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[English version] P. Helvius P., röm. Kaiser 31.12.192-28.3. 193. Geb. am 1.8.126 n.Chr. im ligurischen Alba Pompeia (SHA Pert. 1,2; 15,6; Cass. Dio 73,3,1), Sohn eines Freigelassenen. Zunächst zum grammaticus ausgebildet, bewarb er sich mit Hilfe des L. Hedius Lollianus [4] Avitus um eine Centurionenstelle (SHA Pert. 1,5; (Ps.-)Aur. Vict. epit. Caes. 18). Mit Unterstützung des Claudius [II 54] Pompeianus erhielt er den Rang eines eques ( equites Romani D.), der ihm die ritterliche Laufbahn ermöglichte. Um 160 n.Chr., noch unter Antoninus [1] Pius, diente er als praefectus coho…

[English version] P. Marciana stammte aus Africa (Leptis Magna?); sie war seit ca. 175 n.Chr. die erste Frau des Septimius Severus (SHA Sept. Sev. 3,2) und starb um 185 n.Chr. ([1. Nr. 410, 411]; CIL VIII 19494 = ILS 440). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography 1 J.M. Reynolds (ed.), The Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitana, 1952. A.R. Birley, Septimius Severus, 21988, 52; 75; 225  PIR2 P 20  Raepsaet-Charlier, 590.

[German version] [1] Daughter of Ti. Sempronius [I 15] Gracchus, 2nd cent. BC Daughter of Ti. Sempronius [I 15] Gracchus and Cornelia [I 1] (Plut., Ti. Gracchus 1,3), from 150 BC in a childless marriage with P. Cornelius [I 70] Scipio Aemilianus, for whose death in 129 BC she is supposed to have been partly to blame (App. B Civ. 1,20 (83); Liv. Per. 59). Despite the threatening demeanour of the people, in 102 or 101 BC she refused to acknowledge L. Equitius [1] as her nephew (Val. Max. 3,8,6). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography R. A. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, 1994, 48-50. …

[German version] [1] Emperor, 3rd cent. AD Imp. Caes. M.O. (Antoninus) Diadumenianus, son of the emperor M.O. Macrinus, born on 14 or 19 September 208 AD (Cass. Dio 78,34,2; SHA Diad. 5,5). At the beginning of 217 he was given the title of clarissimus puer (CIL XV 7505), shortly afterwards he was also princeps iuventutis and nobilissimus Caesar (Cass. Dio 78,17,1; 19,1; Herodian. 5,4,12; Aur. Vict. Caes. 22,1; AE 1953,54; 1954,8; 1960,36; RIC IV, 2,22). In May 218, after the beginning of the mutiny of troops in Raphanaea in Syria, Macrinus made him Au…

[German version] C. Valens H. Messius Quintus was the younger son of emperor  Decius [II 1] and Herennia Etruscilla. In September AD 250, he was named Caesar and Princeps Iuventutis (AE 1942/43, 55; ILS 518) and, after the death of his father in June 251, adopted by  Trebonianus Gallus and raised to Augustus (Zos. 1,25,1; RIC 4,3, 143ff.), probably to distract from the complicity of Trebonianus in the deaths of his father and brother. Shortly after, he died in Rome of the plague (Aur. Vict. Caes. 30,1; [Aur. Vict.] epit. Ca…

[German version] The fictitious author Trebellius Pollio uses the term triginta tyranni (TT) in the Historia Augusta to refer to 32 usurpers from all parts of the empire supposedly in the period of the emperors Valerianus [2] and Gallienus (253-268) in order to expose their rule as particularly week and bad. He increased the number that was first planned to be 20 (SHA Gall. 21,1) to 30 as an allusion to the Athenian Thirty Tyrants ( triákonta ) (SHA Trig. tyr. 2-31), among them esp. derisively (31,7) two women, Zenobia from Palmyra (30) and Victoria in…

[German version] Term applied to a group of Roman rulers whose feature in common was the fact that they came from Illyrian territory, more broadly the area between the Adriatic and the lower Danube. The sequence already begins with  Decius [II 1] (AD 249-251) but essentially includes the emperors  Claudius [III 2] Gothicus,  Aurelianus [2],  Probus,  Diocletianus,  Maximianus, and  Constantinus [1] I. Even in antiquity these rulers were credited with having little education but they were acknowled…

[German version] Imp. Caes. C. Vibius T. Gallus Augustus (CIL XI 1927), Roman emperor from June AD 251 to August (?) AD 253. Born about 206 in Perusia, from a noble family (Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 31,1), Senator, cos. suff. c. AD 245 (Dexippus FGrH 100 F 22), governor of the province of Moesia inferior AD 250/1 [1. 103 f.]. At Novae[1], he successfully opposed the Goths (Goti) under their king Kniva (Iord. Get. 101 f.). Emperor Decius [II 1] escaped to him after being defeated by the Goths at Beroea[2]. Together they intended to cut off the Germans'…

[German version] P. Helvius P., Roman Emperor 31 Dec. 192-28 Mar. 193. Born 1 Aug. AD 126 in Alba Pompeia in Liguria (SHA Pert. 1,2; 15,6; Cass. Dio 73,3,1), son of a freedman. After being educated as a grammaticus , he applied for a position as centurio with the assistance of L. Hedius Lollianus [4] Avitus (SHA Pert. 1,5; (Ps.-)Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 18). He received the rank of an eques ( equites Romani D) with the support of Claudius [II 54] Pompeianus, which allowed him to pursue an equestrian career. Around AD 160, still in the reign of Antoninus [1] Pius, he served as praefectus cohortis …

[German version] Imperator Caesar M. Opellius Severus M. Augustus. Roman Emperor AD 217-218. Born in 164 (Cass. Dio 78,40,3) or 166 (Chron. pasch. I p. 498 D.) in Caesarea Mauretania, of humble origins (Cass. Dio 78,11,1; SHA Opilius Macrinus (= Macr.) 2,1). M. initially worked as a lawyer, then as procurator of the praef. praet. Fulvius [II 10] Plautianus, whose deposal he survived unharmed thanks to the intervention of L. Fabius [II 6] Cilo (Cass. Dio 78,11,2). Septimius Severus appointed him praefectus vehiculorum per Flaminiam (Cass. Dio 78,11,3), and in c. 208 keeper of the impe…

[German version] Imperator Caesar T. Fulvius Iunius Q. Pius Felix Augustus, younger son of Fulvius Macrianus [2], who served as a military tribune under Valerianus [2] (SHA Trig. Tyr. 12,10; Zon. 12,24 D.). Elevated together with his brother to Augustus by his father before 17 September, AD 260 (RIC 5,2,582 f.; SHA Gall. 1,3-5; SHA Tyr. Trig. 12,10-12), he stayed behind in the east with the praetorian prefect Ballista. After the defeat of his father and brother by Aureolus in Illyria, Q. was also captured in Emesa by its inhabitants in the autumn of AD 261 and killed there. Franke, Thomas (Bo…

[German version] Murdered the Palmyrene prince Odaenathus and his eldest son Herod in Emesa in AD 266/7 (SHA Tyr. Trig. 15,5; 17,1; SHA Gall. 13,1; different in Sync. I p. 717; Zon. 12,24 D.; Zos. 1,39,2). PIR2 M 71. Franke, Thomas (Bochum)

[German version] Iulia Cornelia S., wife of the emperor Gallienus, elevated to Augusta and mater castrorum in AD 254 (IGR 3, 237; AE 1982, 272; RIC V 1, 63; 105; 107-115; 191-200), perished together with her husband in AD 268 outside of Mediolanum [1] (Zon. 12,25). Her three sons were P. Licinius Cornelius Valerianus, P. Licinius [II 6] Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus and Marinianus [3]. Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography Kienast 2, 222 f.  PIR2 C 1499  PLRE 1, 799.

[German version] A powerful praefectus praetorio under the emperor Commodus. Sex.(?) T. Perennis had probably already reached the high rank of praefectus [4] annonae under Marcus [2] Aurelius (his name erased in the Tabula Banasitana ; AE 1971, 534) and was then appointed praefectus praetorio by Commodus along with Tarrutenius Paternus (SHA Comm. 4,7; 14,8; inaccurate in Hdn. 1,8,1); he and the latter disposed of Saoterus, Commodus' influential chamberlain (SHA Comm. 4,5). Shortly afterwards, T. brought about the execution of Paternus (Ca…

[English version] [1] Sab(inius?) M. Statthalter der Prov. Moesia Inferior im J. 241 n.Chr., belegt durch Mz. der Stadt Nikopolis [1. 504-518 Nr. 2040-2107]. Dementsprechend muß er vorher den Suffektkonsulat bekleidet haben. Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography 1 F. Imhoof-Blumer (Hrsg.), Die ant. Mz. Nord-Griechenlands, Bd. 1, 1898. PIR S 2  A. Stein, Die Legaten von Moesien, 1940, 100f. [English version] [2] Flavius Domitius M. Praefectus praetorio Orientis, 369/370 bis 378 (?) n.Chr. Praefectus praetorio Orientis 369/370 bis 378 (?) n.Chr. Aus Arabien stammend, b…

(Ἡρωδιανός). [English version] [1] Ailios H. griech. Grammatiker, 2. Jh. (Αἴλιος Ἡρωδιανός), aus Alexandreia, einer der bedeutendsten griech. Grammatiker, lebte im 2. Jh. n.Chr.; Sohn des Apollonios [11] Dyskolos und dessen würdiger Schüler und Nachfolger. Eine Zeit lang hielt er sich in Rom auf und widmete Kaiser Marc Aurel (161-180) sein Hauptwerk, die Καθολική προσῳδία ( Katholikḗ prosōdía). Zu Recht sieht man in ihm zwar keinen brillanten, jedoch einen sorgfältigen und genauen Grammatiker, den großen Erben und Systematiker der alexandrinischen Tr…

[English version] [1] Flavius Ph. Praef. praetorio orientis, 4. Jh. n. Chr. Praefectus praetorio orientis 344/346-351 n.Chr. Er stammte wahrscheinlich aus einer Curialenfamilie ( curiales [2]; trotz Lib. or. 42,24-25), evtl. aus Chytros auf Kypros (IEph 1a, 41). Über das Notariat und verm. weitere Posten am Hof stieg Ph., ein arianischer Christ (Arianismus), zwischen dem Sommer 344 und dem 28.7.346 zur Praetorianerpraefektur des Ostens auf (Lib. or. 62,11; Cod. Theod. 11,22,1). Ph., der 348 außerdem cos. ord. war, gehörte zu den engsten Vertrauten des Constantius [2] II…

(πολίαρχος). [English version] [1] Oberbeamter in thessalischen Städten (3. Jh. v. Chr.) (“Oberbeamter der Stadt”). Im 3. Jh. v. Chr. gab es in den Städten Thessaliens ein Kollegium von fünf políarchoi, vgl. IG IX 2,459 (Krannon); IG IX 2,1233 (Larisa [1]). Wie die Etym. nahelegt, umfaßte ihr Aufgabenbereich wohl mil. und zivile Belange der Polis. Die Abgrenzung gegenüber dem ebenfalls städtischen Kollegium der tágoi ist unklar (siehe [2]). Der archipolíarchos hatte den Vorsitz inne (IG IX 2,1233). Tagos; Thessaloi, Thessalia Beck, Hans (Köln) Bibliography 1 B. Helly, L'état Th…

[English version] [1] Statthalter von Pannonien und Moesien, 260 n. Chr. gegen Gallienus zum Kaiser ausgerufen Statthalter von Pannonien und Moesien, wurde 260 n.Chr. von den moesischen Legionen gegen Gallienus zum Kaiser ausgerufen, nachdem Valerianus in persische Gefangenschaft geraten war und die Sarmaten mit einem Einfall drohten (SHA trig. tyr. 9,1; Aur. Vict. Caes. 33,2; Zon. 12,24, p. 143 D). Der Reiterführer des Gallienus, Aureolus, besiegte ihn bei Mursa in der Nähe von Sirmium; auf der Flucht verlor I…

[English version] [1] M.M.Avitus Catonius Vindex Cos. suff. ca. 175 n.Chr. Sohn von M. [4]. Begann seine Laufbahn als Ritter mit den quattuor militiae, wobei er 169 n.Chr. von Marcus [2] Aurelius dona militaria erhielt. Procurator von Dacia Malvensis. Aufnahme in den Senat, Legat von Moesia superior, vielleicht als Praetorier; Suffektconsul wohl 175; consularer Statthalter von Moesia inferior vor dem J. 177. Mit 42 J. gest., verm. während seiner Statthalterschaft in Moesia inferior (CIL VI 1449 = ILS 1107). PIR2 M 22. Eck, Werner (Köln) [English version] [2] C.M. Decianus Statthal…