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[I] (Ἄξιος; Áxios). Largest river in  Macedonia, today Vardar; rises in Sar Planina and flows into the Aegean to the west of Thessalonica. Barely navigable owing to its gorges, the A. valley does, however, form the main overland route between the Aegean and the region around the Danube, a route which has been in use from the time of antiquity and is still used today. The A. flowed through the settlement territories of the Dardani, the Paeones and the Macedones (Amphaxitis). [II] Plebeian gentile name, mentioned in records since the 3rd cent. BC and possibly connected with th…

[German version] [1] Roman cognomen Roman cognomen ('calf bone'), recorded for L. Cornelius [I 56] Lentulus S. etc. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCIR, 269  Kajanto, Cognomina, 63; 226. [German version] [2] Aemilius S. Author of a work of history In a gloss on Vell. Pat. 1,6,6, an excerpt from a work by a certain Aemilius S. with the title De annis populi Romani is cited as a supplement to Velleius' presentation of the genealogical derivation of the Macedonian royal house. The excerpt contains an account of the successive five empires…

Roman family name of Etruscan origin ( Ceicna, Schulze, 75, 285, 567; ThlL, Onom. 15f.), whose bearers belonged to the city aristocracy of Volaterrae (cf. Cic. Fam. 6,6,9), where the family is attested in several branches and partly through richly adorned graves. (CIE 18-24; 36-42 et al.). The lineage appeared in Rome from the 1st cent. BC, but never lost its links with its homeland (cognomen Tuscus in C. [II 9]); villa of the Roman city prefect of AD 414, Caecina Decius Atinatius Albinus, (PLRE 1, 50)…

Gentilicium of a plebeian gens, verifiable from the 3rd cent. BC. The most important branches are the Aviolae (imperial era), Balbi and especially the Glabriones, who are documented from the 3rd cent. BC to the end of the 5th cent. AD [1]. In Rome there was a compitum Acilium, on which the first Greek doctor in Rome was settled in 219 (Plin. HN 29,12 [2. 98]), on the Pincio the horti Aciliorum, in the imperial era the most famous gardens of Rome [2. 195 f.; 3. 488 ff.]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican era [German version] [I 1] Soldier in Caesar's tenth legion Brave soldier in Ca…

Common Roman cognomen, originally designating the second-born child. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Saturninius S. Salutius Praef. praet. Orientis 361-365 and 365-366 ( iterum), from a non-senatorial family in Gallia, a non-Christian. Between 324 and 350, he held several offices at court as well as governorships in the western part of the empire. In 355-359, he held the quaestura sacri palatii at the court of Caesar Iulianus [11] (CIL VI 1764 = ILS 1255) in Gallia who came to trust S. and, upon his rise to Augustus after the death of Co…

Oscan praenomen and Oscan/Lat. gentilic. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] Pontius, Gavius Samnite general, delivered Rome its defeat 321 BC at Caudium Samnite general who in 321 BC famously defeated the Romans at Caudium and sent them 'under the yoke' (Liv. 9,2,6-6,4). The fact that the Samnite leader in the Social War (Social Wars [3]), P. [I 4], had the same name is no proof that P.' name entered the tradition only later. The annalistic tradition (in Liv. 9, 15,8), however, of P.'…

Originally an Oscan nomen gentile. The family belonged to the urban nobility of Benventum; the sources show it gaining kinship with one of the leading Roman noble families through the marriage, probably c. 300 BC, of one of its daughters, Otacilia, to a relative of the gens Fabia (Fabius) (Liber de praenominibus 6; Fest. 174 L). This no doubt contributed to the rapid rise of family members O. [I 2] and O. [I 3] to the consulship. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] O. Crassus Prefect of Pompeius at Lissus, 48 BC Prefect of Cn. Pompeius at Lissus in 4…

(also Poblicius, Poplicius, Populicius). Name of a Roman plebeian family, known from the 3rd cent. BC onwards, but not politically significant. During the Late Republic the name was often assumed by public slaves ( servi publici) after manumission as a token of their former status. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] P., Q. Praetor between 69 and 66 BC; after that, presumably governor in Asia Praetor between 69 and 66 BC; after that, presumably governor of the province of Asia (Cic. Clu. 126; Cic. Ad Q. Fr. 1,2,14?; MRR 2,143; 150). Bartels, Jens (Bon…

Roman cognomen, probably originally referring to an origin ‘in the mountains’; in the Republican period it was found in the family of the Tarpeii, in the Imperial period also among the Iulii and Venuleii. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] One of the proceres of Domitian One of the proceres (‘leading men’), whom Domitianus [1], according to Juvenal (4,107; 131f.), gathered at his farm in the Alban Hills. He was certainly a senator; as a number of senators of this period bore the cognomen M., identification is uncertain, but he is most likely to have been T. Iunius M., cos. suff…

[German version] A. (Roman) Name of a Roman plebeian family, of which the branch of the Planci acquired political significance in the 1st century BC. Its most prominent member is M. [I 4], cos. in 42 BC. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] M. Flaccus, L. Took part in an attempt on the life of Cassius Longinus in 48 BC From Hispania Baetica; he escaped after a failed attempt on the life of the Q. Cassius [I 16] Longinus, a follower of Caesar's, in Corduba in 48 BC (Bell. Alex. 52,3f.). In 46/5 as a follower of the younger…

[No German version] I. Greek Degani, Enzo (Bologna) Bibliography GA 2,1,11 f.; 2,2,13-16. [German version] [I 1] Epigrammatic poet of Nicaea. Author of three interesting epigrams from the ‘Garland’ of Philippus: the astounding lament of a ship that -- having escaped shipwreck -- returns to port ‘with a cargo of corpses’ (Anth. Pal. 9,218), and two descriptions of works of art, the first (Anth. Pal. 7,623) a famous painting by Aristides of Thebes (Plin. HN 35,98), the second (Anth. Pal. 9,756) seems to illustrate …

Roman family name, maybe originally Samnitic (cf. Schulze, 187f.), epigraphically also attested from central Italy. Name bearers in Rome are known from the 2nd cent. BC onwards. Egnat(i)us is uniquely also transmitted as a praenomen (Val. Max. 6,3,9. Plin. HN 14,89; [1]). I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] E., Gellius Leader of the Samnites in the 3rd Samnite War from 296 BC on Leader of the Samnites in the 3rd Samnite War, who brought about a coalition between the Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians and Celts against Rome in 296. Their united army was de…

Probably originally the vulgar Latin form of the Roman proper name Plautius, an independent nomen gentile at the latest from the 1st cent. BC onwards. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] P. Gallus, L. Lat. rhetoric teacher, 1st cent. BC The first teacher of Latin rhetoric attested for Rome at the beginning of the 1st cent. BC who held his classes in Latin and on Roman matters and was very popular (cf. Cic. in Suet. Gram. 26). An edict of the censors of 92 BC, especially Cicero's teacher Licinius [I 10]…

(Ὀρέστης; Oréstēs). [German version] [1] Son of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra Son of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra, who took brutal revenge on his mother and her lover Aegisthus for the murder of his father. The story, which is told in the Nostoi (EpGF p. 67,25-27; PEG I p. 95), was already familiar to the author of the Odyssey (Hom. Od. 1,29ff., 298ff.; 3,193ff., 248ff., 303ff.; 4,90-92, 512ff.; 11,387ff.; 24,20ff., 93ff., 192ff.); depending on the context, the story serves as a foil, either negatively for Penelope, the faithful wife (vs. Clytaemnestra…

Roman proper name, possibly derived from the first name Helvus. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] H., C. Praetor in 198 BC in Gallia Cisalpina In 199 BC plebeian aedile, in 198 praetor in Gallia Cisalpina (Liv. 32,7,13), in 189 legate of Cn.  Manlius Vulso in the campaign against the Galatians of Asia Minor (Pol. 21,34,2-4; Liv. 38,14,4f. etc.). MRR 1,327; 330; 364. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] H., M. Praetor in 197 BC in Hispania Citerior In 198 plebeian aedile, in 197 praetor in Hispania citerior. Kept there until 195 because of an illne…

Roman gens name from Etruria, whose bearers first appear in the 1st cent. BC. With V. [II 2] Saturninus the family was ennobled under the emperor Augustus and in the 1st cent. AD was able to amass considerable wealth (large burial site on the via Appia: CIL VI 7281-7393). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] Haruspex (Haruspices) in the retinue of C. Verres 73-71 BC, several times appointed recuperator in - according to Cicero (Verr. 2,2,75; 2,3,28; 54; 137) - unfair lawsuits. Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] V., Cn. Travelled with C. Pompt…

Italian nomen gentile, with many bearers in Ameria (CIL XI 4507-16) and Lanuvium (CIL XIV 3225-7). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] R., L. Roman envoy killed in 438 BC by the Fidenati A Roman envoy killed in 438 BC together with his three colleagues by the Fidenati (Fidenae); because of this all three were honoured with statues on the Rostra (Cic. Phil. 9,4; Liv. 4,17,2-6). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] R., Sex. Father and son; the latter was defended by Cicero in 80 BC against the accusation of patricide and embezzlement From Ameria; so…

(Οἰνόμαος/ Oinómaos). [German version] [1] King of Pisa Mythological king of Pisa in the region of Elis, son of Ares and Asterope, father of Hippodamia [1] and Leucippus [2]. He forced his daughter's suitors to undergo a test by taking part in a chariot race. He used to kill the defeated suitors, until Pelops defeated O. with the help of his crafty charioteer Myrtilus [1], who replaced the linchpins holding the wheels on O.'s chariot with ones made of wax. Pelops won the race and the hand of Hippodamia,…

(In an older form also Peinarius, CIL I2 1357; 2469f.). Name of a patrician gens. According to tradition, they maintained a cult for Hercules at the Ara Maxima together with the Potitii (further evidence there). Hercules himself - or Evander [1] - is said to have transferred the cult to them at an extremely early time. The derivation of the name from πεινᾶν ( peinân, 'starve') is a scholarly construction based on the P. having had the smaller share in the sacrifices for Hercules (Serv. Aen. 8,270, i.a.). The family was also traced back to Pinus, the ostensib…

Name of a Roman plebeian family, documented since the first cent. BC (the name in Liv. 4,54,3 is probably a later invention). Under Augustus the family attained the consulate, but it disappeared at the end of the first cent. AD. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] S., P. Praetor c. 58 or 52 BC, as propraetor of Bithynia et Pontus 51-50 BC addressee of laudatory letters from Cicero (Cic. Fam. 13,47; 61-65; cf. 7,21). S., who was regarded as an authority on Asia Minor, brought an inheritance lawsuit in 44 BC (Cic. Att. 7,1,8). His son is probably S. [II 7]. Fündli…

Roman family name, variant of Venilius (Schulze, 378; 458). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] L. V. Apronianus Octavius Priscus Son of V. [4]. Cos. ord. in AD 123; procos. of Asia 138/9, SEG 36, 987. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography Scheid, Collège, 338-342. [German version] [2] L. V. Apronianus Octavius Priscus Senator. Son of V. [1]. Although a Patrician, after a praetorship he took on command of the Legio I Italica in Moesia Inferior. Cos. suff. under Antoninus [1] Pius; also a consular legate in Hispania Tarraconensis. Cos. ord. II in AD 168. Eck, Werner (Cologne) B…

Plebeian family name, documented in Rome since the 1st cent. BC (on the derivation of asinus [1], on Etruscan parallels [2]). The family, whose most famous name-bearer was Asinus Pollio, originally came from Teate Marrucinorum (modern Chieti), was a member of the patrician class since the Augustan period and was particularly prominent in the 1st cent. AD. I. Republic [German version] [I 1] A. Senator (mid-1st cent. BC) Senator, supporter of Antony at Mutina in 43 BC (Cic. Phil. 13, 28). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 A. Hug, s.v. Spitznamen, RE 3 A, 1829 2 Schulze, 129. …

(Ἡρῴδης; Hērṓidēs). [German version] [1] H. I.; Herod the Great. Born in c. 73 BC, son of  Antipater [4] and the Arabian woman Cyprus. In 47 appointed strategos of Galilaea, he came into conflict with the Sanhedrin of Jerusalem because of the execution on his own authority of persons involved in a revolt. The Roman governor of Syria Sex.  Iulius [I 11] Caesar made him the strategos of Coilesyria and Samaria. In 43 he proved himself to be indispensable to one of the murderers of Caesar, C.  Cassius [I 10], in the exploitation of the land, likewise in 41 after …

Name of an originally Etruscan plebeian family (Etruscan form Velimna) that was significant in the early Republic. The Volumnii of the 1st cent. BC are not its descendants. The tomb of the V. in Perusia (modern Perugia) with bilingual inscriptions (CIL XI 1963 - CIE 3763) was used from the 2nd cent. onwards. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] V., P. Fought in 42 BC as a friend of M. Iunius [I 10] Brutus in the battle of Philippi, and wrote about it in a now lost work (Plut. Brutus 48; 51). Possibly identical to V. [4]? Bartels, Jens (Bonn) [German version] [2] V. Amintinus Gallus…

Plebeian family name (on coins also Cornuficius, RRC 509); in origin probably the name of a trade (Schulze, 417), historically attested from the 1st cent. BC. [German version] [1] C., L. People's tribune 43 BC, follower of Octavian Son of C. [2], follower of Octavian ( Augustus) in 43 BC, as people's tribune, he accused M. Iunius Brutus of the murder of Caesar (Plut. Brut. 272), in 38 and 36 fought as legate (?) against S.  Pompeius in the Adriatic and in Sicily (App. B Civ. 5,339f.; 360ff; 462ff.; Vell. Pat. 2,79,4). In 35 he was c…

Roman family name (also Offellius, Offillius etc.), probably from the Oscan praenomen Of(f)ellus, which also appears as a cognomen (a landowner in Venusia: Hor. Sat. 2,2,2f.; 53f.; 112ff.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] O. Tribunus militum, 36 BC Tribunus militum in 36 BC, mocked rewards handed out by Octavian (Augustus) as paltry, whereupon according to Appian he vanished without trace (App. B Civ. 5,532f.). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) [German version] [2] O., A. Roman jurist Jurist, see Ofilius Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2a] O. Ferus, C. Campanian …

Roman family name, evident from the 3rd. cent. BC, in Rome from the 1st cent. (Schulze, 135 ThlL, Onom. 49-51). I. Republican Age [German version] [I 1] C., L. Mint master 112 or 111 BC Mint master 112 or 111 BC (RRC 298), perhaps identical with the praetor or propraetor of Hispania ulterior of 104 BC (AE 1984, 495). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography D. Nörr, Aspekte des röm. Völkerrechtes, 1989, 24-27. [German version] [I 2] C., M. Praetor in 75 BC Praetor in 75 BC. (Cic. Verr. 2,1,130; MRR 3,44f.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) II. Imperial Age [German version] [II 1] C. Anthianus, …

I. Roman women [German version] [I 1] Name of two sisters of C. Marius [I 1] Name of two sisters of C. Marius [I 1]; one was the wife of M. Gratidius [2] and mother of C. Marius [I 7] Gratidianus, the other one was the mother of C. Lusius [I 1]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] Possibly wife of Honorius Mentioned by Claudianus (Laus Serenae 69), possibly wife of Honorius [2], the brother of Theodosius I, therefore the mother of Serena and Thermantia. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography J. R. Martindale, Notes on the Consuls of 381 and 382, in: Hi…

Roman plebeian gens name, whose bearers may have originated from the territory of the Volscians and who rose to prominence (in several branches) during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. They rose to consular rank only with M. [I 4]. The descent of the gens from the Trojan Mnestheus (Verg. Aen. 5,117) is a late-Republican construction. An aedile called M. supposedly instituted the Cerealia (before 211 BC; RRC 427). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] M., C. Popular politician at the end of the 2nd cent. BC Popular politician at the end of the 2nd centur…

Lat. gentile name (Etruscan arntni ?) also as Arentius in inscriptions, derived from the Etruscan name Arruns ([1]; ThLL 2,647). The gens appeared in Rome in the 1st cent. BC, attained the consulate under Augustus and was then probably accepted into the patriciate at that time (see Stat. Silv. 1.2.71 concerning the poet Arruntius [II 12] Stella). I. Republic [German version] [I 1] A. Father and son, died 43 BC In 43 BC, father and son were proscribed outlaws by the Triumvirate and killed (App. B Civ. 4,86). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] A., L. (middle of 1st cent. BC) In…

Latin nomen gentile. [German version] [1] R., C. Took part in the murder of the tribune of the people Appuleius [I 11] in 100 BC, accused of this crime in 63 and defended by Cicero Wealthy Roman equestrian with estates in Apulia and Campania. In 100 BC, he took part in the murder of the tribune of the people L. Appuleius [I 11] Saturninus, for which he was probably later rewarded with a seat in the Senate; in 89, he was on the staff of Cn. Pompeius [I 8] Strabo (ILLRP 515). Attacked on numerous occasions by the populares as a supporter of the Senate, in 63 he was accused of the murder of A…

Common Roman cognomen. Most famously the poet  Silius I. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] King of the Cherusci from 47 AD Son of the Cheruscan  Flavus (the brother of  Arminius) and of a daughter of the Chatti leader Actumerus, born and raised in Rome. Because the quarrelling nobility demand I. as king of the  Cherusci, emperor  Claudius [III 1] installs this last offshoot of the stirps regia as king in AD 47 (Tac. Ann. 11,16); this shows the new development of Romano-Germanic relations since the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Driven out afte…

Plebeian gentilicium ([1]; ThlL 2,1338f.). Bearers of this name are known since the 2nd cent. BC in Rome and occupy important positions, especially in the imperial era. I. Republican era [German version] [I 1] Au. Took part in the murder of Q.  Sertorius in 73 BC Took part in the murder of Q.  Sertorius in 73 BC (Plut. Sert. 26f.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] Au., Cn. Tribunus plebis 170 BC Tribune of the people in 170 BC (MRR 1,420). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 3] Au., Cn. Praetor before 100 BC praetor before 100 BC (Syll.3 715; MRR 3,29). Elvers, Kar…

[II] Widespread Roman praenomen (probably connected with the Latin family name Gavius, but not related to gaudere), abbreviated as C., more rarely G.; in late Greek inscriptions also Γα ( Ga). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Physician of the school of Herophilus Physician of the school of Herophilus, probably 1st cent. BC or AD, wrote about hydrophobia (Caelius Aurelianus morb. ac. 3,113-4). He explained that this disease affected the brain as well as the meninges, because the nerves surrounding the stomach and responsi…

Plebeian nomen gentile, documented in the literary tradition since the 5th cent.; the most important family were the Decii Mures (D. [I 1-3]), possibly from Campania [1], whose self-sacrifice (partly unhistorical) in battle made them much quoted examples in the tradition. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] D. Mus, P. (Origin of the cognomen not known), in 352 BC, committee member dealing with a debt crisis in Rome (Liv. 7,21,6); as war tribune in 343, he is said to have saved the army of the consul A. Cornelius [I 22] Cossus Arvina from…

Roman surname. [German version] [1] M., Q. Horse breeder Cited by Varro (Rust. 2,7,1) as a distinguished horse breeder. His (probably invented) cognomen Equicolus, which indicates this activity, may have been interpreted by Varro as Aequicolus, so that a later period reveals a Septimus M. as the first king of the Aequiculi (Lib. de praenominibus 1). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] M. Fabidius Founder of the city of Cures Son of a virgin of the Aborigines who comes to dance in the sanctuary of Quirinus in the territory of Reate, but is then seized…

Name of a plebeian lineage, originally probably not from the city of Rome, which was raised to the nobility in the 3rd cent. BC with the brothers L. [1] and [5] (Families: Catuli and Cercones). The gens was very wealthy (Suet. Gram. 3) and owned a family grave on the right bank of the Tiber (Oros. 5,21,7; Val. Max. 9,2,1). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] L. Catulus, C. Consul 242 BC Elder brother of L. [5]. Was the first in his family to attain the consulate in 242 BC. Since his patrician colleague, the flamen dialis A. Postumius Albinus, was forbidden by the pontifex maximus L. C…

Italian family name, attested at Rome from the 1st cent. BC, but of political importance only from the time of Augustus, with S. [II 4-6] (Schulze, 228). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)…

Name of a Roman patrician family (epigraphically also Serveilius), said to have migrated to Rome from Alba Longa under king Tullus Hostilius [4] (Liv. 1,30,2; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,29,7). The oldest branches are the Ahalae and Fidenates in the 5th and 4th cents. BC; the Caepiones and Gemini, from whom the Vatiae (Isaurici) descended, appear in the 3rd cent. The last prominent member of the Servilii Caepiones was the murderer of Caesar, M. Iunius [I 10] Brutus, son of Servilia [1], and himself adopted into the family.…

Roman nomen gentile, also confused with Sestius . According to tradition, the family achieved prominence in the 4th cent. BC with S. [I 6] who obtained access to the consulate for plebeians. The family was unimportant under the Republic, with the exception of S. [1 3]; the branch which was best known into the 3rd cent. AD originated with Caesar's follower S. [I 2], but it made spurious claims to be descended from the first plebeian consul S. [I 6] (hence the epithets Africanus and Laterensis). …

Roman family name, probably derived from Varus. Name-bearers first attested in the 1st cent. BC, but only in the Imperial period did they attain any prominence. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] V. Cotyla, L. Aedile in 48, 47 or 44 BC (Cic. Phil. 13,26), emissary at Rome for M. Antonius [I 9] in 43, and his legate in Gallia transalpina (Cic. Phil. 5,5-7; 8,24-32; Plut. Antonius 18,8). Bartels, Jens (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] V. Rufus, L. Roman poet, c. 70-15 BC Renowned Roman poet (Hor. Ars P. 55) of the Augustan period (c. 70-15…

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Supposedly an ancient Latin praenomen (Liber de praenominibus 4), but historically only attested (with meaning ‘The Fortunate’) for F. Cornelius [I 87] Sulla, the son of the dictator Sulla and his descendants ( Cornelius [II 57] and [II 60]). Epithet of the Anicii ( Anicius [II 2-6]); also a favourite name for slaves. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Anicius Acilius Glabrio F. Consul AD 438 Scion of the most important late Roman senatorial family who became praefectus urbi Romae three times under Honorius and Valentinian III, in AD 437/8 and 442 praefectus praetorio…

Roman cognomen (‘wide-browed’), first attested in the Imperial period. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Rich patron of Martial A rich patron of Martial (1,55,2). He could be identical with Ti. Catius Caesius F., cos. suff. in AD 96. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] Praetorian governor of Galatia under Tiberius Praetorian governor of Galatia under Tiberius, perhaps AD 27-31. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography …

Oscan praenomen, shortened to No., attested for N. Calavius [2], the maker of the Ficoronian cista Novios Plautios (ILS 8562), and in other inscriptions. Probably a particularly frequent gentilicium from the 3rd cent. BC onwards in Campania and spreading from there into the eastern Mediterranean. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] Representative of the literary Atellana, early 1st cent. BC As a representative of the literary atellana, N. appears to have been at work ahead of Pomponius (leading representative o…

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[German version] [1] Southern Anatolian coastal mountain range Southern Anatolian coastal mountain range, today the Toros Dağları; it extends from Caria and Lycia in the west (Western T. with the Bey Dağları, 3086 m), through Cilicia (Middle T. with the Kalı Dağ, 3734 m), from where the Amanus branches off to the south-east and the Anti-T. to the north, while the main range stretches north-east to the Ararat highlands (Inner and Central Eastern T. with Ararat, 5165 m), beyond which a further Anti-T. (Ou…

Roman cognomen (greek Λογγῖνος; Longînos), derived from longus (‘tall’), in the Republican period in the family of the Cassii (Cassius [I 6-1…

Common Italian proper name (associated with the praenomen Herennus that is often confused with H.), which however is not documented as a surname among the Roman upper class until the 1st cent. BC. It frequently appears with epithets showing place of origin ( Etruscus, Gallus, Picens, Siculus). In the Imperial period it is the name of Caesar Q.H. [II 3] Etruscus, son of emperor  Decius [II 1], of the historian H.  Dexippus [2], and of the jurist H.  Modestinus. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I Republican Period [German version] [I 1] H. Centurio and murderer of Cicero Centurio, who at the…

Name of a Roman plebeian family (also Petilius), known at Rome from the 2nd cent. BC. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] P., Q. Two people's tribunes of 187 BC was the name of two related (cousins?) people's tribunes of the year 187 BC. They accused (at the instigation of Cato [1]?) L. Cornelius [I 72] Scipio before the Senate of the misappropriation of state funds ( peculatus) during the war against Antiochus [5] III and demanded an explanation. L.'s brother P. Cornelius [I 71] Scipio declared the accusations to be absurd, an…

Name of a plebeian family that gained prominence during the Second Punic War (Schulze, 266). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] C., L. Antiquarian author, 1st cent. BC? Antiquarian author probably of the late Republican period (1st cent. BC; since [6] differentiated from the historian L.C.Alimentus). Seven works of grammarian, antiquarian and legal content are known from quotes in Festus, Gellius and others (fragments: [1. 1,252ff.; 2. 71ff.]): De verbis priscis, De fastis, De comitiis, De consulum potestate, De officio iurisconsulti (at least two vols.), De re …

Widespread plebeian gentilicium (ThlL 2,1482-87), which in ancient etymology is derived from Sabine and was derived via the older form Auselius from sol (sun) (Fest. p. 22; from this the modern derivation from the Sabine * ausel over Etruscan usil ‘Sun god’, cf. [1. 36; 2. 468]). The family attained noble status in the 1st Punic War with Aur. [3] and provides numerous consuls in the 2nd cent. BC from the branches of the Cottae, Orestae and Scauri. This, however, does not completely explain the building stages and assignment of various viae Aureliae in the 2nd cent. [3; 4]. The late R…

Old Latin family name, whose origin is unexplained; in inscriptions also Hostillius and Hostilus [1. 30; 175]. The great age of the name is shown by the third Roman king Tullus H. [4] and names such as Curia Hostilia, Lares Hostilii and the goddess Hostilina. In historical times, the family was Plebeian and, from the 2nd cent. BC, politically active, particularly in the Tubuli and Mancini branches; it died out at the end of the 1st cent. BC. [German version] [1] H. Praetor and people's tribune in the 2nd cent. BC Praetor or people's tribune in the 2nd cent. BC (?), had a lex Hostilia passed, w…

Roman plebeian gentes name, derived from fulvus (‘reddish yellow, brownish yellow’ [1. 1,561], probably named after hair colour); further evidence: [2. 170], inscriptions also Folvius (ILLRP 124 et passim). The Roman gens probably came from Tusculum (Cic. Planc. 20; cf. Cic. Phil. 3,16; Plin. HN 7,136), where F. [I 15] also had put up works of art from the spoils of war. The most important branches are initially the Centumali, Curvi and Paetini, since the 3rd cent. BC the Flacci and Nobiliores. Genealogical tree: [3. 231f.]. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] F. Bambalio…

[German version] [1] Q.F. Cornutus Senator, praetorian governor, beginning of his career under Trajan or Hadrian Senator originating from the region of Histonium. His career started under Trajan or Hadrian. After the praetorate iuridicus of Asturia et Callaecia in the north of Spain, legionary legate in Moesia, praetorian governor in Pannonia inferior from at least AD 145 to 147, cos. suff. in 147; consular governor of Moesia inferior between 148 and 155. In Histonium a large monument, possibly a quadriga, was erected in his honour with public funds on the order of the council of decurion…

Oscan praenomen, later a widespread nomen gentile; literary refs. at Rome from as early as the 5th cent. BC (O. [I 5]), but historical evidence only from the 2nd cent. The Tusculan Opiter O., who is said to have given his name to the Mons O. at Rome, is an invention (Varro in Fest. 476 L.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] O., C. Author of a law of 215 BC to limit displays of wealth Restricted the opportunities for women to display wealth by his law of 215 BC (Liv. 34,1,1-3 et alibi; MRR 1, 255). In 195, this legislation was repealed despite the res…

Name of a Roman plebeian family, historically attested at Rome from the 3rd cent. BC. The name was a common one, but its bearers were politically insignificant. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] Legate of L. Licinius [I 26] Lucullus in 69 BC. Distinguished himself in the Armenian war (Plut. Lucullus 25,4-6; App. Mithr. 381-385), but fell into Parthian hands in 68 (Cass. Dio 36,3,2 f.). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] Praetor before 67 BC, together with his colleague Bellinus, he was kidnapped by pirates (Plut. Pompeius 24,6). Fündling,…

Cognomen of the Clodii, Decii, Iunii, Lucceii, Mummii, Pescennii, Postumii (fictitious name in Mart. 4,37,2). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [3] Of Smyrna. Platonic philosopher of the 2nd cent. AD (Ἀλβῖνος; Albînos) of Smyrna. Platonic philosopher of the 2nd cent. AD, who was counted among the ‘top Platonists’ by Proclus [2. 18; see 2. 20]. A student of the Platonist  Gaius, he taught in Smyrna in AD 150, where he was heard by the physician Galen (Gal., Scripta minora 2,97,8 ff. Mueller). A. wrote commentaries on Plato's Timaeus, ‘Republic’ and Phaedo [2. 18, 50, 15…

Name of a Roman patrician family, derived from the praenomen Quintus; in inscriptions and MSS also Quintilius. In the annalistic tradition the family was one of Rome's oldest, supposed to have arrived in Rome under the king Tullus Hostilius (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,29,7; cf. Liv. 1,30,2, though he has Quinctii); of a consul recorded in 453 BC and a consular tribune in 403 nothing further is known. In the historical period, members of the family are known from the end of the 3rd cent. on (bearing the inherited cognomen Varus), but they achieved no lasting noble status. The most promin…

Roman cognomen (‘floppy-eared’), probably originally an individual cognomen, in the Republican period especially widespread in the senatorial families of the Fulvii, Norbani and Valerii, and in the Imperial period also among numerous other families. Nickname of the poet Q.  Horatius F. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Statilius F. Writer of epigrams Writer of epigrams. The cognomen F. is often mentioned in combination with the nomen Statilius (Στατύλλιος Φλάκκος; Statýllios Phlákkos). He lived at the beginning of the 1st cent. AD, if the Latin ver…

Name of a family which probably came from Campania. The military successes of L. [I 1] in the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) and the connection to the elder Scipio probably gained them Roman citizenship and the ascent into the nobility. A younger line ( praenomen D.) became consuls under Augustus (L. [II 1-3]. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] L., C. Consul 190 BC, elder contemporary of Scipio Africanus Born around 235 BC, died around 160; L. owed his political ascent to the close (and what has become a proverbial) connection to P. …

Plebeischer Gentilname ([1]; ThlL 2,1338f.). Seit dem 2.Jh. v.Chr. sind Namensträger in Rom bekannt und begegnen bes. in der Kaiserzeit in bedeutenden Stellungen. I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] Au. 73 v. Chr. an der Ermordung des Q. Sertorius beteiligt beteiligte sich 73 v.Chr. an der Ermordung des Q. Sertorius (Plut. Sert. 26f.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [I 2] Au., Cn. Volkstribun 170 v. Chr. Volkstribun 170 v.Chr. (MRR 1,420). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [I 3] Au., Cn. Praetor vor 100 v. Chr. praetor vor 100 v.Chr. (Syll.3 7…

Weitverbreitetes röm. Cognomen. Am bekanntesten der Dichter Silius I. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] Cheruskerkönig ab 47 n. Chr. Sohn des Cheruskers Flavus (dem Bruder des Arminius) und einer Tochter des Chattenprinceps Actumerus, in Rom geboren und aufgewachsen. Da I. vom zerstrittenen Adel als König der Cherusci verlangt wird, setzt Kaiser Claudius [III 1] den letzten Sproß der stirps regia 47 n.Chr. als König ein (Tac. ann. 11,16); das zeigt die neue Entwicklung der röm.-german. Beziehungen seit der Varusschlacht. Nach Parteikämp…

Name einer röm. plebeiischen Familie (auch Petilius), seit dem 2. Jh.v.Chr in Rom bekannt. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] P., Q. Zwei Volkstribune des Jahres 187 v. Chr. hießen zwei miteinander verwandte (Vettern?) Volkstribune d.J. 187 v.Chr. Sie bezichtigten (auf Betreiben Catos [1]?) L. Cornelius [I 72] Scipio vor dem Senat der Veruntreuung öffentlicher Gelder ( peculatus) im Krieg gegen Antiochos [5] III. und verlangten Rechenschaft. L.' Bruder P. Cornelius [I 71] Scipio erklärte die Anschuldigungen für…

Ital. Eigenname [1. 347, 426], im öffentlichen Leben Roms seit dem 1.Jh. v.Chr. nachweisbar, nicht sehr häufig. [English version] [1] A. Legat des M. Antonius 41/40 v. Chr. in Gallien Legat (?) des M. Antonius 41/40 v.Chr. in Gallien (MRR 3,26). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [2] A., M. Centurio, Teilnehmer bei der Erstürmung Athens 86 v. Chr. centurio, zeichnete sich bei der Erstürmung Athens 86 v.Chr. aus (Plut. Sull. 14,3). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Schulze. [English version] [3] A. Capito, C. Volkstribun 55 v. Chr. kämpfte als Volkstribun v…

(Μαικήνας). Etr. Gentilname (vgl. mehnate, mehnati u.ä.); die Familie ist inschr. für Perusia (h. Perugia) bezeugt und war wohl urspr. dort ansässig. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] Freund und Berater Octavians (Augustus), 1. Jh. v.Chr. Vater von M. [2], schon 44 v. Chr. unter den Freunden und Beratern Octavians (Augustus) erwähnt (Nikolaos von Damaskos, Vita Caesaris 31,133). Schmidt, Peter L. (Konstanz) [English version] [2] Förderer der Lit., ca. 70-8 v. Chr. M., seltener - mit dem Gentile der Mutter - C. Cilnius M. (Tac. ann. 6,11,2), Freund …

Röm. Familienname. [English version] [1] M., Q. Pferdezüchter Von Varro (rust. 2,7,1) als angesehener Pferdezüchter angeführt. Seinen sprechenden (wohl erfundenen) Beinamen Equicolus mag bereits Varro als Aequicolus gedeutet haben, so daß die spätere Zeit einen Septimus M. als ersten Aequiculer-König erfand (lib. de praenominibus 1). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [2] M. Fabidius Gründer der Stadt Cures Sohn einer Jungfrau der Aborigines, die im Gebiet von Reate im Heiligtum des Quirinus zum Tanz erscheint, dann aber von göttl. Begeis…

Cognomen der Clodii, Decii, Iunii, Lucceii, Mummii, Pescennii, Postumii (fingierter Name bei Mart. 4,37,2). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] Imperator Caesar D. Clodius Septimius Albinus (193-197 n. Chr.) D. Clodius Albinus = imperator Caesar D. Clodius Septimius Albinus, afrikanischer Herkunft, aus Hadrumetum (SHA Alb. 1,3; 4,1). Diese Angabe, wie sehr viel anderes in dieser Vita, wurde zwar manchmal als fiktiv bezeichnet (vgl. schon [1]), könnte aber wegen der außergewöhnlichen Goldmünze des A. mit Saeculum Frugiferum (die Colonia Hadrumetum hat den…

Gentilname einer plebeischen Gens, nachweisbar ab dem 3. Jh. v. Chr. Wichtigste Zweige sind die Aviolae (kaiserzeitlich), Balbi und bes. die Glabriones, die vom 3. Jh. v. Chr. bis zum E. des 5. Jh. n. Chr. bezeugt sind [1]. In Rom gab es ein compitum Acilium, auf dem 219 der erste griech. Arzt in Rom angesiedelt wurde (Plin. nat. 29,12 [2. 98]), auf dem Pincio die horti Aciliorum, in der Kaiserzeit die berühmtesten Gärten Roms [2. 195 f.; 3. 488 ff.]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] Soldat in Caesars 10. Legion Tapferer Soldat in Caesars 10.…

Name eines plebeischen, urspr. wohl nicht stadtröm. Geschlechtes, das im 3. Jh.v.Chr. mit den Brüdern L. [1] und [5] in die Nobilität aufgenommen wurde (Familien: Catuli und Cercones). Die gens war sehr begütert (Suet. gramm. 3) und besaß ihr Familiengrab auf dem rechten Tiberufer (Oros. 5,21,7; Val. Max. 9,2,1). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] L. Catulus, C. Consul 242 v. Chr. Älterer Bruder von L. [5]. Erreichte 242 v.Chr. als erster in seiner Familie das Konsulat. Da seinem patrizischen Kollegen, dem flamen dialis A. Postumius Albinus, der pontifex maximus L. …

Lat. Gentilname (etr. arntni ?) inschr. auch Arentius, abgeleitet von etr. Arruns ([1]; ThLL 2,647). Die Gens trat in Rom im 1.Jh. v.Chr. in Erscheinung, erlangte unter Augustus das Konsulat und wurde möglicherweise damals in das Patriziat aufgenommen (s. Stat. silv. 1,2,71 über den Dichter Arruntius [II 12] Stella). I. Republik [English version] [I 1] A. Vater und Sohn, gest. 43 v.Chr. Vater und Sohn, wurden 43 v.Chr. von den Triumvirn proskribiert und getötet (App. civ. 4,86). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [I 2] A., L. (Mitte 1. Jh. v. Chr.) überbrachte 53 v.Chr…

Häufiger Vorname oskischer oder umbrischer Herkunft, der nicht in der röm. Oberschicht verwendet wird (abgekürzt inschr. Sa. oder Sal.), erscheint spät als Gentilnomen und ist auch Sklavenname. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] Sklavenführer (Sklavenführer) s. Tryphon Bartels, Jens (Bonn) [English version] [I 2] Nur bei Plutarch unter den Mördern des Pompeius genannter Centurio Nur bei Plut. Pompeius 78,1 und 79,4 unter den Mördern des Pompeius genannter Centurio. Bartels, Jens (Bonn) [English version] [I 3] Freigelassener und…

Name einer plebeischen Familie [1], vielleicht aus Cales, seit dem 3. Jh. v.Chr. politisch tätig. I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] Volkstribun Mitte 2. Jh.v.Chr. Volkstribun (?) in der Mitte des 2. Jh. v.Chr., sonst unbekannter Urheber einer lex Fufia über die Festlegung der zulässigen Tage für Volksversammlungen (meist zusammen mit der lex Aelia genannt, Aelius [I 1]). MRR 1,452f.; 3,3f. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [I 2] F., L. röm. Redner, 1. Jh. v. Chr. als Redner in den 90er Jahren des 1. Jh. v.Chr. bekannt. Etwa 97 verschaffte …

Röm. Cognomen (“schlappohrig”), wohl urspr. Individualcognomen, in republikanischer Zeit besonders verbreitet in den senatorischen Familien der Fulvii, Norbani und Valerii, in der Kaiserzeit auch bei zahlreichen weiteren Familien. Beiname des Dichters Q. Horatius F. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] Statilius F. Epigrammatiker Epigrammdichter. Das cognomen F. wird oft in Kombination mit dem nomen Statilius genannt (Στατύλλιος Φλάκκος). Er lebte Anfang des 1. Jh. n.Chr., wenn die lat. Version von Anth. Pal. 7,542 tatsächlich Werk d…

(Οἰνόμαος). [English version] [1] König von Pisa Myth. König von Pisa in der Landschaft Elis, Sohn des Ares und der Asterope, Vater der Hippodameia [1] und des Leukippos [2]. Er zwingt den Freiern um seine Tochter als Probe eine Wagenwettfahrt auf. Die besiegten Freier pflegt er zu töten, bis Pelops O. mit der Hilfe seines listigen Wagenlenkers Myrtilos [1] besiegt, der die Radnaben am Wagen des O. durch solche aus Wachs ersetzt. Pelops gewinnt die Fahrt und die Hand der Hippodameia, O. wird zu Tode ge…

Weitverbreitetes röm. Cogn. (“altehrwürdig”). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] L. P. In Philippopolis 250 n. Chr. zum Kaiser ausgerufen Vielleicht identisch mit T. Iulius P., dem Statthalter von Thrakia (AE 1932, 28 = SEG 7,784 [1. 103 f. Anm. 4]), wurde 250 n. Chr. von seinen Truppen in dem von den Goten belagerten Philippopolis (h. Plovdiv) zum Kaiser ausgerufen - möglicherweise im Einverständnis mit diesen -, als der Entsatz durch Kaiser Decius [II 1] ausblieb [2. 111, 162]. In Verhandlungen mi…

Röm. plebeischer Gentilname, abgeleitet von fulvus (“rotgelb, braungelb” [1. 1,561], wohl nach der Haarfarbe); weitere Belege [2. 170], inschr. auch Folvius (ILLRP 124 u.ö.). Die röm. gens stammte wahrscheinlich aus Tusculum (Cic. Planc. 20; vgl. Cic. Phil. 3,16; Plin. nat. 7,136), wo F. [I 15] auch Kunstwerke aus Kriegsbeute aufstellen ließ. Die bedeutendsten Zweige sind zunächst die Centumali, Curvi und Paetini, seit dem 3. Jh. v.Chr. die Flacci und Nobiliores. Stammbaum: [3. 231f.]. I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] F. Bambalio, M. Vater der Fulvia [2] (“Sta…

[English version] [1] Q.F.Cornutus Senator, praetorischer Statthalter, Beginn seiner Laufbahn unter Trajan oder Hadrian Senator, der aus der Gegend von Histonium stammte. Beginn seiner Laufbahn unter Traian oder Hadrian. Nach der Praetur iuridicus von Asturia et Callaecia im Norden Spaniens, Legionslegat in Moesia, praetorischer Statthalter in Pannonia inferior mindestens von 145-147 n.Chr., cos. suff. 147; consularer Statthalter von Moesia inferior zwischen 148 und 155. In Histonium wurde ihm auf Beschluß des Dekurionenrates und mit öffentlichen …

Name einer vielleicht aus Campanien stammenden Familie. Die mil. Erfolge von L. [I 1] im 2. Pun. Krieg (218-201 v.Chr.) und die Verbindung zum Älteren Scipio verschafften ihr wohl das röm. Bürgerrecht und den Aufstieg in die Noblität. Eine jüngere Linie (Praenomen D.) gelangte erst unter Augustus zum Konsulat (L. [II 1-3]. I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] L., C. Cos. 190 v. Chr., Altersgenosse des Scipio Africanus Geb um 235 v.Chr., gest. um 160; den polit. Aufstieg verdankte L. der engen (und sprichwörtlich gewordenen…

Verbreiteter plebeischer Gentilname (ThlL 2,1482-87), der in ant. Etym. aus dem Sabinischen hergeführt und über die ältere Form Auselius von sol (Sonne) abgeleitet wurde (Fest. p. 22; daraus die moderne Ableitung aus sabinisch * ausel über etr. usil “Sonnengott”, vgl. [1. 36; 2. 468]). Die Familie gelangte im 1. Pun. Krieg mit Aur. [3] in die Nobiltät und stellt im 2.Jh. v.Chr. in den Zweigen der Cottae, Orestae und Scauri zahlreiche Konsuln. Daher sind auch die Baustufen und die Zuweisung der verschiedenen viae Aureliae aus dem 2.Jh. nicht restlos geklärt [3; 4]. Das spätre…

Röm. Familienname (Schulze 78; ThlL, Onom. 2,765-770). Die erfundenen frührepublikanischen Angehörigen C. [I 1-3] sollen den Namen des lacus Curtius erklären [1. 75ff.]. I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] C., M. Heros der röm. Sage Held der röm. Sage. Als im J. 362 v.Chr. sich auf dem Forum ein Spalt öffnete und ein Orakel kündete, er werde sich erst schließen, wenn Roms höchstes Gut geopfert wäre, um die Ewigkeit Roms zu gewährleisten, deutete C. dies auf die kriegerische Tapferkeit und sprang in voller Rüstung mit …

Weitverbreiteter ital. Eigenname (verbunden mit dem Praenomen Herennus, das mit H. oft verwechselt wird), der aber in der röm. Oberschicht erst ab dem 1. Jh. v.Chr. als Familienname bezeugt ist. Zu ihm treten häufig Beinamen als Herkunftsbezeichnungen ( Etruscus, Gallus, Picens, Siculus). In der Kaiserzeit Name des Caesars Q.H. [II 3] Etruscus, Sohn des Kaisers Decius [II 1], des Historikers H. Dexippos [2], des Juristen H. Modestinus. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] H. Centurio und Ciceromörder Centurio, der Ende 43 v.Chr. Cice…

Röm. Gentilname, seit dem 3.Jh. v.Chr. belegt, seit dem 1.Jh. in Rom (Schulze, 135 ThlL, Onom. 49-51). I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] C., L. Münzmeister 112/111 v. Chr. Münzmeister 112 oder 111 v.Chr. (RRC 298), vielleicht identisch mit dem praetor oder propraetor von Hispania Ulterior 104 (AE 1984, 495). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography D. Nörr, Aspekte des röm. Völkerrechtes, 1989, 24-27. [English version] [I 2] C., M. Praetor 754 v. Chr. Praetor 75 v.Chr. (Cic. Verr. 2,1,130; MRR 3,44f.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) II. Kaiserzeit [English version] [II…

Osk. Praenomen und osk./lat. Gentilname. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] Pontius, Gavius Samnitischer Feldherr, brachte den Römern 321 v. Chr. die Niederlage bei Caudium bei Samnitischer Feldherr, der 321 v. Chr. den Römern die berühmte Niederlage bei Caudium beibrachte und sie ‘unter das Joch schickte’ (Liv. 9,2,6-6,4). Daß der samnit. Anführer im Bundesgenossenkrieg [3] (P. [I 4]) ebenfalls diesen Namen trug, ist kein Indiz dafür, daß P.' Name erst später in die Überl. gelangte…

Name einer plebischen Familie, die im 2. Punischen Krieg Bed. erlangte (Schulze, 266). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] C., L. röm. Antiquar, 1. Jh. v. Chr.? antiquarischer Schriftsteller wohl der spätrepublikanischen Zeit (1.Jh. v.Chr.; seit [6] von dem Historiker L.C.Alimentus unterschieden). Durch Zitate bei Festus, Gellius u.a. sind uns sieben Schriften gramm., antiquarischen und juristischen Inhalts bekannt (Fragmente: [1. 1,252ff.; 2. 71ff.]): de verbis priscis, de fastis, de comitiis, de consulum potestate, de officio iurisconsulti (mindesten…

Plebeischer Gentilname, in Rom seit dem 1.Jh. v.Chr. nachweisbar (zur Ableitung von asinus [1], zu etr. Parallelen [2]). Die Familie, deren berühmtester Namensträger A. Pollio war, stammte aus Teate Marrucinorum (h. Chieti), gehörte seit augusteischer Zeit zum Patriziat und trat bes. im 1.Jh. n.Chr. hervor. I. Republik [English version] [I 1] A. Senator (Mitte 1. Jh. v. Chr.) Senator, Anhänger des Antonius vor Mutina 43 v.Chr. (Cic. Phil. 13, 28). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 A. Hug, s.v. Spitznamen, RE 3 A, 1829 2 Schulze, 129. [English version] [I 2] A. (Marrucin…

Weitverbreiteter röm. Vorname (wohl verbunden mit dem lat. Gentilnamem Gavius, nicht verwandt mit gaudere), abgekürzt C., seltener G.; in späten griech. Inschriften auch Γα. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] herophileischer Arzt, 1. Jh. v.-1. Jh. n. Chr.? Herophileischer Arzt, wahrscheinlich 1. Jh. v. oder n.Chr., schrieb über Hydrophobie (Caelius Aurelianus morb. ac. 3,113-4). Er erklärte, bei dieser Krankheit würden sowohl das Gehirn als auch die Hirnhäute in Mitleidenschaft gezogen, weil die für die unwillkürlich…

Röm. Cognomen (“breitstirnig”), erst kaiserzeitlich bezeugt. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] reicher Gönner Martials Ein reicher Gönner Martials (1,55,2). Er könnte mit Ti. Catius Caesius F., cos. suff. 96 n.Chr., identisch sein. Eck, Werner (Köln) [English version] [2] Praetorischer Statthalter von Galatien unter Tiberius Praetorischer Statthalter von Galatien unter Tiberius, vielleicht 27-31 n.Chr. Eck, Werner (Köln) Bibliography S. Mitchell, in: Chiron 16, 1986, 23ff. PIR2 F 485). [English version] [3] [...]us F. Cos. suff. 165 n. Chr. Cos. suff. im J…

Ital. Gentilname mit vielen Trägern in Ameria (CIL XI 4507-4516) und Lanuvium (CIL XIV 3225-3227). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] R., L. Röm. Gesandter, 438 v. Chr. von den Fidenaten getötet Röm. Gesandter, 438 v. Chr. mit seinen drei Kollegen von den Fidenaten (Fidenae) getötet und deswegen mit Statuen auf der Rostra geehrt (Cic. Phil. 9,4; Liv. 4,17,2-6). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [I 2] R., Sex. Vater und Sohn; letzteren verteidigte Cicero 80 v. Chr. gegen den Vorwurf des Vatermords und der Unterschlagung Aus Ameria, So…

Plebeischer Gentilname (seltener Aquilius; vgl. ThLL, 2,375), im 5. Jh. v. Chr. auch patrizisch, doch sind die Träger wohl unhistorisch. I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] Aquillii fratres (Ende 6. Jh. v. Chr.) verschworen sich angeblich gegen die neu errichete Republik und wurden hingerichtet (Liv. 2,4-5; Plut. Pobl. 4-7 [1]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [I 2] A. (Tuscus ?), C. Cos. 487 v. Chr. Konsul 487 v. Chr., kämpfte nach der Überlieferung gegen die Herniker und erhielt eine ovatio (Liv. 2,40,14; Dion. Hal. ant. 8,67,1; MRR 1,19-20). Elvers, K…

Deminutivum des röm. Vornamens Marcus, Cognomen in der Familie der Claudii (Claudius [I 7-15; II 42-44]); bekanntester Namensträger ist der Neffe des Augustus, C. Claudius [II 42] M. Griech. Namensträger Markellos. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] Proconsul in Afrika, nach 117 n.Chr. Ein M. wird in zwei Inschr. aus Africa als proconsul genannt: ILAlg 591 und [1. 304]. Da in ILAlg wohl C. Iulius [II 48] Cornutus Tertullus als Vorgänger (116/7? n.Chr.) erwähnt ist, gehört der Prokonsulat in die Zeit danach; möglicherweise ist der Senator mit M. Vitorius M., cos…

(Ὀρέστης). [English version] [1] Sohn des Agamemnon und der Klytaimestra Sohn des Agamemnon und der Klytaimestra, der die Ermordung seines Vaters durch seine Mutter grausam an dieser und ihrem Geliebten Aigisthos rächt. Schon der ‘Odyssee-Dichter kennt die Gesch. (Hom. Od. 1,29ff., 298ff.; 3,193ff., 248ff., 303ff.; 4,90-92, 512ff.; 11,387ff.; 24,20ff., 93ff., 192ff.), die in den Nostoi erzählt wurde (EpGF p. 67,25-27; PEG I p. 95); je nach Kontext ist sie als Folie entweder negativ für Penelope, die treue…

Urspr. wohl vulgärlat. Form des röm. Eigennamen Plautius, spätestens seit dem 1. Jh.v.Chr. eigenständiger Gentilname. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] P. Gallus, L. lat. Rhet.-Lehrer, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Der erste nachgewiesene lat. Rhet.-Lehrer in Rom vom Anf. 1. Jh.v.Chr., der seinen Unterricht in lat. Sprache und mit röm. Sujets abhielt und großen Zulauf hatte (vgl. Cic. bei Suet. gramm. 26). Ein Edikt der Censoren von 92 v.Chr., bes. Ciceros Lehrer Licinius [I 10] Crassus, versuchte -…

Name einer röm. plebeischen Familie (Schulze 169). I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] F., C. Römischer Gesandter 438 v.Chr. in Fidenae Röm. Gesandter, 438 v.Chr. von den Fidenaten getötet (Statue auf der Rostra, Cic. Phil. 9,5; Liv. 4,17,2). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) II. Kaiserzeit [English version] [II 1] C.F. Fabius Maximus Optatus Senator aus Cartennae, Ende 2. / Anf. 3. Jh. n. Chr. Senator wohl aus Cartennae, der es auf jeden Fall bis zur Praetur und einer legatio in der Baetica brachte, wohl Ende 2./Anf. 3. Jh. n.Chr. Eck, Werner (Köln) Bibliography Le Glay, in: E…

Röm. Gentilname etr. Herkunft ( Ceicna, Schulze, 75, 285, 567; ThlL, Onom. 15f.), dessen Träger zum Stadtadel von Volaterrae gehörten (vgl. Cic. fam. 6,6,9), wo sie in mehreren Zweigen und durch z.T. reich ausgestattete Gräber nachweisbar sind (CIE 18-24; 36-42 u.a.). In Rom ist das Geschlecht seit dem 1.Jh. v.Chr. bekannt, hat jedoch seine Bindung an die Heimat nicht verloren (Cognomen Tuscus bei C. [II 9]); Villa des röm. Stadtpräfekten 414 n.Chr. Caecina Decius Atinatius Albinus (PLRE 1, 50) beim h. Volterra), wo sich der Name auch in Fluß (C. [III 1]) und Ort Cecina erhalten hat. Elvers…

Name einer röm. plebeischen Familie. Die Namensträger, seit dem 3. Jh.v.Chr. bezeugt, nicht stadtröm. Herkunft, traten seit dem 2. Jh. als Geschäftsleute hervor (ILLRP 723b; 747; 1025) und erhielten vielleicht erst im Bundesgenossenkrieg [3] röm. Bürgerrecht. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] L., L. Proskribiert 82 v. Chr. Las 82 v.Chr. seinen Namen auf einer Proskriptionsliste Sullas und wurde gleich darauf beim Verlassen des Forums getötet (Oros. 5,21,4f.). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) [English version] [I 2] L., L. Legat des Pomp…

Urspr. oskischer Gentilname. Die Familie gehörte zum Stadtadel von Beneventum und gelangte nach der Überl. durch die Heirat einer Tochter Otacilia mit einem Angehörigen der gens Fabia (Fabius) wohl um 300 v.Chr. in verwandtschaftliche Beziehung zu einer der führenden röm. Familien der Nobilität (liber de praenominibus 6; Fest. 174 L). Dies förderte sicherlich auch den raschen Aufstieg der Familienmitglieder O. [I 2] und O. [I 3] zum Consulat. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] O. Crassus Praefekt des Pompeius in Lissos 48 v. Chr. Praefek…

Röm. Cognomen, wohl ursprüngl. die Herkunft “aus den Bergen” bezeichnend; in republikan. Zeit in der Familie der Tarpeii, in der Kaiserzeit auch bei den Iulii und Venuleii belegt. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] gehörte zu den proceres des Domitian Gehörte zu den proceres (“Herausragenden”), die Domitianus [1] nach Iuvenal (4,107; 131f.) auf seinem Landgut in den Albaner Bergen versammelte. Sicher war er Senator; da mehrere Senatoren dieser Zeit das Cogn. M. tragen, ist eine Identifizierung nicht sicher; doch ist er am ehesten mit T. Iunius M., cos. suff. 81 n.Ch…

Lat. Gentilname. [English version] [1] R., C. 100 v. Chr. an der Ermordung des Volkstribunen Appuleius [I 11] beteiligt, 63 dieses Verbrechens angeklagt und von Cicero verteidigt Begüterter röm. Ritter mit Grundbesitz in Apulia und Campania. Er beteiligte sich 100 v. Chr. an der Ermordung des tr. pl. L. Appuleius [I 11] Saturninus, weshalb er wohl später mit einem Senatssitz belohnt wurde; 89 war er im Stab des Cn. Pompeius [I 8] Strabo (ILLRP 515). Nachdem er als Anhänger des Senats schon mehrfach von den Popularen angegriffen worden war, w…

Plebeischer Gentilname, in der lit. Überlieferung seit dem 5. Jh. bezeugt; bedeutendste Familie sind die Decii Mures (D. [I 1-3]), vielleicht aus Campanien stammend [1], deren (z.T. unhistor.) Selbstaufopferung in der Schlacht sie in der Tradition zu oft zitierten Exempla machte. I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] D. Mus, P. (Herkunft des Cognomens unbekannt), 352 v.Chr. Kommissionsmitglied zur Regelung einer Schuldenkrise in Rom (Liv. 7,21,6); als Kriegstribun 343 soll er das Heer des Consuls A. Cornelius [I 22] Cossus Arvina vor d…