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[German version] King of a Germanic people. Plin. HN 2,170 calls him (without explicitly mentioning the name A.) rex Sueborum, Mela 3,45 rex Botorum (= Nep. F 29), Caes. B. Gall. 1,31,10 and Front. Strat. 2,1,16 rex Germanorum and Liv. per. 104 dux. The Roman terms are imprecise (the term Suebi was only a collective designation for Germanic tribes on the right Rhine bank, the Boti are unknown), maybe A. was a ruler of the Triboci, who lived in Alsace and the Palatinate [2. 510: Tribocorum instead of Botorum]. Our knowledge depends almos…

[German version] (Τολμίδης/ Tolmídēs). Son of Tolmaeus, Athenian stratēgós in the years 457-455, 452, 451, 448 and 447 BC [1. 75 ff.]. After the murder of Ephialtes [2], in the 450s T. became the most important democratic politician and exponent of an aggressive naval league policy (Delian League). T.' often assumed political independence from Pericles [1] is an anachronism (cf. Plut. Pericles 16,3). In 456/5, T. commanded a successful naval operation against the Peloponnese (Thuc. 1,108), in 447 he settled Attic klēroûchoi on Euboea, Naxos and probably …

[German version] H.'s early career is shrouded in mystery. He probably served as a legate in Gallia from c. 54 (Cic. Fam. 16,27,1-2). He became a devoted follower of Caesar, to whom he owed his further advancement (Cic. Phil. 13,24). In 49 he accompanied Caesar to Spain, in 47 he stayed with him in Antioch; apart from that he defended Caesar's interests in Rome. The office of people's tribune in 48 is not certain. His introduction of a law aimed against the followers of Pompey ( rogatio Hirtia, CIL I2 2,604), later to be abolished (Cic. Phil. 13,32), must fall into the year 46, when…

[German version] Ruler of the  Remi ( primus civitatis), allied with Rome since 57 BC; in the same year, as he was in command of Bibrax, he held the city against an assault by the Belgae until the arrival of assistance from Rome (Caes. B Gall. 2,3,1; 6,4; 7,1).  Caesar Will, Wolfgang (Bonn)

[German version] Celt from the people of the Arverni, born in c. 82 BC. His father Celtillus, whom the Romans considered the 'first man' ( princeps) in all of Gaul, was - like Arminius - murdered by members of his tribe, because he aspired to be king (Caes. B Gall. 7,4,1). Knowledge of V. is concentrated entirely on the year 52 BC; the main source, Caesar (= C.), is problematic, because he personalizes the Celtic resistance in V. and does not confront V. without Roman prejudices when recognizing his military performanc…

(Πάραλος; Páralos). [German version] [1] Son of Pericles Son of Pericles [1] from his first marriage. He died of the plague in 430/429 BC (Plut. Pericles 36,8). Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) [German version] [2] (Athenian ship of state), see Salaminia (Athenian ship of state) see Salaminia

[German version] (Λυσικλῆς; Lysiklês). L. was a friend of Pericles and like the latter supported aggressive Athenian policy in relation to Sparta (Aristoph. Equ. 765: predecessor of Cleon). A L. was (in 432 BC ?) the petitioner for a decree regarding naval weapons and regarding Apollo of Delos (IG I2 128 l. 3; supplements in SEG 21, 37, IG I3 130a). After 429 BC, L. married Pericles' widow Aspasia (Plut. Pericles 24), in 428/7 as a strategos he fell in battle in Caria (Thuc. 3,19,1f.). Aristophanes has him appear in the ‘Equites’ as a small cattle wholesaler (Aristoph. Equ. 132 with schol.). Wil…

[German version] Sister of  Hirtius. In 46 BC she was evidently offered by her brother to Cicero as a possible wife after his divorce from Terentia. Cicero declined on the grounds that marriage and philosophy are incompatible (Hieron. Adversus Iovinianum 1,48), and married the young and rich Publilia. H. is probably alluded to in a letter written by Cicero (Att. 12,11) dated November 46 BC, in which he informs Atticus that he had never seen anything so ugly ( nihil vidi foedius). Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) Bibliography J. Kerschensteiner, Cicero und Hirtius, in: FS S. Lauffer, vol. 2,…

[German version] A. Naso, M., author of a work about  Caesar and his time. This work was obviously directed against Caesar, accused him of participating in the so-called first Catiline conspiracy and also contained gossip (Suet. Iul. 9,3; 52,1). Will, Wolfgang (Bonn)

[German version] (Ἡγησάρετος; Hēgēsáretos). Thessalian from Larissa, described as princeps civitatis by Cicero in a letter of recommendation from the year 46 BC (Fam. 13,25). Leader of the Pompeian factio in Thessaly (Caes. B Civ. 3,35,2). Presumably pardoned by Caesar. Will, Wolfgang (Bonn)

[German version] From 61 to 59 BC legate of Q. Tullius Cicero in Asia (Cic. Ad Q. Fr. 1,1,10), in 55 tribunus plebis (MRR 2, 217), in 49 praetor (Cic. Fam. 10,15,3), 48-46 procos. in Sicilia (MRR 2, 275; 288; 296). In this function he supported  Caesar during his African campaign in January 46 with troops (Bell. Afr. 34,4). In 44/43 he was first legate of Trebonius, then of Dolabella (MRR 2, 352). Will, Wolfgang (Bonn)

[German version] In 52 BC, judge in the case against Annius [I 14] Milo (Cic. Mil. 75) regarding the murder of  Clodius [I 4]. Praetor perhaps already in 55 or earlier ([1. 268f.]; MRR 2,295: 46 [?]), promagistrate in Sicily 50-49, proconsul there as well in 45 (MRR 3,96). Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) Bibliography 1 G. V. Sumner, The lex annalis under Caesar, in: Phoenix 25, 1971, 246-271.

[German version] (Πρωτέας/ Prōtéas). Son of Andronicus, Macedonian, probably the same as P., the son of Lanice, nurse of Alexander [4] the Great. In 334/3 BC, by order of Antipater [1] he gathered ships off Euboea and the Peloponnese to protect the islands and mainland. In early summer 333, he succeeded in surprising a Persian forward unit under Datames off the island of Siphnos and capturing eight of its ten ships (Arr. Anab. 2,2,4-5). To do so, P. covered over 120 nautical miles in two night sail…

[German version] Participant in the conspiracy against Caesar (App. B Civ. 2,474; 493). Briefly mentioned in Cicero (Att. 16,4,4; 15,17,2) in connection with his plans to flee in the summer of 44 BC. Will, Wolfgang (Bonn)

[English version] Die anfängliche Karriere des H. liegt im dunkeln. Wahrscheinlich diente er ab ca. 54 v.Chr. als Legat in Gallien (Cic. fam. 16,27,1-2). Er entwickelte sich zu einem unbedingten Gefolgsmann Caesars, dem er schließlich auch seinen weiteren Aufstieg verdankte (Cic. Phil. 13,24). 49 begleitete er Caesar nach Spanien, 47 weilte er bei ihm in Antiocheia, ansonsten vertrat er dessen Interessen in Rom. Das Volkstribunat von 48 ist nicht gesichert, ein von ihm eingebrachtes, später aufgehobenes Gesetz (Cic. Phil. 13,32), das sich gegen die Anhänger des Pompeius richtete ( r…

[English version] König eines german. Volkes. Plin. nat. 2,170 nennt ihn (ohne daß der Name A. explizit fällt) rex Sueborum, Mela 3,45 rex Botorum (= Nep. F 29), Caes. Gall. 1,31,10 bzw. Front. strat. 2,1,16 rex Germanorum und Liv. per. 104 dux. Die röm. Bezeichnungen sind unbestimmt (der Begriff Sueben war nur Sammelbezeichnung für rechtsrheinische Germanenstämme, die Boti sind unbekannt), vielleicht war A. Fürst der im Elsaß bzw. der Pfalz anzusiedelnden Triboker [2. 510: Tribocorum statt Botorum]. Unsere Kenntnisse beruhen fast auss…

[English version] (Ἡγησάρετος). Thessalier aus Larissa, von Cicero in einem Empfehlungsschreiben aus dem Jahr 46 v.Chr. als princeps civitatis bezeichnet (fam. 13,25). Führer der pompeianischen factio in Thessalien (Caes. civ. 3,35,2). Von Caesar vermutlich begnadigt. Will, Wolfgang (Bonn)

[English version] Teilnehmer an der Verschwörung gegen Caesar (App. civ. 2,474; 493). Kurze Erwähnung bei Cicero (Att. 16,4,4; 15,17,2) im Zusammenhang mit Fluchtplänen im Sommer 44 v.Chr. Will, Wolfgang (Bonn)

[English version] Schwester des Hirtius, die Cicero im Jahre 46 v.Chr. nach der Scheidung von Terentia offenbar von ihrem Bruder als Ehefrau angetragen wurde. Cicero lehnte mit der Begründung, Ehe und Philosophie vertrügen sich nicht (Hieron. adv. Iovinianum 1,48), ab und heiratete die junge und reiche Publilia. Vermutlich bezieht sich auch ein Brief Ciceros (Att. 12,11) vom Nov. 46 auf H., in dem er Atticus mitteilte, er habe noch nie etwas Häßlicheres gesehen ( nihil vidi foedius). Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) Bibliography J. Kerschensteiner, Cicero und Hirtius, in: FS S. Lauffer,…

[English version] A. Naso, M., Verf. eines Werkes über Caesar bzw. seine Zeit. Es war offenbar gegen diesen gerichtet, beschuldigte ihn der Teilnahme an der sog. 1. Catilinarischen Verschwörung und enthielt auch Klatschgeschichten (Suet. Iul. 9,3; 52,1). Will, Wolfgang (Bonn)