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[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Alexandros | Graeco-Baktrien | Graeco-Baktrien | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Indienhandel (Πευκελαῶτις: Arr. an. 4,22,7-8,28,6; auch Πευκελαῖτις: Arr. Ind. 1,8; 4,11; Πευκελαῖτις: Strab. 15,1,27; ferner z.B. Προκλαίς: Ptol. 7,1,44; Ποκλαίς: peripl. m. Eux. 47f.). Stadt in Gandhāra (im h. Pakistan westl. vom Indus; Gandaritis), altindisch Puṣkalavatī, mittelindisch Pukkhalāvatī, griech. Form wohl unter Einfluß von Namen mit Peuko- ( Peukolaos, Peukéstas). P. hatte eine wichtige Lage am alten Han…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Alexandros | Graeco-Baktrien | Graeco-Baktrien | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Indienhandel | Mauryas (τὰ Πάταλα). Stadt und Stützpunkt Alexandros' [4] d.Gr. an der Indus-Mündung, wohl altindisch Pātāla (Arr. an. 5,4,1; Arr. Ind. 2,6; Strab. 15,1,33 u.a.). Der Name wurde auch für das gesamte Gebiet gebraucht, später auch für die Insel Patalene (Ptol. 7,1,55), aber die Stadt wird nie mehr erwähnt. Statt dessen war Barabara Zentrum und Hafen des Gebiets, was vielleicht auf der unsteten Natur der Mündung beruht. Kart…

[English version] Indische Region in Gujarāt, im Westen an Indoskythien angrenzend, mit Hauptstadt Ozene (Ptol. 7,1,62f., s. auch Peripl. m. r. 41 (Ariake) und Ptol. 7,1,4f.). Der Name ist offensichtlich verwandt mit dem altindischen Lāṭa, Süd-Gujarāt. In diesem Land lag die berühmte Hafenstadt Barygaza. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Wecker, s.v. L., RE 12, 837f.

[English version] (Ἐραννοβόας). Nebenfluß des Ganges nach Arr. Ind. 4,3 und Plin. nat. 6,65, mittelind. Hiraññāha, ein anderer Name für Śoṇa, h. Son, der doch als Sonus (Σῶνος) getrennt von beiden Verf. gen. wird. Der alte Palibothra/Pāṭaliputra war am Zusammenfluß des Son und des Ganges gelegen. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

[English version] Die Griechen der hell. Baktria (Graeco-Baktrien), die im 2. Jh. v.Chr. SO-Afghanistan (Paropamisadai und Arachosien) und NW-Indien (h. Pakistan) eroberten. Nach den ersten und wichtigsten Königen (Demetrios [10] und Menandros) zerfiel das Reich in mehrere Teile, deren zahlreiche Herrscher (fast 40) meist nur durch Mz. belegt sind. Die I. hielten sich bis zum 1. Jh. v.Chr. oder gar 1. Jh. n.Chr.; ihre Territorien wurden dann von den Parthern und den zentralasiatischen Sakas und In…

[English version] (Κάσπειρα). Stadt der indischen Kaspiraioi (Ptol. 7,1,47; 49). Der Name K. wurde oft mit dem h. Kaschmir verbunden, aber während Ptolemaios K. in den östl. Pandschab verlegt, reicht das Gebiet des Volkes von Pandschab aus sogar bis zum Vindhya-Gebirge im Süden; die Kaspiraioi scheinen also etwa im h. Rajasthan und Gujarāt gelebt zu haben. Allerdings verbindet Ptol. (7,1,42) das Land Kaspeiria mit den Oberläufen von Jhelum, Chenāb und Rāvi, was wieder eher auf Kaschmir deutet. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography A. Herrmann, s.v. K., Kaspeiraioi, RE 10, …

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Indienhandel (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Βουκέφαλα). Stadt am rechten Ufer des Hydaspes (h. Jhelum), von Alexander [4] d.Gr. an der Stelle der Porosschlacht (Poros) gegr. und nach seinem Streitroß Bukephalos benannt (Arr. an. 5,19,4; Curt.). Noch in der frühen Kaiserzeit bekannt (Plin. nat.; peripl. m. r.; Ptol.). Nach Lamotte als Bhadāśva in der buddhistischen Lit. erwähnt [1]. Die genaue Lage ist umstritten. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography 1 É. Lamotte, Alexandre et le bouddhisme, in: Bull. de l'École Fra…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with | Mauryas (Μουζιρίς; Mouzirís). Sea port on the south-western coast of India in modern Kerala; the Indian Muciri of the Tamil Sangam poems [1]. Both Greek and Tamil sources describe M. as one of the most important southern Indian port and trading cities. An important trading route to the eastern coast of India originated from M. A papyrus deed (PVindob. 40822) from Egypt reports of a loan that was granted in M. [2]. Because of the unsteadiness of the coast, its exact location remains unknown. I…

[German version] (Hecat. in Steph. Byz. FGrH; Kallatiai in Hdt. 3,38). Indian ethnic group whose members according to Hdt. used to eat their parents -- an ethnological curiosity that in another citation (Hdt. 3,99) was attributed to another Indian people, the Padaioi, likewise to the Iranian Massagetae (Hdt. 1,216) and the  Issedones (Hdt. 4,26). Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography K. Karttunen, India in Early Greek Literature, 1989, 197-202.

[German version] (Μαλλοί; Malloí). Indian people at the confluence of the Punjab rivers Hydaspes, Acesines [2] and Hydraotes, with several fortified cities. In league with the Oxydracae, they violently resisted Alexander the Great. They are probably the ancient Indian Mālava who later emigrated to the east and are attested numismatically and epigraphically in Rājasthān (2nd cent. BC) and in Madhya Pradesh. Their name there is still preserved as Mālwā. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography K. K. Das Gupta, The Mālava, 1966.

[German version] (Peripl. m. r. 58f.; Komaria, Ptol. 7,1,9). Southern Indian harbour town with a cape of the same name. Cf. modern Kanya Kumari on the southern tip of the Indian peninsula. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)

[German version] Eastern Iranian dynasty (1st-4th cent. AD) whose territory stretched from the Ganges to Lake Aral. The dynasty evolved from nomadic tribes (part of the Yuezhi; Indo-Scythians) who took Bactria ( Bactria) from the Greeks. Heraios is attested as their first ancestor, Kujula Kadphises as founder of the empire. His successors are Vima Kadphises, Kanishka, Vasishka, Huvishka and Vāsudeva (there may be several bearers of these names.). The dating is contentious. The dominant religion was a syncretistic Mahāyāna-Buddhism. The arts were greatly shaped by th…

[German version] (Ashoka). Maurya emperor of India (269/268-233/232 BC), also called Piyadassi/Priyadarōsi (Greek Πιοδάσσης; Piodássēs). Famous for his edicts, many examples of which have been found in many parts of southern Asia, written in Middle Indian dialect, and in the north-west (today Afghanistan) also several fragments in Aramaic, and also an Aramaic-Greek bilingual inscription [3] and a Greek fragment [4] in Kandahar. The edicts convey a lively image of A.'s empire and its administration, and also i…

[German version] (Neo-Persian panǧāb). The land of the five rivers Indus [1], Jhelum (Hydaspes), Chenāb (Acesines [2]), Rāvī (Hydraotes) and Sūtlaj-Beas (Zadadrus, Ptol. 7,1,27, Sydrus, Plin. HN 6,21,63 and Hyphasis). Although it was already known to the Achaemenids, P. entered the Greek geographical consciousness only through the campaigns of Alexander. In 326 BC Alexander [4] conquered P. as far as the Hyphasis, though it hardly resulted in founding any Greek settlements; P. was instead administe…

[German version] (H. in Arr.,  Hypanis in Str., Diod. Sic. and Dionys. Per., Hypasis in Curt. and Plin. HN, Bipasis in Ptol.; all of them possibly passed down from Old Indian Vipāśā- through Iranian); one of the five main rivers of the Punjab, modern Satlaǧ/Beas. At the upper reaches (modern Beas) was the point from which Alexander returned to the  Hydaspes. Thus the Satlaǧ ( Zaradrus of Ptol.), which lies further to the east, remained unknown for the most part to the Alexander historians, and also the lower course, which bot…

[German version] (Ζάραδρος/ Záradros, in manuscripts also Ζάδαδρος/ Zádadros). Indian river in Ptol. 7,1,27 and 42; Sydrus in Plin. HN 6,21,63; Old Indo-Iranian Śutudrī (in the Veda), Śatadru (in Epic), modern Sutlej, an eastern tributary of the Indus [1] in the Punjab. The river rises in the western Himalayas, flows through the Kulindrene region and then into the Indus. As the easternmost of its tributaries it was not noticed by Alexander [4] the Great and therefore not mentioned in Alexander literature. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography H. Treidler, s. v. Z., RE 9 A, 23…

[German version] (Town in India, Hecat. in Steph. Byz.; Caspatyrus of Hdt. 4,44). Here Scylax had begun his journey with the fleet of Darius I down the Indus and through the sea to Egypt. An identification with Multan (as Kāśyapapura) in the Punjab hardly is possible; C. should rather be looked for west of the Indus, perhaps on the Kabul River, as the journey first took an easterly direction. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography K. Karttunen, India in Early Greek Literature, 1989, 41-46.

[German version] (Θράσων; Thrásōn). Indo-Greek king in the Punjab at about the beginning of the 1st cent. BC, recorded only on a number of coins, Middle Indic Thrasa. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography Bopearachchi, 106 f.; 310.

[German version] River ‘at the eastern edge of the world’ (Verg. Ecl. 1,65); probably not in Crete (as stated correctly by Serv. Aen. ad loc., rather it was a variation on Oxus, old Iranian Vaxshu, which, according to Plin. HN 6,48 and Iust. 1,8,2 flows out of the Oaxus lacus. A further variation is Araxes [2]. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography E. Kirsten, s.v. O. (1), RE 17, 1686f.  E. Meyer, s.v. O. (1), RE Suppl. 12, 897f.

[German version] (Δάρδαι; Dárdai). A people in north-west India, Darada in Old Indo-Aryan, today known as the Dards and resident in the region known as Dardistan on the upper reaches of the Indus. Hdt. 3, 102ff. places them in the region below the sources of the Indus where the Δαράδραι ( Darádrai) mentioned by Ptol. 7,1,4 are also to be found. Also mentioned by Plin. HN 6,67 and 11,111 ( Dardae, probably following Megasthenes), Dionys. Per. 1138, Steph. Byz. i.a. According to Megasthenes (F 23b bei Str. 15,1,44), the Δέρδαι ( Dérdai) live on a high plateau in the east and steal gold …