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al-Ḥimyarī al-Yamanī , the first imām elected by the Ibāḍīs of the Mag̲h̲rib. He was one of the five missionaries ( ḥamalat al-ʿilm , "carriers of science") sent to the Mag̲h̲rib by Abū ʿUbayda al-Tamīmī of Baṣra, the spiritual head of the sect, in order to preach there the Ibāḍī creed [cf. ibāḍiyya ]. These missionaries received from Abū ʿUbayda the order to establish an imamate amongst the Ibāḍiyya of Tripolitania, with Abu ’l-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb ¶ as imām. The activities of the ḥamalat al-ʿilm were crowned with success. In 140/757-8 the Ibāḍī notables of Tripolitania, in a council he…

al-ʿUmānī , Ibāḍī historian and lawyer, native of Bahlāʾ in ʿUmān. His exact dates are not known; but he is counted among the Ibāḍī scholars of the second half of the 3rd/9th century. He left valuable literary materials, especially in the field of history, and also took an active part in the political life of his time, being a zealous partisan of the imām al-Ṣalt b. Mālik, deposed in 273/886-7. Among his works, the following are worthy of note: (1) al-Aḥdāt̲h̲ wa ’l-Ṣifāt , devoted to events in ʿUmān at the time of al-Ṣalt b. Mālik, and to the circumstances of his deposition; (2) al-Bayān wa ’l-Bu…

, governor of Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa and Tripolitania, on behalf of the Rustamid imām of Tāhart, Abu’l-Yakẓān Muḥammad b. Aflaḥ (d. 281/894-5). He came from Tindemīra, a village in the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa, but the exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. His province comprised the whole of Tripolitania, excepting the town of Tripoli which belonged to the Ag̲h̲labids. He had immediately to engage in conflict with the Berber Ibāḍī tribe of Zawāg̲h̲a, who occupied the coast between Tripoli and …

(djado), the old capital of the eastern region of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa in Tripolitania, nowadays a large village in the Fassāṭō district situated on three hills of unequal height. The population of about 2,000—towards the end of the 19th century there were 500 houses—mostly consists of Berbers of the Ibāḍī tribe of Nafūsa. The ruins of the old town are nothing but a pile of broken stones and caves with a mosque in the centre. Near the mosque was formerly the business quarter and the market ( sūḳ ), near which one can still see today the site of the Jewish quart…

, zakariyyāʾ b. muḥammad b. maḥmūd Abū Yaḥyā (Hād̲j̲d̲j̲i K̲h̲alīfa, iv, 188-9: Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd al-Kūfī al-Ḳazwīnī), famous Arab cosmographer and geographer. He drew his origin from an Arab family (his ancestor, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abu ’l-Ḳāsim b. Hibat Allāh al-Ḳazwīnī, was probably descended from Anas b. Malik [ q.v.]), who had been Persianised after settling at Kaẓwīn in Persia. Judging from certain solecisms to be found in al-Ḳazwīnī’s works, Arabic does not seem to have been his mother tongue. He was born at Ḳazwīn, probably towards 600/1203 and seems to have received ther…

, sub-sect ( firḳa ) of the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī sect of the Ibāḍiyya [ q.v.] This sub-sect, whose oiigins were purely political, was founded in what is now Tripolitania around the beginning of the 3rd/9th century by K̲h̲alaf b. al-Samḥ, grandson of the Ibāḍī imām Abu ’l-K̲h̲aṭṭāb ʿAbd al-Aʿlā al-Maʿāfirī al-Yamānī [ q.v.]. Al-Samḥ b. ʿAbd al-Aʿlā, K̲h̲alaf’s father, was originally the vizier of the Rustamid imām ʿAbd al-Wahhāb b. ʿAbd al-Raljmān [ q.v.], who held him in high esteem, and then after ca. 196/811-12, he was governor of Tripolitania ( ḥayyiz Aṭrābulus ) on behalf of this imām. The new …

al-T̲h̲amīnī al-Isd̲j̲anī , celebrated Ibāḍī scholar, b. c. 1130/1717-8, probably at Ward̲j̲lān (Ouargla), d. Rad̲j̲ab 1223/August 1808, at Banū Isd̲j̲an (Beni Isguen) in the Mzab, where, at the age of about forty, he had begun his studies under the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā b. Ṣāliḥ, of Ḏj̲arba. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz is held by the Ibāḍīs to-day to be one of the greatest scholars who ever lived in the Mzab, where he has left the reputation of a man of fervent piety, remarkable sagacity, great imperturbability, perfect self-control, and astonishing assiduity. He devoted himself to the…

, Abū D̲j̲ābir Muḥammad b D̲j̲aʿfar al-Azkawī , Ibāḍī scholar of ʿUmān, d. 281/894. He was the author of an important work of fiḳh entitled Kitāb al-D̲j̲āmiʿ and usually known as D̲j̲āmiʿ Ibn D̲j̲aʿfar to distinguish it from the other Ibāḍī works with the same title. This work is still unpublished; there are several manuscripts of it in the Mzāb, the earliest of them dated 914/1508. Ibn D̲j̲aʿfar also took part in the political events of his time as supporter of the imām al-Ṣalt b. Mālik. (T. Lewicki) Bibliography A. de C. Motylinski, Bibliographie du Mzab, in Bulletin de Correspondance Afr…

Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Saʿīd b. Sulaymān b. ʿAlī b. Īk̲h̲laf , an Ibāḍi jurist, poet and historian of the 7th/13th century, author of a historical and biographical work on the Ibāḍīs, the Kitāb Ṭabaḳāt al-Mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ . He belonged to a pious and learned Berber-Ibāḍī family from Tamīd̲j̲ār, a place in the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa in Tripolitania. His ancestor, al-Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Īk̲h̲laf b. Īk̲h̲laf al-Nafūsī al-Tamīd̲j̲ārī, an eminent faḳīh , lived in the neighbourhood of Nefṭa in the D̲j̲arīd [ q.v.]. Son of Īk̲h̲laf, the pious ʿAlī, who lived in the second half of the 6th/12th cent…

, Yaḥyā b. al-Ḵh̲ayr , Ibāḍī scholar from the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa. He was a native of Id̲j̲nāwun (modern Djennaouen, near Djado, in the eastern part of the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa; cf. J. Despois, Le Djebel Nefousa , Paris 1935, 213 and passim). Al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī mentions him amongst the personages of the 6th/12th century. He was the grandson of another Ibāḍī scholar from the Ḏj̲abal Nafu̲sa, Abu ’l-Ḵh̲ayr Tūzīn al-Ḏj̲anāwunī, contemporary of the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abu ’l-Ḵh̲ayr Tūzīn al-Zawāg̲h̲ī. As the latter lived under the reign of the Zīrid al-Muʿizz b. Bādīs (406-54/1016-62; see al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī, al-…

, maḳrīn b. muḥammad , Ibāḍite historian and biographer born in the village of Bug̲h̲ṭūra (also: Buḳṭūra) in the western region of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa [ q.v.]. According to the Kitāb al-Siyar of Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Abī ʿUt̲h̲mān al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī [ q.v.], an important historical and biographical Ibāḍite work of the 10th/16th century, al-Bug̲h̲ṭūrī was a pupil of two scholars of Ibāḍite history and biography, namely Abū Yaḥyā Tawfīḳ b. Yaḥyā al-D̲j̲anāwunī and Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Masḳūd (also called al…

(also al-D̲j̲īṭālī , var. al-Ḏj̲iṭālī ), Abū Ṭāhir Ismāʿīl b. Mūsā , celebrated Ibāḍite scholar who was a native of Īd̲j̲ayṭāl (also Īd̲j̲īṭāl or D̲j̲iṭāl), an ancient village of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa still there today and now called Id̲j̲eyṭal or D̲j̲eyṭal. The date of his birth is unknown. However, we know that he was a pupil of the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ ʿĪsā b. Mūsā al-Ṭarmīsī, who lived in the second half of the 7th/13th century. For some time he taught at Mazg̲h̲ūra (today Mezg̲h̲ūra or Timezg̲h̲ūra) in the eastern p…

(and also Ḳaṣr Mānū or Tīn Mānū), ancient locality situated on the Mediterranean coast, in the western part of the plain of D̲j̲afāra, between Ḳābis (Gabès) and Aṭrābulus (Tripoli), and on the old route leading from Ifrīḳiya to Egypt. In our opinion it should be identified with [ Ad] Ammonem of the Ancients, a place situated about 30 km. west of the town of Sabratha, Ṣabra of the old Arabic sources. It was here that there took place, in 283/896-7, a great battle between the army of the Ag̲h̲labid amīr s and that of the great Ibāḍī Berber tribe of Nafūsa [ q.v.]. The latter people who lived in th…

, abū ḥātim yaʿḳūb b. labīd , famous Ibāḍī imām . He is mentioned in the Kitāb al-Sīra wa-ak̲h̲bār al-aʾimma , an Ibāḍī chronicle written shortly after 504/1110-11 by Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā b. Abī Bakr al-Ward̲j̲lānī. Abū Ḥātim was also known by other names. In the chronicle (which is at one and the same time a collection of biographies of famous Ibāḍī-Wahbī s̲h̲ayk̲h̲s ) composed by Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī towards the beginning of the 10th/16th century and entitled Kitāb al-Siyar , the imām concerned is called Abū Ḥātim Yaʿkub b. Ḥabīb al-Malzūzī al-Nad̲j̲īsī; he w…

, Ibāḍī scholar, probably a native of the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa, mentioned in al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲īʾs K. al-Siyar (Cairo 1301, 561-2), in a short note that gives no chronological information, but from which it may be deduced that he lived at the end of the 8th/14th or the beginning of the 9th/15th century. He translated into Arabic the old ʿAḳīda of the Ibāḍīs of the Mag̲h̲rib, originally composed in Berber. This translation was in use, at the time of al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī (d. 928/1521-2)) in the island of Ḏj̲arba and in the other Ibāḍī communit…

, the name of an ancient and powerful Berber people which belonged to the great tribal family of the Lawāta [ q.v.]. According to Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn. who makes brief mention of the Mazāta in his Histoire des Berbères , they constituted an important branch descended from Zayr, son of Lawā, ancestor of the Lawāta. According to Ibn Ḥawḳal (4th/10th century), the Mazāta and the Lawāta belonged to the major Berber tribal group of the Zanāta. Yet another historian of the Berbers, Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456/1064), considers the Mazāt…

(also Huwwāra; now Howwāra or Hewwāra), name of a Berber people. Disregarding the legends which give them a Yemenī origin, we must remember that ancient Arabic authors do not agree about their place in the Berber family. The Muslim geographer al-Iṣṭak̲h̲rī (340/951) regards them as members of the Butr branch of the Berbers, whereas most Berber and Arabic genealogists, whose ¶ opinions are given in the History of the Berbers of Ibn K̲h̲aldūn (8th/14th century), regard them as a tribe forming part of the al-Barānis branch, believing them to be…

, a major confederation of Berber tribes belonging to the Butr group and forming the most powerful branch of the family of the Zanāta. The ascendancy, real or imaginary, of this confederation is traced back to Mag̲h̲rāw, who is said to have been, according to the mediaeval Berber genealogists, the ancestor of the Mag̲h̲rāwa as such. Following the Arab and Berber sources utilised in the 8th/14th century by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn in his History of the Berbers , the “cradle” of the Mag̲h̲rāwa and “the ancient seat of their power” was the territory located on t…

al-ʿUmānī , commonly called Ibn Baraka , Ibāḍite author from the township of Bahlā in ʿUmān. The precise dates of his life are not known, but an ʿUmānī Ibāḍite writer, Ibn Mudād, regards him as a disciple and partisan of the imām Saʿīd b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Maḥbūb, killed in 328/939-40. He himself played a considerable part in the political life of ʿUmān and composed several historical and juridical works, of which only the following are extant: 1. al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ , on the principles of law; 2. al-Muwāzana , on the condition of ʿUmān at the time of the imam al-Ṣalt b. …

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Baraka al-ʿUmānī , Ibāḍī author born in the village of Bahlā in ʿUmān. The exact dates of his life are unknown. However, an Ibāḍī writer of ʿUmān, Ibn Mudād, regards him as a disciple and supporter of the imām Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Maḥbūb, who was killed in 328/939-40. He himself played a considerable part in political life in ʿUmān and wrote several historical and juridical works, of which only the following survive: (1) K. al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ . dealing with the principles of law; (2) K. al-Muwāzana , on the state of ʿUmān in the time of ¶ the imām al-Ṣalt b. Mālik; i…

, Abu ’l-Rabīʿ Sulaymān b. Yak̲h̲laf , famous Ibāḍī historian, theologian and jurisconsult. He was a member, as his nisba indicates, of the Berber tribe of Mazāta [ q.v.], probably from the branch who lived in the mountains of south-east Tunisia beside the tribes of the Lawāta and Zanzafa. All these tribes were living around a district which was called Tāmūlast but whose exact location eludes us and which was, in all probability, the place from which Abu ’l-Rabīʿ originated. It is, indeed, in this locality that there lived…

b. ʿumar (or ʿAmr ), the first known Ibāḍī historian of the Mag̲h̲rib. He lived, at ¶ least for a time (in about 240/855), at Tozeur in southern Tunisia. He is known to have been still living in 260/873-4. He is the author of an historical work on the Ibāḍīs of North Africa which has not survived, but fairly long extracts from which are found in the Kitāb al-Siyar of al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī. This work, whose title is not known, was compiled from the traditions related by the North African Ibāḍī s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ s, such as the author’s contemporary Abu Ṣāliḥ al-Nafūsī (whom h…

, abū yaḥyā zakariyyāʾ , chief of the Berber tribe of Nafūsa and last Ibāḍī-Wahbī imām in North Africa. He is probably the same person as R. Basset refers to in error as Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā al-Ird̲j̲ānī, confusing him with his son, Abū Zakariyyāʾ b. Abī Yaḥyā al-Ird̲j̲ānī, who also was chief ( ḥākim ) of the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa. According to the Ibāḍī document known under the name of Tasmiyat s̲h̲uyūk̲h̲ Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa wa-ḳurāhum (6th/12th century), Abū Zakariyyāʾ (error for Abū Yaḥyā Zakariyyaʾ) of Irkān (Ird̲j̲ān) was elected imām after Abū Ḥātim (that is Abū Ḥātim Yūsuf b. Abī ’l-Ya…

or miṣrāta , also Mesrāta, important Berber tribe belonging to the branch of the Hawwāra [ q.v.] of the Barānis (Brānès) group. According to Ibn K̲h̲aldūn, to whom most of the information concerning this people is owed, the Misrāta derived their origin from a certain Meld, who was the son of Awrīg̲h̲, son of Barānis and the brother of the Hawwāra. According to Ibn Ḥazm, and also according to the Berber genealogist Sābiḳ b. Sulaymān, both quoted by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn, the Misrāta and other families descended from Meld, inc…

, Abu Sufyān , Ibāḍī theologian and historian, originally from the Arabic tribe of the Banū ʿAbd al-Ḳays, who lived in the 2nd/8th century and who is cited in the Kitāb Ṭabaḳāt al-mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ of al-Dard̲j̲īnī (d. 670/1227 [ q.v.]) amongst the scholars of the fourth ṭabaḳa or class. His family came originally from ʿIrāḳ (his grandfather al-Malīḥ al-ʿAbdī was one of the close friends of the head of the Ibāḍī community in Baṣra, the famous Abu ʿUbayda Muslim b. Abī Karīma al-Tamīmī [see al-ibāḍiyya ]), and he first lived in ʿUmān. Then he settled in Baṣra, …

al-nad̲j̲īsī , Ibāḍī imām in the Mag̲h̲rib. The orthodox Arab historians represent him as a mere leader of Berber rebels. His role, however, was more defined, as he was given by the Ibāḍīs of Tripolitania the title of imām al-difāʿ (" imām of defence"). According to the chronicle of Abū Zakariyyāʾ al-Ward̲j̲lānī, this revolt took place in Rad̲j̲ab 145/Sept.-Oct. 762, only one year after the death of Abu ’l-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb. According to al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī, al-Siyar , Cairo 1301, 134, Abū Ḥātim’s, government began in (1)54 A. H. It is, however, possible that this is a mistake for 145. Little is known…

(or Ifran , Ifrān , Ufrān Ūfrān etc.). the most important branch of the large Berber tribe of the Zenāta (Zanāta [ q.v.]). According to the writings, now lost, of three Berber genealogists used by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn, namely Sābiḳ b. Sulaymān al-Maṭmāṭī, Hanīʾ b. Masdūr al-Kūmī and Kaḥlān b. Abī Luwā, the Banū Īfran are descended from Īṣlitan (also Yaṣlitan), son of Misrā, son of Zākiyā, son of Wardīran (or of Wars̲h̲īk), son of Adīdat. According to the same tradition, Zākiyā was the brother of Dammar (Demmer), the eponymo…

, eminent Ibāḍī lawyer of the end of the 2nd/8th and the beginning of the 3rd/9th century, a native of Ḵh̲urāsān. On his way to the Rustamid imām ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (168-208/784-823) at Tāhart, to offer him his book al-Mudawwana , he stayed with the Ibāḍī s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ , Abū Ḥafṣ ʿAmrūs b. Fatḥ, of Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa, who rendered a service to Ibāḍī literature by conserving in the Mag̲h̲rib a copy of the work. The Mudawwana of Abū G̲h̲ānim is the oldest Ibāḍī treatise on general jurisprudence, according to the teaching of Abū ʿUbayda Muslim al-Tamīmī (d. under al-Manṣūr, 136-58/754-75; cf. ibāḍiyya …

, a Berber tribe belonging to the great branch of the Butr and related, if one is to believe the ancient Berber traditions cited by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn. to the tribes of Ḍarīsa, Saṭfūra, Lamāya, Maṭmāṭa, Ṣadīna, Malzūza and Madyūna who lived, in the early Middle Ages, in eastern Barbary. It is also apparently in the same region that the ancient habitat of Mag̲h̲īla is to be sought in the period in question. According to the Berber traditions cited by various early Arab historians, the Mag̲h̲īla, after coming from Palestine into North Africa, reached…

( al-Nakkāra , al-Nakkāriyya ) “deniers”: one of the main branches of the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī sect of the Ibāḍiyya [ q.v.]. The existence of this sect has already been proved by E. Masqueray, A. de C. Motylinski and R. Strothmann; cf., however, the opinion of G. Levi della Vida, according to whom al-Nukkār is simply “an insulting epithet applied to K̲h̲ārid̲j̲īs in general” [see Ṣufriyya ]. The name al-Nukkār comes from the fact that the members of this sect refused to recognise the second Ibāḍī imām of Tāhert, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Rustam [see rustamids ]. The…

, name given to the Hungarians or Magyars and to Hungary in the Ottoman period. 1. In pre-Ottoman period (1) The names for the Hungarians and Hungary in the Arabic and Persian authors of the 3rd-8th/9th-14th centuries. The earliest mention of the Hungarians (Magyars) occurs in ¶ the Kitāb al-Aʿlāḳ al-nafīsa of Ibn Rusta (Ibn Rosteh), written between the years 290-300/903-12-13 on the basis of the geographical treatise of al-Ḏj̲ayhānī ( ca. 300 A.H.) who used, in the composition of this work, an anonymous historical account dealing with Central Asia and Eastern Euro…

, historian, author of a chronicle on the Rustamid imāms of Tāhert. His work forms the earliest document on the Ibāḍis of North Africa which has survived up to the present, with the exception of extracts from the work of Ibn Salām b. ʿUmar [ q.v.]. The chronicle of Ibn al-Ṣag̲h̲īr was very highly esteemed by the Ibāḍī historians of the Mag̲h̲rib, two of whom, al-Barrādī [ q.v.] and al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī [ q.v.] quote large extracts from it. His opinions concerning the Ibāḍīs of Tāhert and particularly the Rustamids were certainly not hostile, in spite of an anti-Ibāḍī s…

(literally “circle”, “gathering of people seated in a circle”, and also “gathering of students around a teacher”), among the Ibāḍī-Wahbīs of the Mzāb [ q.v.] a religious council made up of twelve ʿazzāba (“recluses”, “clerks”; on the exact meaning of this word, see R. Rubinacci, Un antico documento di vita cenobitica musulmana, 47-8), and presided over by a s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ . On the mystical sense of ḥalḳa , the Ḳawāʿid al-Islām of al-Ḏj̲ayṭālī [ q.v.], which is the most complete code of the Ibāḍī sect (written probably in the first half of the 8th/14th century), says: “On…

(or rather al-s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-faḳīh al-ʿadl Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh Ibn ʿAbd al-Munʿim b. ʿAbd al-Nūr al-Ḥimyarī , author of the important Arabic geographical dictionary entitled Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fi k̲h̲abar al-aḳṭār . Nothing is known of this writer apart from the facts that he came from the Mag̲h̲rib and that he was a jurisconsult ( faḳīh ) and a ḳāḍī’s assessor or notary ( ʿadl ). E. Lévi-Provençal was responsible for the discovery and the publication of a large part of his work ( La péninsule Ibérique au Moyen Age , d’après le Kitāb…

, Yaḥyā b. Abī Bakr , historian of the Ibāḍīs of the Mag̲h̲rib. The Ibāḍi chroniclers al-Dard̲j̲īnī (7th/13th century) and al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī (d. 928/1522) who took the chronicle of Abū Zakariyyāʾ as the basis for their own works, give but scanty details about him and do not indicate the date either of his birth or of his death. From al-Dard̲j̲īnī it is known at least that he was a native of Ward̲j̲lān (Ouargla) and that he studied in the Wādī Rīg̲h̲ (Oued Righ) under the Ibāḍī s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abu ’l-Rabīʿ Sulaymān b. Ik̲h̲laf al-Mazātī (d. 4…

, an ancient Berber people belonging to the branch of the Butr, and to the family of Ḍarīsa, who most probably lived in Tripolitania. If we are to believe Ibn K̲h̲aldūn (8th/14th century) and his sources, the Berber genealogists, the Malzūza were descendants of Fāṭin, son of Tamzīt, son of Ḍarī (eponym of the Ḍarīsa) and were the sister-tribe of the important Berber tribes of the Maṭg̲h̲ara, the Lamāya, the Ṣadīna, the Kūmiya, the Madyūna, the Mag̲h̲īla, the Maṭmāṭa, the Kas̲h̲āna (or Kas̲h̲āta) and the Dūna. The major…

(in Leo Africanus: Luntuna or Lumtuna), a great Berber tribe belonging to the branch of the Ṣanhād̲j̲a who led a nomadic life, and like other tribes of this branch forming part of the Mulat̲h̲t̲h̲amūn or “wearers of the veil” [see lit̲h̲ām ]. The Lamtūna nomadised over the western Sahara, where between the 2nd/8th and 5th/11th centuries they played a considerable political role. According to al-Bakrī (459/1067), the region covered by them stretched from the lands of Islam (i.e. the Mag̲h̲rib) to those of the blacks. This is what this ge…

, one of the main branches of the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲īs [ q.v.], representatives of which are today found in ʿUmān, East Africa, Tripolitania (D̲j̲abal Nafūsa and Zuag̲h̲a) and southern Algeria (Wargla and Mzab). The sect takes it name from that of one of those said to have founded it, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibāḍ al-Murrī al-Tamīmī. The form usually employed is Abāḍiyya; this is true not only of North Africa ( e.g., in the D̲j̲abal Natūsa, cf. A. de C. Motylinski, Le Djebel Nefousa , Paris 1898-9, 41 and passim ), where it is attested in the 9th/15th century by the Ibāḍī writer al-Barrādī ( Kitāb Ḏj̲awāhir al-mun…

(also al-D̲j̲enāwunī ), Abū ʿUbayda ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd , governor of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa for the Ibādite imāms of Tāhart. He was a native of the village of Īd̲j̲nāwun (also D̲j̲enāwen, in Berber Ignaun) situated below the town of D̲j̲ādū in the present district of Fassāṭo. He already enjoyed great prestige there about 196/811 during the stay of the imām ʿAbd al-Wahhāb b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Rustam in the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa. On the death of Abu ’l-Ḥasan Ayyūb he was elected governor of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa by the people of the country and aft…

, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. Sulaymān al-ʿUmānī , Ibāḍī scholar of ʿUmān who lived in the 6th/12th century (he was killed by K̲h̲ardala b. Samāʿa). He was the author of the Kitāb al-Daʿāʾim , a collection of poems on fiḳh of which two editions have been published (one of them in Cairo in 1351). Among his other works there should be mentioned an important Kitāb Silk al-d̲j̲umān fī siyar ahl ʿUmān (T. Lewicki) Bibliography A. de C. Motylinski, Bibliographie du Mzab, in Bulletin de Correspondance Africaine, iii (1885), 19, no. 21 ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥumayd al-Sālimī, al-Lumʿa al-murḍiyya, printed in a collec…

, name of a large Berber people mentioned as early as the middle of the 3rd/9th century in the geographical work of Ibn K̲h̲urradād̲h̲bih as being among the thirty most important Berber tribes of this period. According to the majority of Berber genealogists cited by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn (including Sābiḳ al-Maṭmāṭī), the Maṭmāṭa, who were brothers of the Maṭg̲h̲ara, Ṣadīna, Malzūza, Madyūna and Lamāya, belonged to the great Berber family of the Butr; they constituted, with the above-mentioned tribes, th…

(also Madyūna or Medyūna ), an important Berber tribe, belonging to the major branch of Butr and descended from the family of Fāṭin, son of Tamzīt (or Tamṣīt), son of Ḍarīs, son of Zaḥīk (Zad̲j̲īk), son of Mādg̲h̲is al-Abtar. According to Ibn ʿIdhārī, Madyūna was said to be the son of Tamzīt, son of Ḍarī and brother of Maṭmāṭa, Mad̲h̲g̲h̲ara, Ṣadīna, Mag̲h̲īla and Malzūza. According to Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn, the Midyūna (Medyūna) were related to the Maṭg̲h̲ara, Ṣadīna, Lamāya, Kūmiya, Mag̲h̲īla, Dūna, Maṭmaṭa, Malzūza, Kas̲h̲āna (Kas̲h̲āta) and Ḍarīsa. Little is known of the history of the…

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Nāṣir b. Miyāl b. Yūsuf , noted Ibāḍī-Wahbī historian, traditionist and biographer. He was descended from Yūsuf al-Lawātī, the vizier of al-Aflah b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, the third Ibāḍī imām of the Rustamid dynasty (208-50/823-71). According to the biographical notices about him given in the works of al-Dardiīnī and al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī, he was born in the first half of the 5th/11th century in the province of Barḳa (Cyrenaica). His nisba indicates that he was from the Berber tribe of the Lawāta [ q.v.], of which several sections were adherents of the…

, an important Berber ethnic group belonging to the family of Butr and whose eponymous ancestor was Lawā the Young, son of Lawā the Old. They are distant descendants of the Lebu (Lebou) of the Egyptian documents of the 13th century B.C., of the Lubīm or Lehabīm of the Bible, the Libues (Libyans) of the ancient Greeks, of the Laguantan of Corippus and the Leuathae of Procopius (6th century A.D.). It is probable that the Lebu (Lebou) of the Egyptians lived on the Mediterranean coast of Africa, bet…

[English edition] تمثّل الإباضيّة أحد الفروع الرئيسية للخوارج [انظره]، الذين نجد ممثّليهم اليوم في عُمان وشرق إفريقيا وليبيا (جبل نفوسة وزواغة)، وفي جنوب الجزائر (ورقلة ومزاب). ويستمد المذهب اسمه من اسم أحد مؤسّسيه وهو عبد الله بن إباض المُرّي التميمي. والشكل الذي جرت العادة باستعماله هو: أباضية؛ وهذا صحيح بالنسبة إلى شمال إفريقيا فقط (مثلاً في جبل نفوسة، راجع، أ. دي موتيلنسكي، جبل نفوسة، باريس 1898–9، ص 41 وفي أماكن مختلفة)، حيث استعملها، في القرن التاسع هـ/الخامس عشر م، الكاتب الإباضي البرّادي (ا…