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[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Philosophy of Religion; Ethics I. Religious Studies The term matriarchate is an artificial modern coinage based on Latin mater and ancient Greek archḗ, the latter in the double sense of “beginning” and “rule.” It first appeared in ethnological works and studies of the history of law toward the end of the 19th century. Writers of that period (J.J. Bachofen and others; see II below) used such terms as gynecocracy or Mutterrecht (“mother ¶ law”) (Matriarchy). Since pure matriarchates are few and far between, other terms have also g…

[German Version] (Sep 30, 1929, Cologne – Apr 27, 2003, Göppingen). After studying classical and Germanic philology, philosophy, and Protestant theology, she taught in a Gymnasium and was an adviser in higher education. She received her habilitation in Cologne in 1971; from 1975 to 1987 she was professor of systematic theology at Union Theological Seminary in New York; in 1994 she received an honorary professorship from Hamburg. From the late 1960s on, she was active in organizing political nighttime prayers in Cologne, in church conferences, in the peace movem…

[German Version] I. Cultural History – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Fundamental Theology – IV. Dogmatics – V. Ethics – VI. Practical Theology – VII. Feminism, Art, and Religion – VIII. Religious Feminism in North America I. Cultural History 1. The term Feminism is a theory, a praxis, and a worldwide movement whose goal is to achieve equal influence for women in all areas of the state, society, and culture, ¶ together with equal rights for women and men. The term was probably coined by the early socialist Charles Fourier (1772–1837), who was the first to…

[German Version] I. Old Testament The Genesis creation accounts present humankind (םדָאָ/ ʾādām) as irreducibly male-and-female (Gen 1:26f.; 5:1–2). But they also recount the subordination of woman to man and introduce an account of origins borne by male lineages and male actors (Gen 2–3; 5:1,3ff.). Th…