einer Nord-Süd-Ausdehnung von max. 60 km. Die schmalste Stelle der Insel ist der Isthmos von Hierapytna im Osten. Landschaftlich wird die Insel v.a. durch ihre Berge geprägt. Dominant sind die drei großen Gebirgsmassive: im Westen die “Weißen Berge” ( Leúka órē , 2482 m), in der Mitte das Ida-Gebirge (Piloritis, 2456 m) und im Osten die Dikte-Kette (höchste Erhebung 2147 m) mit der Lassithi-…

(Λύκαστος). [English version] [1] Stadt auf Kreta Stadt auf Kreta (Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ.; Plin. nat. 4,59; Mela 2,113), ca. 11 km südl. von Knosos, h. Kanli Kastelli. Bei Hom. Il. 2,647 Teilnehmer am Troianischen Krieg. Phasenweise autonom, meist aber von Knosos abhängig und zu dessen Territorium gehörig. 184 v.Chr. von Gortyn erobert (Pol. 22,19), was durch einen röm. Schiedspruch revidiert wurde [1]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996, 281-285, Nr. 40. I.F. Sanders, Roman Crete, 1992, 154. …

(Καμάρα). [English version] [1] Hafenort in Ost-Kreta Hafenort in Ost-Kreta, urspr. Lato (Λατὼ πρὸς bzw. ἐπὶ Καμάραι, Ptol. 3,17,5; Hierokles, Synekdemos 650,1), h. Agios Nikolaos. Enge polit. Anbindung an Lato [1. Nr. 72, S. 428]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996. F. Gschnitzer, Abhängige Orte im griech. Alt., 1958, 49-51. [English version] [2] empórion an der SO-Küste Indiens Nach peripl. m. r. 60 ein empórion an der SO-Küste Indiens, vielleicht mit Chaberis des Pto…

(Νάπη, “bewaldete Schlucht, Tal”). [English version] [1] Ort auf Lesbos Ort auf Lesbos, auf dem Territorium von Methymna, mit Tempel des Apollon Napaios (Strab. 9,4,5; Steph. Byz. s.v. N.). N. ist nicht exakt lokalisierbar. Der Tempel dürfte aber mit der Kultstätte westl. des h. Dorfes Napi in der Flur Klopedi identisch sein. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography H.-G. Buchholz, Methymna: Arch. Beitr. zur Gesch. und Top. von Nordlesbos, 1966, 206f.  W. Günther, s.v. N., in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 454f. [English version] [2] in Attika Bergbaurevier des dḗmos Sunion im …

[English version] [1] C. Inui Ortschaft der Rutuli (Sil. 8,359) im Zentrum von Latium, gegr. von den Königen von Alba Longa (Verg. Aen. 6,775). In archa. Zeit aufgegeben, oft verwechselt mit C. Novum in Etruria (Rut. Nam. 1,227). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florenz) Bibliography A. Nibby, Analisi storico-topografica-antiquaria della Carta de' Dintorni di Roma 1, 1848, 440  Nissen 2, 579  O. Toti, 1984. [English version] [2] C. Novum Gründung an der Südküste von Etruria Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bundesgenossensystem | Coloniae | Coloniae | Tribus | Umbri, Umbria Röm. Grü…

[English version] [1] Insel im Ligurischen Meer (h. Gallinara). Kleine unbewohnte Insel im Ligurischen Meer (Varro rust. 3,9); Zufluchtsort der Hl. Martinus und Hilarius (Sulp. Sev. Sanctus Martinus 6,5; Soz. 3,14; Ven. Fort. Sanctus Hilarius 35). In der See vor der Küste arch. Funde. Pera, Rossella (Genua) Bibliography G. Forni (Hrsg.), Fontes Ligurum et Liguriae Antiquae (Atti della Società ligure di storia patria 16), 1976 G. Spadea, Archeologia Subacquea in Liguria, in: Bollettino di Archeologia Subacquea 2-3, 1995/6, 103. [English version] [2] Waldgebiet in Campania Waldgeb…

(Πολίχνη). [English version] [1] Siedlung im Olympieion im SW von Syrakusai Siedlung im Olympieion, einem Zeus-Heiligtum am rechten Ufer des Anapos im SW von Syrakusai, bei der 414 v. Chr. Gylippos einen Teil der Reiterei stationierte, um den Athenern auf dem Plemmyrion das Fouragieren im Hinterland von Syrakusai zu erschweren (Thuk. 7,4,7; Diod. 13,7,5; vgl. [1. 41, 4110]). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 H.-P. Drögemüller, Syrakus (Gymnasium Beih. 6), 1969. [English version] [2] Ort im NW von Kreta Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kreta Ort im NW …

(Ἱεράπολις). [English version] [1] Bed. Stadt in SW-Phrygia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum | Naturkatastrophen | Orakel | Pergamon | Theater Bed. Stadt in SW-Phrygia (zu unterscheiden von der gleichnamigen Stadt in der “Pentapolis” in Zentral-Phrygia) am Rand des Lykos-Tals an der Straße im Hermos-Tal von Sardeis nach Apameia, berühmt für die warmen Quellen, deren Wasser beim Verdunsten weiße Kalksinterterassen entstehen läßt; sie haben dem Ort den h. Namen Pamukkale (“Baumwollschloß”) geg…

Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Ägäische Koine | Athleten | Attischer Seebund | Bildung | Byzantion, Byzanz | Handel | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kleinasien | Kolonisation | Naturkatastrophen | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Pergamon | Pompeius | Roma | Roma | Schrift | Theater (Ῥόδος). [English version] I. Geographie Insel im südöstl. Aigaion Pelagos vor der SW-Küste von Kleinasien, h. der Inselgruppe Dodekanes zugeordnet, mit einer Fläche von 1400 km2. Die ant. Gesch. der Insel Rh. wurde zu einem guten Teil von ihrer geogr. Situation …

Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Apollon | Bildung | Christentum | Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Getreidehandel, Getreideimport | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kreta | Limes | Makedonia, Makedones | Pompeius | Roma | Roma | Theater [English version] I. Lage Eine der bedeutendsten und größten Städte auf Kreta, in der Mesara-Ebene am Fluß Lethaios gelegen, zw. den Dörfern Agi Deka und Mitropolis, 16 km (Strab. 10,4,7: 90 Stadien) vom Libyschen Meer entfernt, auch als Gortyna und Gortyne überliefert. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) …

[German version] [1] C. Inui Town of the Rutuli (Sil. Pun. 8,359) in the centre of Latium, founded by the kings of Alba Longa (Verg. Aen. 6,775). Abandoned in the archaic period, often confused with C. Novum in Etruria (Rut. Namat. 1,227). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography A. Nibby, Analisi storico-topografica-antiquaria della Carta de' Dintorni di Roma 1, 1848, 440 Nissen 2, 579 O. Toti, 1984. [German version] [2] C. Novum Settlement on the southern coast of Etruria This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Tribus …

(Ἀμύκλαι; Amýklai). [German version] [1] Pre-Greek settlement This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Dark Ages | Aegean Koine Pre-Greek settlement on and at the foot of the hills bearing the chapel of Agia Kyriaki, inhabited from the early Helladic to the imperial Roman period (Paus. 3,18,6-19,6; IG V 1, 515), c. 5 km south of  Sparta near the modern Tsausi. In historical times, it was a ὠβή ( ōbḗ) of Sparta with its own ephors and other officials (cf. Syll.3 932). The region seems to have reached its peak in the 7th/6th cent. BC. From the late Mycenaean period, it housed a sa…

(Λύκαστος; Lýkastos). [German version] [1] City in Crete City in Crete (Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ.; Plin. HN 4,59; Mela 2,113), about 11 km south of Knossos, modern Kanli Kastelli. In Hom. Il. 2,647 participant in the Trojan War. Autonomous in phases but mostly dependent on Knossos and belonging to its territory. In 184 BC, conquered by Gortyn (Pol. 22,19) until revised by Roman arbitration [1]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996, 281-285, no. 40. I. F. Sanders, Roman Crete, 1992, 154. [German version] [2] River River f…

This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Theatre | Byzantium | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Colonization | Natural catastrophes | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Pompeius | Rome | Rome | Athletes | Athenian League (Second) | Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Ῥόδος; Rhódos). [German version] I. Geography Island in the southeastern Aegean Sea, off the southwestern coast of Asia Minor, now part of the Dodecanese archipelago, with an area of 1400 km2. A good part of the ancient history of the island was shaped by its geographical situ…

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Dark Ages | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Crete | Apollo | Limes | Macedonia, Macedones | Pompeius | Rome | Rome | Education / Culture [German version] I. Location One of the biggest and most important cities of Crete, in the Mesara plain on the river Lethaeus, between the villages of Agi Deka and Mitropolis, 16 km (Str. 10,4,7: 90 stadia) from the Libyan Sea, also transmitted as Gortyna and Gortyne. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [German version] II. Historical development The earli…

(Νάπη/ Nápē, ‘wooded gorge, valley’). [German version] [1] Settlement on Lesbos Settlement on Lesbos, in the territory of Methymna, with a temple of Apollo Napaios (Str. 9,4,5; Steph. Byz. s.v. N.). N. cannot be precisely located. The temple, however, may have been the cultic site to the west of the modern village of Napi in the district of Klopedi. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography H.-G. Buchholz, Methymna: Archäologische Beiträge zur Geschichte und Topographie von Nordlesbos, 1966, 206f.  W. Günther, s.v. N., in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 454f. [German version] [2] In Att…

[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt Forcible deportations of combatants and civilians during wars were common practice (though on varying scales) in many periods of the history of the Ancient Orient and Egypt. Deportations had a dual purpose: they made possible the creation of an unfree and, therefore, easily exploited labour force, and they were a convenient means of lastingly weakening the military and economic potential of defeated tribes, cities and states. In Mesopotamia deportations appear to have been a source of unfree labour as early as the late 4th…

(Ἱεράπολις; Hierápolis). [German version] [1] Important town in south-west Phrygia This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Natural catastrophes | Oracles | Pergamum Important town in south-west Phrygia (as opposed to the town of same name in the ‘Pentapolis’ of central Phrygia) at the edge of the Lycus valley on the road in the Hermus valley from Sardis to Apamea, famous for its thermal springs whose water leaves white limestone terraces when evaporating; they gave the place its modern name Pa…

[German version] [1] Island in the Ligurian Sea (modern Gallinara). Small uninhabited island in the Ligurian Sea (Varro, Rust. 3,9); place of refuge for St. Martinus and Hilarius (Sulp. Sev. Sanctus Martinus 6,5; Sozom. Hist. eccl. 3,14; Ven. Fort. Sanctus Hilarius 35). Archaeological finds in the sea off the coast. Pera, Rossella (Genoa) Bibliography G. Forni (ed.), Fontes Ligurum et Liguriae Antiquae (Atti della Società ligure di storia patria 16), 1976 G. Spadea, Archeologia Subacquea in Liguria, in: Bollettino di Archeologia Subacquea 2-3, 1995/6, 103. [German version] [2] W…

(Καμάρα; Kamára). [German version] [1] Harbour settlement in eastern Crete Harbour settlement in eastern Crete, originally Lato (Λατὼ πρὸς or ἐπὶ Καμάραι, Ptol. 3,17,5; Hierocles, Synekdemos 650,1), modern Agios Nikolaos. Close political links with  Lato [1. no. 72, p. 428]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996. F. Gschnitzer, Abhängige Orte im griech. Alt., 1958, 49-51. [German version] [2] Empórion on India's south-eastern coast According to Peripl. M. Rubr. 60, an   empórion …

[German version] [1] Roman road station Roman road station (  statio ) between  Brixia and  Beneventum (It. Burd. 558,9). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 981. [German version] [2] Statio, San Pietro in Fine   Statio , named after the curve in the via Latina between  Casinum and  Venafrum, at the 96th milestone near Ad Flexum (CIL X 6901); today San Pietro in Fine (Caserta). Strategically significant, dominated by walls in a polygonal pattern near San Eustachio and Marena-Falascosa, in opus quadratum and incertum near Muraglie Abbandonate. Uggeri, Giovanni (Flo…

(Ἴδη, Ἰδαῖον ὄρος). [English version] [1] Höchster Gebirgszug Kretas Höchster Gebirgszug Kretas, h. Psiloritis, mit dem Gipfel Timios Stavros (2456 m). In der Ant. noch stark bewaldet (vgl. den Namen I. = “Waldgebirge”), bes. durch Zypressen (Eur. Hipp. 1253; Theophr. h. plant. 3,2,6; 4,1,3; Plin. nat. 16,142). Schon früh Abbau von Metallen (FGrH 239,11; Diod. 5,64,5) und landwirtschaftliche Nutzung (Theophr. de ventis, fr. 5,13 Wimmer; [1]). Bes. Verehrung genoß die als Geburtsstätte des Zeus angesehene…

(Ἀμύκλαι). [English version] [1] Vorgriech. Siedlung Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Sparta Vorgriech. Siedlung auf und an den Hügeln mit der Kapelle der Hg. Kyriaki seit frühhelladischer bis in die Kaiserzeit (Paus. 3,18,6-19,6; IG V 1, 515), ca. 5 km südl. von Sparta beim h. Tsausi. In histor. Zeit ὠβή ( obe) von Sparta mit eigenen Ephoren und sonstigen Beamten (vgl. Syll.3 932). Das Gebiet scheint seine größte Blüte im 7. /6. Jh. v. Chr. gehabt zu haben. Seit spätmyk. Zeit Heiligtum des Hyakinthos. Mit der spartanischen E…

[English version] [1] Röm. Straßenstation Röm. Straßenstation ( statio ) zw. Brixia und Beneventum (Itin. Burdig. 558,9). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 981. [English version] [2] Statio, h. San Pietro in Fine Statio , benannt nach der Kurve welche die via Latina zw. Casinum und Venafrum am 96. Meilenstein bei A. machte (CIL X 6901), h. San Pietro in Fine (Caserta). Strategisch bedeutend, beherrscht von Mauern in Polygonalmauerwerk bei San Eustachio und Marena-Falascosa, in opus quadratum und incertum bei Muraglie Abbandonate. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florenz) Bib…

(Πολίχνη; Políchnē). [German version] [1] Settlement in the Olympieum in the SW of Syracusae Settlement in the Olympieum, a sanctuary of Zeus on the right bank of the Anapus in the south west of Syracusae, where in 414 BC Gylippus stationed part of his cavalry to hamper the Athenians on the Plemmyrium from foraging in the Syracusan hinterland (Thuc. 7,4,7; Diod. Sic. 13,7,5; cf. [1. 41, 4110]). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 H.-P. Drögemüller, Syrakus (Gymnasium Beiheft 6), 1969. [German version] [2] Town in NW Crete This item can be found on the following maps: Crete Town …

[German version] [1] Locality in Moesia superior This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | | Legio | Limes | Moesi, Moesia Locality (posting station) in Moesia superior (Tab. Peut. 7,1; It. Ant. 221,4; Νοοῦαι/ Nooûai: Ptol. 3,15,5), 4 km east of modern Svištov (Bulgaria). N. was founded around AD 30; the legio I Italica  was stationed here under Vespasian (garrison on the right bank of the Danube near a river-crossing). A civilian settlement grew up nearby. Extensive archaeological and epigraphical finds (fortress wall with gate …

(Κρήτη, Krētē, Latin Creta). [German version] A. Settlement geography C. is the largest Greek island, with an east-west extension of 250 km and a north-south extension of max. 60 km. The narrowest part is the Isthmus of Hierapytna in the east. The island's topography is shaped by its mountains. Three large mountain ranges dominate: in the west the ‘White Mountains’ (  Leúka órē , 2,482 m), in the centre the  Ida Mountains (Piloritis, 2,456 m) and in the east the  Dicte Range (highest elevation 2,147 m) with the Lassithi Plateau (moun…

(Ἁλίσαρνα; Halísarna). [German version] [1] Small city in the border region of the regions Mysia and Troas Small city, dynastic seat in the border region of the regions of Mysia and the Troad. In Xenophon (Hell. 3,1,6; An. 7,8,17) H. is mentioned in connection with the Spartan-Persian war 400-396 BC. The dynast Procles named there is the descendant of the Spartan king Damaratus, who was exiled there at the beginning of the 5th cent. BC and received H. along with Pergamum and Teuthrania from Darius I as a gift (Paus. 3,7,8). The exact location and further history are unknown. Schwertheim, El…

[German version] Statio on the via Popilia (Tab. Peut. 7,1), after which Sala Consilina is named, in the liber regionum of 120 praefectura Consiline in provincia Lucaniae. Inhabited market site (Cassiod. Var. 8,33) near an old spring (Marcellianum). In the 5th cent. AD an episcopal seat. The old fortification mentioned in Pliny (Plin. HN 3,95) may possibly be associated with Padula in the Tanagro valley (thus already in [3]), where a fortified embankment was found on a hill and prehistoric graves in the valley (archaic g…

(Ἴδη, Ἰδαῖον ὄρος; Ídē, Idaîon hóros). [German version] [1] Highest mountain range in Crete Highest mountain range in Crete, modern Psiloritis, with the peak Timios Stavros (2,456 m). Still heavily forested in antiquity (cf. the name I. = ‘wooded mountains’), predominantly with cypresses (Eur. Hipp. 1253; Theophr. Hist. pl. 3,2,6; 4,1,3; Plin. HN 16,142). Used early on for mining metals (FGrH 239,11; Diod. Sic. 5,64,5) and agriculture (Theophr. De ventis, fr. 5,13 Wimmer; [1]). The cave considered the birthpl…

(Ὀμφάλιον). [English version] [1] Ebene auf Kreta Ebene (Diod. 5,70) auf Kreta im Gebiet von Knosos am Fluß Triton (h. Platyperama; Kall. h. 1,42ff.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὀ.). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography C. Bursian, Geogr. von Griechenland, Bd. 2, 1868, 570  M. Guarducci, Inscriptiones Creticae, Bd. 1, 1935, 45f. [English version] [2] Ort in Thessalia Ort in Thessalia (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὀ.) beim h. Lutra Smokovu, evtl. das Heiligtum der Omphale, um das sich die dolopischen Städte Angeai und Ktimenai stritten [1]. Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Bibliography 1 A.S. Arvani…

[English version] [1] Kykladeninsel und gleichnamige Stadt Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Attischer Seebund | Ionisch | Marmor | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Perserkriege (Νάξος, lat. Naxus). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [English version] A. Geographie Stadt und gleichnamige Insel, letztere mit einer Fläche von knapp 420 km2 die größte der Kyklades. Prägnantes top. Merkmal ist eine Bergkette, die die Insel von Norden nach Süden durchzieht (höchster Gipfel der Zia mit 1004 m, zugleich di…

(Εὐνοστίδαι). [English version] [1] Att. Demos (?) der Phyle Ptolemais Att. Demos (?) der Phyle Ptolemais, erstmals 201/0 v.Chr. (IG II2 2362) bezeugt, vgl. die Inschr. 108/7 v.Chr. (IG II2 1036 Z. 37; [1. 159; 2]). 154/5 n.Chr. (IG II2 2067) und 173/4 n.Chr. (IG II 2 2103) werden Epheben der Phyle Ptolemais aus Εὐν bzw. Εὐ erwähnt. Lage unbekannt. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography 1 C.A. Hutton, The Greek Inscriptions at Petworth House, in: ABSA 21, 1914/16, 155-165 2 Traill, Attica 90, 114 Nr. 12. [English version] [2] Phratrie in Neapolis Von Kyme eingeführte Phratrie in Neapo…

(Νέστος, Μέστος, Νέσσος). [English version] [1] Fluß in Thrakien Fluß in Thrakien, der im Rila-Gebirge entspringt (nach ant. Vorstellung fälschlicherweise aus dem Skomios, h. Vitoša-Gebirge: Aristot. meteor. 1,13,350b 16f.) und nach 234 km in einem Sumpfdelta bei Abdera [1] in die Ägäis mündet (Hdt. 7,109; Theophr. h. plant. 3,1,5; Ps.-Skyl. 67). Als Flußgott ist N. schon Hes. theog. 341 bekannt. In röm. Zeit Grenze zw. den Prov. Macedonia und Thracia. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography B. Isaac, The Greek Settlements in Thrace until the Macedonian Co…

(Ἄμπελος; Ámpelos). [German version] [1] Cape on the south-eastern coast of  Crete Cape on the south-eastern coast of  Crete (Ptol. 3,17,4), according to Plin. HN 4,59 also one of the oppida insignia. The town is to be localized close to the modern town of Xerokampos. Graves and ceramics (i.a. of Rhodian origin) from the Hellenistic-Roman period. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography C. Bursian, Geogr. von Griechenland 2, 1972, 577 f. I. F. Sanders, Roman Crete, 1982, 137. [German version] [2] Cape on the south-western tip of the island of  Samos Cape on the south-western …

(Ληθαῖος; Lēthaîos). [German version] [1] Tributary of the Peneius Left-hand tributary of the Peneius in north-west Thessalia, flows through Tricca (Paus. 14,139), modern Trikkalinos. Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Bibliography F. Stählin, Das hellenische Thessalien, 1924, 121. [German version] [2] River in southern Crete River in southern Crete, which flows through Gortyn from north to south (Str. 10,4,11), modern Mitropolianos. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [German version] [3] Tributary of the Maiander Right-hand tributary of the Maeander (river god: coins o…

(Ὀμφάλιον/ Omphálion). [German version] [1] Plain in Crete Plain (Diod. Sic. 5,70) on Crete in the area of Knossos on the river Triton (modern Platyperama; Callim. H. 1,42ff.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὀ.). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography C. Bursian, Geographie von Griechenland, vol. 2, 1868, 570  M. Guarducci, Inscriptiones Creticae, vol. 1, 1935, 45f. [German version] [2] Place in Thessalia Place in Thessalia (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὀ.) near modern Lutra Smokovu, possibly the sanctuary of Omphale. The Dolopian cities of Angeae and Ctimenae fought over its possession [1]. Kramolisch,…

(Θεράπναι/ Therápnai). [German version] [1] City in Crete City in Crete, probably in the central north (presumably between Eleutherna and Cydonia; [cf. 1. 198]), reckoned one of the island's more important towns (Mela 2,113; Plin. HN 4,59). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 P. Faure, La Crète aux cents villes, in: Κρητικὰ Χρονικά 13, 1959, 171-217. [German version] [2] Place in Laconia This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta Cult site in Laconia (Laconica) on the left bank of the Eurotas, c. 2 km to the southeast of Sparta on a foothill of the Parnon…

(Νέστος/ Néstos, Μέστος/ Méstos, Νέσσος/ Néssos). [German version] [1] River in Thrace River in Thrace which rises in the Rila mountain range, (according to mistaken classical belief from the Scomius mountains, the present-day Vitoša Mountains, : Aristot. Mete. 1,13,350b 16f.) and after 234 km flows through the swampy delta area near Abdera [1] and into the Aegean (Hdt. 7,109; Theophr. Hist. pl. 3,1,5; Ps.-Skyl. 67). N. is already known as a river god in Hes. Theog. 341. In Roman times, N. was the border between the provinces of Macedonia and Thracia. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Biss…