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[German version] (Ἀμνίας; Amnías). River in  Paphlagonia (modern Gök Irmak), rises west of Kastamonu and flows into the  Halys east of Boyabat. The road from the Propontis to the Halys (Severan milestones) ran through its valley (Domanitis, Str. 12,3,40), the centre of the territory of  Pompeiopolis. In 89 BC, the first battle of the Mithridatic Wars was fought there (App. Mith. 18). Marek, Christian (Zürich) Bibliography Ch. Marek, Stadt, Ära und Territorium in Pontus-Bithynia und Nordgalatia, 1993, 9, 65, 72, 142 no. 22.

(Ζεφύριον/ Zephýrion). Name used especially in the eastern Mediterranean region for foothills and the cities near them that are exposed to the west wind (Zephyrus). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) [German version] [1] Cape on the north eastern coast of Crete Cape on the north-eastern coast of Crete (Ptol. 3,17,5), probably modern Cape Agios Ioannis at the north-eastern end of the Gulf of Mirabello. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [German version] [2] Cape on the south western coast of Cyprus (or Ζεφυρία/ Zephyría). Cape on the south-western coast of Cyprus. According to Ptol. 5…

[German version] (Κίνωλις, also Κίναλις, Κιμωλίς; Kínōlis, Kínalis, Kimōlís). Small reloading point ( empórion) on the Paphlagonian Black Sea coast between  Abonutichus and  Sinope, a more exact location according to the periploi (Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 14; Peripl. m. eux. 21) and Ptol. 5,4,2; possibly the modern Ginolu. Marek, Christian (Zürich) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. Kimolis, RE 11, 435.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Zenobia | Commerce | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Lycii, Lycia | Oracles | Pompeius | Rome | Rome | Education / Culture (Πάταρα; Pátara). Port city in West Lycia (Lycii, Lycia) at the location of an old Pre-Iron Age settlement. In Greek legends, the city's name - pttara in Lycian (TAM I 44a 43) - is sometimes tied to a son of Apollo (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 256), at other times to the pirate Patarus, a brother of Xanthus (Eust. GGM 2,239, 30-37), or it is tied to the name for a certain cultic co…

This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Caesar | Christianity | Xenophon | | Coloniae | Diadochi and Epigoni | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Colonization | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Patricius | Education / Culture (Σινώπη/ Sinṓpē). [German version] I. Location, Early History City on the southern coast of the Black Sea (Pontos Euxeinos) with an excellent harbour, present-day Sinop, founded in the 7th cent. BC on the eastern edge of the cape that reaches far into the sea (the northernmost cape of Anatoli…

[German version] (Ζάγειρα/ Zágeira). Village in Paphlagonia, whose location has not been determined. Its listing among the towns in the interior ( mesógeioi) in Ptol. 5,4,5 suggests that it can not be identified with a coastal place Zacoria, Zagora, Zagoron to the east of Sinope (cf. [1]). Marek, Christian (Zürich) Bibliography H. Treidler, s. v. Z., RE 9 A, 2220 f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization (Τίος/ Tíos; original place name Τιεῖον/ Tieîon). City on the coast of the Black Sea (Pontos Euxeinos) in the territory of the Caucones [2] (Str. 12,3,5), to the east of modern Hisarönü, to the west of the mouth of the Billaeus (the river god on coins from T.), founded in the 7th cent. BC from Miletus [2]. T. came under the rule of Heraclea [7], in c. 300 BC became part of the synoikismós of Amastris [4], only to be liberated by Lysimachus [2] and entrusted to Eumenes, the elder brothe…

(Ἀμαστρις, Ἀμηστρις; Ámastris, Ámēstris). [German version] [1] Mother of Artaxerxes [1] (beginning of the 5th cent. BC) Daughter of one of the seven conspirators under  Darius. Mother of  Artaxerxes [1]. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [2] Daughter of Artaxerxes [2] (1st half of the 4th cent. BC) Daughter of  Artaxerxes [2], who promised her to  Tiribazus, but then married her himself. This motivated Tiribazus to incite  Darius to a conspiracy against the king. (Plut. Artax. 27 ff.). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [3] Queen of Heracleia (305-284 BC) Da…

[German version] (Ἅλυς; Hálys). Longest river in Asia Minor (over 900 km), modern Kızıl İrmak (‘red river’). Its headstreams joining in the countryside of Kamisene (east of Sivas), the H. flows in a wide arc stretching to the south through Cappadocia; east of the Tuz Gölü (‘salt lake’) it turns to the north, touches Galatia (in more ancient times Phrygia) and breaks through the mountains as the border river between the countries of Paphlagonia and Pontus to its mouth on the Black Sea. The Greek for…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization (Κύτωρος; Kýtōros). Port ( empórion) in a sheltered bay east of  Amastris [4] on the Black Sea coast of Paphlagonia; the modern Gideruz. The bay with its heavily wooded (boxwood) cliffs is overlooked by the mountain of the same name. A foundation of  Sinope, C. was taken into the synoikismós of Amastris in 300 BC. Marek, Christian (Zürich) Bibliography Ch. Marek, Stadt, Ära und Territorium in Pontus-Bithynia und Nord-Galatia, 1993, 17f. L. Robert, À travers l'Asie Mineure, 1980, 147-150.

[German version] (Κρῶμνα) Milesian   apoikía East of Sesamos (later  Amastris [4]) on the Paphlagonian Black Sea coast, modern Tekkeönü. C. claimed to be the birthplace of Homer (Ὅμηρος Κρομνεύς [1]). C. 300 BC C. was integrated into a synoikismós with Amastris, which then took over the claim and in the Imperial period minted (ps.-autonomous) coins with the portrait of Homer and the inscription Ὅμηρος Ἀμαστριαν(ός) [2]. Marek, Christian (Zürich) Bibliography 1 L. Robert, Études anatoliennes, 1937, 262-265 2 Id., À travers l'Asie Mineure, 1980, 415-417.

(Παφλαγονία; Paphlagonía). [German version] I. Topography and population Region in the central section of northern Anatolia, area of settlement of the Paphlagónes. The oldest recorded country name for this part of Asia Minor is the Hittite Pala Palaic uruPalaumnili). In analogy with the proper name  Pylaemenes, according to Plin. HN 6,5 there was a country name Pylaemenia, which may be derived from the Palaic name of the country or people. The later language of the Paphlagones cannot be determined in detail from the few place and pe…

[German version] (Καλλίχορος; Kallíchoros). River in Bithynia between  Heraclea [7] Pontica and Tieion (Apoll. Rhod. 2,904; Plin. HN 6,1; Amm. Marc. 22,8,23); it was allegedly named after the orgies of Dionysus, but also referred to as Oxynon (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 2,904; cf. Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 19; Peripl. m. eux. 12; Marcianus of Heraclea, Epit. peripli Menippi 8). Its equation with the Parthenius (Orph. A. 731) cannot be correct. Marek, Christian (Zürich) Bibliography J. Tischler, Kleinasiat. Hydronymie, 1977, 70.

[German version] (Ἀβώνου τεῖχος; Abṓnou teîchos). Coastal town in  Paphlagonia, east of the foothills of Carambis (Ptol. 5,4,2). The etymology of its name (cf. Gordiou Teichos, Panemou Teichos) lies as much in the dark as the beginnings of its existence as an urban settlement; recorded it as a  polis from Trajan onwards (beginning of 2nd cent. AD). Initially part of the province of Pontus, A. was apparently transferred by Marcus Aurelius to the province of  Galatia. It gained particular notoriety through  Lucianus' pamphl…

[German version] (Ὄλγασσυς; Ólgassys). Chain of mountains between Ankara and the Black Sea. O. is Paphlagonian and occurs in similarly formed personal names; modern Ilgaz  Dağları (Ilgaz Mountains). The highest peaks (over 2000 m) are to the north of the city of Gangra; among them was the 'Olympus' of the gods of Paphlagonia with numerous rural sanctuaries (Strab. 12,3,40), e.g. the temple of Hera at Candara to the north of Ilgaz (Steph. Byz. s.v. Κάνδαρα; [1. 59f.]). Marek, Christian (Zürich) Bibliography 1 I. Kaygusuz, Zwei neue Inschriften aus Ilgaz (O.) und Kimiatene, i…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium (Πομπηιόπολις/ Pompēiópolis ; also Πομπηιούπολις/ Pompēioúpolis: Strabo). Town in Paphlagonia, which Pompeius [I 3] founded in 64 BC in the fertile valley of the river Amnias on the important north Anatolian traffic route from the Propontis (Sea of Marmara) to Armenia (Str. 12,3,1; Cass. Dio 37,20,2). The location at present-day Taşköprü is confirmed through inscriptions and excavation finds [1. 68 f.]. Rock tombs, particularly the large on…

[German version] (Βιλλαῖος; Billaîos). One of the longest rivers in Asia Minor ( c. 330 km), rises in the Köroğlu Dağları in east Bithynia. Its course to the east, now Gerede Çay, leads to the vicinity of high Olgassys in Paphlagonia. Here it curves to the north-west and flows (now Soğanlı Suyu) through a narrow valley with a great many Paphlagonian rock graves, until it debouches near Karabük into a basin (probably the Potamia countryside: Str. 12,3,41) and receives the influx of the Araç Çay. Then it digs …

[German version] (Κάρουσσα; Károussa). Settlement on the Paphlagonian Black Sea coast east of  Sinope (Peripl. m. eux. 24; Scyl. 89; Plin. HN 6,7). Marek, Christian (Zürich) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 2244.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Christianity | | Hellenistic states | Celts | Asia Minor | Patricius | Rome Town in Paphlagonia south of the Olgassys (modern Ilgaz-Dağları), modern Çankırı. This toponym remained almost unchanged until the present: Kanġırı, Çangrı, Çangra. According to Str. 12,3,41 the town included the old basileion of the Paphlagonian dynasts, a fortress and a settlement. In 3 BC the Paphlagonian delegates met here to swear the imperial oath to Augustus [1] after in 5 BC he had elevated G. to a pólis and established the eparchía Pa…

[German version] I Greek (Παρθένιος; Parthénios). [German version] [I 1] Prolific writer from Nicaea or Myrlea, 1st cent. BC 1st cent. BC; from Nicaea or Myrlea; according to the Suda (π 664 = T 1 Lightfoot), our only source of biographical information (based on Hermippus of Berytus), P. may have been born in Myrlea and then moved to Nicaea (cf. [5. 9] with literature). Prolific writer, author of poems in a variety of metres. Captured by Cinna during a campaign against Mithridates [6] in 73 BC, but freed ' because of his education', P. is believed to have lived until the time of Empe…