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[English version] (hebr. benē Ṣādōq - “Söhne Zadoks”) bezeichnet die Nachkommen Zadoks (Enkel Aarons), eines der Hohenpriester im Jerusalemer Tempel zu Zeiten Davids [1] (2. Sam 15,24-37), die in vorexilischer Zeit (bis 586 v. Chr.) den Alleinanspruch auf das Hohepriesteramt besaßen (1 Kg 2,26 f.) und sich in nachexilischer Zeit (ab 538 v. Chr.) erneut für das Priester- und Hohepriesteramt durchsetzen konnten (Ez 44,6-16; Priester III.). Die Priester, denen allein der Opferdienst vorbehalten war, wa…

[English version] (Ζοροβαβελ, LXX). Die pseudepigraphische hebr. Apokalypse des S. entstand verm. Anf. des 7. Jh. n. Chr. in Palaestina und spiegelt die messianischen Erwartungen der jüd. Bevölkerung wider, die - durch die antijüd. byz. Gesetzgebung bedroht - auf die persische Eroberung Palaestinas hoffte (pers.-byz. Kriege 604-630 n. Chr.; Datier. der Apokalypse ins 4. Jh. oder 5. Jh. [1]). Eingebettet in eine Rahmenhandlung, die Offenbarung der messianischen Erlösung durch Metatron (einige Mss.:…

[English version] (vom hebr. EN ṭōviyyȧh, Neh 2,10; Τωβιας/ Tōbias, LXX, vgl. ὑιοὶ Τωβια/ hyioí Tōbia, 2 Esr 17,62). Die Familie der T. spielte z.Z. des Zweiten Tempels (III.) eine führende ökonomische und polit. Rolle in Iudaea (Juda und Israel). Arch. nachgewiesen ist die wohl auf den Ruinen des Stammsitzes der T. im h. Irāq al-Amīr (Transjordanien) errichtete Festung Tyros des Hyrkanos [1]. Ihr erster histor. faßbarer Vertreter ist der aus dem bibl. Buch Nehemia bekannte persische Verwaltungsbeamte ammonit…

[English version] (Σαμβήθη oder Σάββη/ Sábbē). Name der jüdischen Sibylle, die mit der äg., pers. und babylon. Sibylle identifiziert werden kann [2. 317 ff.]; er leitet sich wohl von hebr. Šabbat ab [7. 622 ff.]. Eine Sabbe ist erstmals in der vier Sibyllen umfassenden Liste des Pausanias [8] (um 160 n. Chr.) belegt (Paus. 10,12,1-9), die auf Alexandros [23] Polyhistor zurückgeht. Sie ist mit der als “Tochter Noahs” bezeichneten Prophetin in or. Sib. 3,823 ff. sowie or. Sib. prooemium 33 und or. Sib. 1,289 zu identifizieren. Die 12 B. der Oracula Sibyllina zählen zur pseudepigra…

[English version] I. Entstehung Die auf den Aristeas-Brief (Aristeas [2]; [12. 20-37; 15. 677-687; 13]) zurückgehende Entstehungslegende der S. besagt, daß König Ptolemaios [3] II. Philadelphos den Pentateuch von 70 (bzw. 72; 70 = ἑβδομήκοντα/ hebdomḗkonta, lat. septuaginta interpretes, daher der Name S./LXX) Gelehrten an 70 (bzw. 72) Tagen für seine Bibl. ins Griech. übersetzen ließ. Der Name wurde dann auf die griech. Übers. der gesamten hebräischen Bibel einschließlich der Apokryphen (Apokryphe Literatur) übertragen. Diese Über…

[English version] (ζηλωταί/ zēlōtaí, “Eiferer”, von griech. ζηλοῦν/ zēlún, “eifern”). Polit.-rel. Gruppe von Juden, die sich im 1. Jh. n. Chr. und v. a. im ersten Jüd.-röm. Krieg (Jüdische Kriege, s. Nachträge) gegen die röm. Herrschaft in Palaestina erhoben. Der Begriff “Z.” findet sich bei Iosephos [4] Flavius (bell. Iud. 4,160 f.; 7,268-270), dessen Bellum Iudaicum (B. 4-7) und Antiquitates die wichtigsten histor. Quellen für die Bewegung und Ideologie der Z. darstellen. Der Begriff ist eine Übers. der hebr. Bezeichnung qannāīm ( qannā, “eifernd”, sc.: für Gott, u. a…

[German version] (Και(α)φᾶς, Cai(a)phâs). Joseph, with the epithet Caiphas (from Aramaic qayyāfā), was high priest of the Temple of Jerusalem (AD 18-36) and therefore the leader of the Sanhedrin ( Synhedrion), the highest Jewish authority for civil and political issues during Hellenistic and Roman times. As son-in-law of the high priest Ananus (or Annas, Hannas; AD 6-15), he belonged to one of the important families of priests that regularly occupied this office (Jo 18,13; also mPar 3,5 and tYev 1,10) [4. 234]. He was appointed by the Roman procurator Valerius Gratus (AD 15-26), …

[German version] I. Origin According to the legend of the origin of the Septuagint, which is based on the so-called Letter of Aristeas [2] ([12. 20-37; 15. 677-687; 13]), king Ptolemy [3] II Philadelphus had the Pentateuch translated into Greek for his library by 70 (or 72; 70 = ἑβδομήκοντα/ hebdomḗkonta, Latin septuaginta interpretes, hence the name S./LXX) scholars over a period of 70 (or 72) days. The name then came to refer to the Greek translation of the entire Hebrew Bible including the Apocrypha (Apocryphal literature). This story is prob…

[German version] (Σαμβήθη/ Sambḗthē or Σάββη/ Sábbē). Name, probably derived from Hebrew šabbat (Sabbath) [7. 622 ff.], of the Jewish Sibyl, who can be identified with the Egyptian, Persian and Babylonian Sibyls [2. 317 ff.]. A Sabbe is first recorded in Pausanias' [8] list of four Sibyls ( c. AD 160) (Paus. 10,12,1-9), drawing on Alexander [23] Polyhistor. She can be identified with a prophetess known as a 'Noah's daughter' in Or. Sib. 3,823 ff., Or. Sib. prooemium 33 and Or. Sib.  1,289. The 12 books of the Oracula Sibyllina, pseudepigraphic apocalyptic literature (Apocalypse…

(Φασάηλος; Phasáēlos). [German version] [1] Eldest son of Antipater [4] and Cyprus Eldest son of Antipater [4] and Cyprus, born in c. 77 BC probably in Marissa (Idumaea; Jos. Bl.  1,8,9; Jos. Ant. lud. 14,7,3). In 47 BC, P. was appointed governor  (στρατηγός/stratēgós) of Jerusalem and the surrounding area by Antipater (ἐπίτροπος/ epítropos of Judaea under the high priest and ethnarchos Hyrcanus [3] II), while his brother Herod [1] took on the same office in Galilee (Jos. Ant. lud. 14,9,2; Jos. Bl 1,10,4). Josephus credits P…

[German version] This historical depiction of world events (from Adam to the destruction of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem by Titus in AD 70) was written in Hebrew, presumably in the 10th cent. in southern Italy. It is based on the works of  Iosephus [4] Flavius ( Antiquitates Judaicae, Bellum Judaicum, Contra Apionem). Aside from the Latin version of the Bellum (so-called Latin Hegesippus, 4th cent. AD) diverse medieval chronicles can be established as the main models. At the centre are disputes between Rome and Israel. Medieval translations into Arabi…

[German version] The last of seven procurators who administered most of Palestine as a Roman province after the death of Agrippa I in AD 44 under the supreme command of the Syrian governor. Born in Clazomenae, he obviously obtained his office through the links between his wife Cleopatra and the empress Poppaea Sabina (Jos. Ant. Iud. 20,252f.). His rule lasted only two years (AD 64-66) and ended with the outbreak of the 1st Jewish uprising against Rome (Tac. Hist. 5,10). Josephus Flavius whose Bellum Iudaicum is the most important source for Gessius Florus (GF) (cf. Jos. BI 2,1…

[German version] (from the Hebrew šelōmṣiyōn, Aramaic short form Šelamṣah, 'Peace of Zion'; Greek Σαλαμψιώ/ Salampsiṓ). Eldest daughter of Herod (Herodes [1]) the Great and his Hasmonaic wife Mariamme [1]; b. c. 33 BC. After Herod's brother Pheroras had refused marriage with her, in 20 BC, she wed her cousin Phasael II, son of Phasael [1] I, by whom she had five children (Herod IV, Alexander III, Antipater IV, Alexandra and Cyprus III) (Ios. Ant. Iud. 16,7,6; 17,1,3; 18,5,4). Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) Bibliography N. Kokkinos, The Herodian Dynasty. Origins, Role in Society and Ec…

[German version] (Φασαηλίς/ Phasaēlís, Φασηλός/ Phasēlós, modern Ḫirbat Faṣāil). City founded by Herodes [1] I in memory of his elder brother Phasael [1] to the north of Jericho in the fertile Jordan rift valley, probably after 30 BC (Ios. Ant. Iud. 16,5,2; Ios. BI 1,21,9). Inherited after Herod's death by his sister Salome (Ios. Ant. Iud. 17,8,1; Ios. BI 2,6,3), after her death P. became the property of Livia [2], wife of the emperor Augustus (Ios. Ant. Iud. 18,2,2; Ios. BI 2,9,1). P. was known for it…

[German version] (Μαχαιροῦς/ Machairoûs, Hebrew Mekawar, Mekabar). Fortress situated east of the Dead Sea in southern Peraea, on the border with the Nabataean kingdom ( Nabataei) which Alexander [16] Iannaeus (103-76 BC) had built (modern Ruǧm al-Mišnaqa). According to Plin. HN 5,16,72, M. was, apart from Jerusalem, the strongest fortress in Judea. M. was completely destroyed during the Roman campaign in 63 BC by Pompeius (Str. 16,763) and later by the proconsul of Syria Gabinius [I 2] (57-55 BC) (Jos…

[German version] One of the highest princes of angels in Jewish mystical literature. There are several etymological explanations for M.'s name. Odeberg [2. 137 ff.] had already pleaded for the Greek words metá and thrónos, ‘(he who sits)next to the throne (of God)’ (similarly [1]; negatively [5. 75]). In addition, a tradition of 70 secret names is linked with M. [3], including ‘Youth’, ‘Servant’, ‘Yahoel’ and ‘little Yahweh’. He is given a central role in late antique Hekhalot literature [5]. In the so-called Third Book of Enoch…

[German version] (Hebrew benē Ṣādōq, 'sons of Zadok') is a term for the descendants of Zadok (a grandson of Aaron), one of the high priests in the Temple in Jerusalem at the time of  David [1] (2 Sam 15:24-37). In the pre-Exilic period (up to 586 BC), they had sole claim to the office of high priest (1 Kg 2:26 f.), and in the post-Exilic period (from 538 BC), they once again were able to prevail in the offices of priest and high priest (Ez 44:6-16; Priests III). In the post-Exilic period, the perform…

[German version] (Ζοροβαβελ/ Zorobabel, LXX). The pseudepigraphic Hebrew Apocalypse of Z. (Apocalypses) was presumably written in Palestine (Palaestina) at the beginning of the 7th cent. AD and reflects Messianic expectations of the Jewish population, which - threatened by anti-Jewish Byzantine law - was hoping for a Persian conquest of Palestine (Persian-Byzantine Wars 604-630 AD; dating of the Apocalypse to the 4th or 5th cent.[1]). Embedded in a frame story, the revelation by Metatron (some MSS:…

(Hebrew šelomṣiyōn, 'Peace of Zion', Aramaic short form šelamṣāh; Σαλώμη/ Salṓmē). [German version] [1] Sister of Herod [1] the Great, 2nd half, 1st cent. BC Sister of Herod (Herodes [1]) the Great ( c. 57 BC - AD 10). Until his death, she played an important role in factional intrigues at the Herodian court: she plotted against Herod's Hasmonaic wife Mariamme [1] I and their sons Alexander and Aristoboulus [4], likewise against her own husbands Iosephus [1] and Costobarus, who were executed (Jos. BI 1,441 ff.; Jos. Ant. Iud. 1…

[German version] Son (or grandson) of Judas Galileus, who (like his father Hezekiah) fought against Rome and Herod (Ios. Ant. Iud. 18,1,6; 14,9,2) [2]. Judas is described by Iosephus [4] Flavius as the founder of the so-called fourth (nameless, later given the derogatory name of Sicarii, ‘Dagger Men’ = ‘Murderers’ [1. 50]) philosophical school, which differed from the Pharisaei mainly in its love of freedom and its struggle for the absolute rule of God (Ios. Ant. Iud. 18,1,1; 18,1,6) [3. 599; 1. 8…