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Ode
(711 words)
[German Version] I. Literature – II. Music – III. Orthodox Liturgy
I. Literature Historically, the term
ode (Gk ᾠδή/
ōdḗ, “song”; cf. the derivative lit. forms of the palinode, “poetic retraction,” and parody, “mock song/poem”) was increasingly reserved for a formal song or poem of exalted emotion (
carmen). Pindar (apart from four books of epinicia [victory songs], only frgms. extant) was the poetic muse of Horace (IV 2), whose four books of
carmina (
odae), though little read in the Latin Middle Ages, provided a model for the Latin and vernacular strophic lyric poet…
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Religion Past and Present
Office
(9,171 words)
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament – III. Early Judaism – IV. New Testament – V. Church History – VI. Systematic Theology – VII. Practical Theology – VIII. Law – IX. Missiology
I. Religious Studies Over the course of history, the word
office has been used for a wide variety of functions. In every case, however, what is peculiar to the term is that it refers to an activity independent of the unique personal characteristics of the officeholder. In the context of religious studies, what first comes to mind is the office…
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Religion Past and Present
Journals, Religious
(4,530 words)
[German Version] I. Religio-Cultural Journals – II. Journals of Religious Studies – III. Christianity – IV. Judaism – V. Islam
I. Religio-Cultural Journals During the second half of the 19th century, the publication of German-language journals experienced a tremendous upsurge. While the year 1890 saw the publication of 3,203 individual titles, the number had grown to 5,231 by the year 1900 and to 6,689 by 1914. Journals became the preferred medium in academia and culture. In the field of theology, the proportion …
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Religion Past and Present
Communion Preparation
(189 words)
[German Version] (in the Orthodox Church). In reference to 1 Cor 11:27–29, the Orthodox Church only allows laypersons to receive communion (Eucharist/Communion) after they have been given express pemission to do so, the latter usually (but not necessarily always) being granted in confession. In some places, a week of fasting and frequent attendance at worship are required. The minimum requirement for priests and laypersons, which may only be departed from in situ…
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Religion Past and Present
Prothesis Chapel
(138 words)
[German Version] The prothesis is the northern apse of a three-point sanctuary or a niche or table on the wall of the sanctuary. It derives architecturally from the northern pastophorium of Syrian churches. This is where the proskomide takes place. Since Byzantine liturgical commentaries interpret the proskomide as a mystical representation of Christ’s birth and sacrifice on the cross, the Christ-child is often represented on the diskos (in the form of the eucharistic deesis), in later use also Christ in the garden of Gethsemane. Karl Christian Felmy Bibliography G. Babič, “Les dis…
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Religion Past and Present
John of Kronštadt
(162 words)
[German Version] (actually Ioann Ilʾič Sergiev; Oct 19, 1829, Sura – Dec 20, 1908, St. Petersburg). Already revered during his lifetime as a confessor gifted with insight and as a miracle-worker, he founded an important social and charitable ministry in Kronštadt grounded in a piety rooted in the divine liturgy (Worship: II, 7) and that led to the fostering of more frequent communion on the part of the laity. His sermons were highly regarded. The full theological value of his spiritual diary
Moja žiznʾ vo Christe [My life in Christ] has still not been fully explored. His monarch…
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Religion Past and Present
Patriarch/Patriarchate
(2,399 words)
[German Version]
I. Early Church The title
patriarch appears to have been first used by early Judaism (I), with reference to the both the ancestral biblical figures (
4. Macc. 7.19; 16.25;
T. 12 Patr.;
Ber. 16b) and the religious leaders of the Romans’ Jewish subjects (Heb.
nasi ), throughout the history of that central religious office. The first such patriarch was probably Judah ha-Nasi, during the Severan dynasty (193–235);
Cod. Theod. XVI 8.29 (May 30, 429) records the
excessus (“termination”) of the Jewish patriarchate. In Christianity, the Montanists (Montanism; cf. Jerome,
Ep. 4…
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Religion Past and Present
Vespers
(1,708 words)
[German Version]
I. History The evening service of the Western churches in the the Liturgy of the Hours has been shaped by various traditions. Congregations gather for a liturgy of the Word in which certain Psalms are sung, Bible lessons are read, sermons are preached, and prayers are offered. Monastic communities include this service in their systematic recitation of the entire Psalter in course (
Psalterium currens). A tradition associated with house churches and cathedral churches adopted the practice of hailing the newly-lit lights of evening – among Chris…
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Religion Past and Present
Rublyov, Andrey (Saint)
(286 words)
[German Version] (c. 1360 – before 1427, Moscow), saint of the Russian Orthodox Church, the greatest Russian icon painter (Icons, fig. 3), and monk of the Andronikov Monastery in Moscow. In 1405 Rublyov was involved in painting the Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Moscow Kremlin and its iconostasis. In 1408 he participated in painting the frescoes of the Cathedral of St. Vladimir on the Klyazma and designing its iconostasis, as well as the Andronikov Monastery. The “Stoglavy” council in 1551 d…
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Religion Past and Present
Peter, Metropolitan
(181 words)
[German Version] Peter, Metropolitan, metropolitan of Kiev and first metropolitan of Moscow (before 1275, Volhynia – Dec 21, 1326, Moscow). In 1308 Prince Yuri of Galicia is reported to have nominated Peter to Constantinople for appointment as metropolitan of Galicia, but he was appointed metropolitan of Kiev instead. His predecessor Maksim had transferred the seat of the metropolitanate from Kiev to Vladimir; to avoid the constant hostilities of the ruling grand dukes of Tver, Peter transferred t…
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Religion Past and Present
Mystagogy
(1,551 words)
[German Version] I. Greco-Roman Antiquity – II. The Orthodox Church – III. Practical Theology
I. Greco-Roman Antiquity Mystagogical theology is a useful term for the doctrine of the so-called “Platonic underworld,” the main features of which are: a dualistic view of the cosmos (Dualism); a clear distinction between an absolutely good supreme being and an often feminine demiurgical principle; a negative view of material existence; a fundamental change from philosophical to mythical discourse, and belief in a s…
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Religion Past and Present
Vigil
(488 words)
[German Version] actually a term coined by Western liturgics for worship during the night preceding major feasts. The frequent mention of nighttime watching and prayer in the New Testament (Matt 14:23; 26:41 par.; Acts 16:25; Col 4:2 etc.) gave rise to corresponding liturgical observances, if in fact they do not themselves reflect such practice. In the Early Church, Tertullian and others attest to the practice of assembling at night for prayer (Tert.
Ad uxorem II 4.2). Cyprian of Carthage mentions nighttime prayer (Cyp.
Dom. orat. 35). Chapter 41 of the Traditio apostolica spea…
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Religion Past and Present
Epiclesis/Invocation
(1,338 words)
[German Version] I. Invocation – II. Epiclesis
I. Invocation In order to get into touch with a given deity, one must know the procedure whereby one gets that deity's attention, how to get to the locus of its presence, and how to invoke an epiphany or visit the image representing it. There are also forms that are not necessarily tied to the deity's local presence, such as prayer, imprecation, …
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Religion Past and Present
Consecration/Ordination/Dedication
(1,422 words)
[German Version] I. Catholic Church – II. Orthodox Church – III. Protestantism – IV. Canon Law
I. Catholic Church The term consecration is used to render various liturgical and canon law terms:
ordinatio, dedicatio, consecratio, benedictio. This demonstrates that the content of the notion of consecration extends broadly. Common is the conviction of faith that an object of earthly reality is connected in a particular way with God and the saving work in Christ. This connection is related to the theology of …
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Religion Past and Present