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[German version] (Ἁγνωνίδης; Hagnōnídēs). Son of Nicoxenus of Pergase. In 325/4 BC claimant in a naval document (IG II2 1629a 14f.). Accused in the Harpalus affair by Dinarchus (Hyp. in Demosthenem 40; Dion. Hal. de Dinarcho, 10f.). After the defeat of Athens in 322, the banished H. was able to stay in the Peloponnese through the mediation of Phocion. Later however H. instigated the latter's execution (May 318; Plut. Phocion 33-37; Nepos Phocion 3,3). Attested as the claimant again in 318/7 (IG II2…

(Λυκοῦργος/ Lykoûrgos, ep. Λυκόοργος/ Lykóorgos, Lat. Lucurgus, Lycurgus). [German version] [1] Son of Dryas Son of Dryas, in Nonnus also son of Ares (Nonnus, Dion. 20,149 et passim), opponent of Dionysus, who drives the latter's nurses over the unidentified Nysḗïon mountains ( Nysa) with the bouplḗx (‘ox beater’) and intimidates the mad god to such an extent that he dives into the sea to Thetis (Hom. Il. 6,128-140). While in Aeschylus' tetralogy Lykourgeía (TrGF 3 T 68: Ēdōnoí F 57-67, Bassárai/- rídes F 23-25, Neānískoi F 146-149, Lykoûrgos F 124-126) L. is king of the Thracian …

(Πολύβιος; Polýbios). [German version] [1] (Physician) see Polybus [6] Physician, see Polybus [6] Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) [German version] [2] Greek historian, 3rd/2nd. cent. BC Greek historian. Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) [German version] A. Life Son of Lycortas, the leading statesman of the Achaean League (Achaea with map), from Megalopolis. He was born before 199 BC (as hípparchos, i.e. holder of the second highest office within the Achaean League in 169 BC, he must have been at least 30 years old), died in around 120 BC (according to Ps.-Lucian.…

[German version] (Νικαρέτη/ Nikarétē). Daughter of a prominent family from Megara. Student of the philosopher Stilpo (Ath. 13,596e). The sources present her as a courtesan of Stilpo (Diog. Laert. 2,114 acc. to Onetor) and of the orator Stephanus (Ath. 13,593f). Her love for Stilpo earned her ridicule from the comedian Crates [1] (Diog. Laert. 2,118). The association with Stephanus is believed to be based on mistaken identity (with Neaera [6]). Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)

[German version] (Μαχαιρίων; Machairíōn). Name of the Spartan (or Mantinaean) who is said to have killed Epaminondas in the battle of Mantinaea (in 362 BC) (Paus. 8,11,5; the Athenian Gryllus [2], who is also mentioned there, is ruled out as the perpetrator as he had, according to Ephorus, already fallen in battle: FGrH 70 F 85). According to Diodorus (15,86), Epaminondas was killed ‘with a spear’ ( dórati) in the middle of the battle; Plutarch (Agesilaus 35), basing his views on the epigrammatist Dioscorides, however, mentions an Anticrates whose descendants call themselves Machairíon…

(Λύσανδρος; Lýsandros). [German version] [1] Spartan fleet commander, end of the 5th cent. BC Spartiate, son of Aristocritus. Reports that the family, which traces its family tree back to Hercules and was connected to king Libys of Cyrene through hospitality (Diod. Sic. 14,13,5-6; Paus. 6,3,14), was impoverished (Plut. Lysander = Lys. 2,1) and that L. was considered a móthax (foster-brother of a citizen's boy, móthakes ) (Phylarchos FGrH 81 F 43; Ael. VH 12,43), appear to be based on deliberate defamation. L. became fleet commander ( naúarchos) of the Spartan fleet in Rhodes ( Pe…

(Νικαγόρας/ Nikagóras). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Zelia, c. 330 BC According to the Greek historian Bato of Sinope (Athenaeus 7,289b-c = FHG 4, 348 fragment 1), N. was tyrant of Zelia. He is identical with the N. mentioned by Clement of Alexandria (Protrepticus 4,48), a contemporary of Alexander [4] the Great's and possibly tyrant by the grace of Darius [3] III [1. 229]. N. fell from power after the battle on the Granicus (in this context possibly Syll.3 279,7) and the town of Zelia apologized to Alexander (Arr. Anab. 1,17,2). Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 H.G. Lolling, Mi…

(Λεοντιάδης; Leontiádēs). [German version] [1] Theban leader at the Battle of Thermopylae, 5th cent. BC Theban, leader of the contingent which, on the order of Leonidas [1], had to take part in the battle about the Thermopylae (480 BC). The Thebans were suspected of pro-Persian sympathies, and during the battle they did indeed defect to the Persians (Hdt. 7,205; 233). Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) [German version] [2] Theban politician, c. 400 BC (Plut.: Λεωντίδης/ Leōntídēs), Theban politician, leader of a party of pro-Spartan property owners (Hell. Oxy. 15 Barto…

[German version] (Κρατησίπολις; Kratēsípolis). Wife of Alexander [8], married before 314 BC. After her husband was murdered in 314, she succeeded in establishing herself in the area he ruled, the centres of Corinth and Sicyon (Diod. Sic. 19,67) and maintained power with the aid of  Polyperchon (Diod. Sic. 19,74). In 308, C. handed the rule of her cities to Ptolemy I (Diod. Sic. 20,37), outwitting the mercenaries on Acrocorinth in the process (Polyaenus, Strat. 8,58), and retired to Pagae, where Demetrius [2] Poliorketes wanted to pay her a visit in 307 BC (Plut. Demetrius 9). Dreyer, B…

(Μαντίθεος; Mantítheos). [German version] [1] Athenian counciller ca. 415 BC Athenian, involved in the mutilation of the Herms ( Herms, mutilation of the) while a councillor in 415 BC (And. 1,43,4), fled to Sparta and then, like Alcibiades [3], to Asia Minor, where they were arrested at Sardes. They escaped to Clazomenae in 411 (Xen. Hell. 1,1,10). In 409, M. was named as one of a delegation to the Persian King (Xen. Hell. 1,3,13), and in 408 he was entrusted with the supervision (see Epimeletai) of the Athenian conquests on the Hellespont, while Alcibiades returned to Athens. Dreyer, Boris…

(Κήδων; Kḗdōn). [German version] [1] Athenian, attempted before 514 BC to topple the tyrannis of the Peisistratids Athenian, possibly of the  Alcmaeonid family, attempted in vain before 514 BC to topple the tyrannis of the  Peisistratids. This glorious deed was later commemorated at symposia with a  scolion (Aristot. Ath. pol. 20,5). Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) Bibliography Rhodes, 248. [German version] [2] Athenian, commander of the left wing in the naval battle of Naxos 376 BC Athenian, under Chabrias he commanded the left wing in the naval battle of Naxos (and…

(Γέλων; Gélōn). [German version] [1] Greatest Sicilian tyrant prior to Dionysius I, about 491-479 BC Son of Deinomenes from Gela, greatest Sicilian tyrant prior to Dionysius I, period of reign c. 491-478 BC. Firstly bodyguard, later master-of-horse of Hippocrates of Gela, after whose death in 491 he usurped the tyrannis over Gela and brought the east Sicilian archḗ of his predecessor, comprising Gela, Camarina, Callipolis, Leontini, Catana, Naxos and numerous Sicilian communities, into his power (Hdt. 7,154). Called to help around 485 by the Syracusan gamoroi (land owners), who …

(Πανταλέων/ Pantaléōn). [German version] [1] King of the Pisates, middle of the 7th cent. BC Son of Omphalion, king of the Pisates (middle of the 7th cent. BC); P.'s rule may have been perceived as tyranny already in his own lifetime (cf. Paus. 6,21,1). He temporarily wrested the organisation of the Olympic Games from the Eleians (Olympia IV.; Paus. 6,22,2) [1. 220f.]. His support of the Messenians in the second of the Messenian Wars (Str. 8,4,10) is a later invention [2. 153f.]. Meier, Mischa (…

(Κηφισόδωρος; Kēphisódōros). [German version] [1] Writer of Old Comedy Poet of the Attic Old Comedy, for whom Lysias records a not further specified victory in 402 BC (Lys. or. 21,4) and whose name also appears on the list of winners at the Dionysia (after Nicophon and Theopompus) [1. test. 2; 3]. The titles of four pieces are transmitted (Ἀμαζόνες/‘The Amazons, Ἀντιλαΐς/‘Antilaïs, Τροφώνιος/‘Trophonius, Ὕς/‘Hys) as well as a total of 13 verses; the longest fragment of these contains five verses of a dia…

(Λέαινα; Léaina). [German version] [1] Hetaera of Aristogiton [1], 6th cent. BC Legendary hetaera of Aristogeiton [1]. After the murder of Hipparchus [1], Hippias [1] allegedly raped and killed her (Paus. 1,23,1f.; Plut. Mor. 505E; Ath. 596f; Cic. fr. 8,12 Merguet). In another version, she bit off her tongue while being tortured by Hippias so she would not betray her lover (Polyaenus, Strat. 8,45). A bronze lioness was supposedly erected to commemorate her. The name of…

(Πανταλέων). [English version] [1] König der Pisaten, Mitte 7. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des Omphalion, König der Pisaten (Mitte 7. Jh.v.Chr.); P.s Herrschaft wurde möglicherweise schon zu seinen Lebzeiten als Tyrannis empfunden (vgl. Paus. 6,21,1). Er entriß den Eleern kurzfristig die Leitung der Olympischen Spiele (Olympia IV.; Paus. 6,22,2) [1. 220f.]. Seine Unterstützung der Messenier im 2. Messenischen Krieg (Strab. 8,4,10) ist spätere Erfindung [2. 153f.]. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Bibliography 1 L. de Libero, Di…

(Νικαγόρας). [English version] [1] Tyrann von Zeleia, um 330 v.Chr. Nach dem griech. Historiker Baton von Sinope (Athenaios 7,289b-c = FHG 4, 348 fr. 1) war N. Tyrann von Zeleia; mit dem bei Clemens von Alexandreia (Protreptikos 4,48) genannten N. gleichzusetzen, Zeitgenosse von Alexandros [4] d.Gr. und Tyrann möglicherweise von Dareios' [3] III. Gnaden [1…

[English version] (Ἁγνωνίδης). Sohn des Nikoxenos aus Pergase. 325/4 v.Chr. Antragsteller in einer Seeurkunde (IG II2 1629a 14f.); wurde im Verlauf der Harpalos-Affäre von Deinarchos (Hyp. in Demosthenem 40; Dion. Hal. de Dinarcho, 10f.) angeklagt. Nach der Niederlage Athens 322 konnte der verbannte H. auf Vermittlung Phokions auf der Peloponnes bleiben. H. betrieb allerdings später dessen Hinrichtung (Mai 318; Plut. Phokion 33-37; Nepos Phocion 3,3). Noch 318/7 als Antragsteller …

(Κηφισόδωρος). [English version] [1] att. Dichter der Alten Komödie, um 400 v. Chr. Dichter der att. Alten Komödie, für den Lysias einen nicht weiter spezifizierten Sieg i. J. 402 bezeugt (Lys. or. 21,4) und dessen Name auch auf der Liste der Dionysiensieger (nach Nikophon und Theopompos) verzeichnet ist [1. test. 2; 3]. Überliefert sind vier Stücktitel (Ἀμαζόνες/‘Die Amazonen, Ἀντιλαΐς/‘Antilaïs, Τροφώνιος/‘Trophonios, Ὕς/‘Hys) und insgesamt 13 Verse; darunter als längstes Fr. fünf Verse eines Dialoges, in dem ein verwei…

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