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[German version] (Τέρινα; Térina). City in Bruttium (Bruttii;  Thuc. 6,104,2; Plin.  HN 3,72) on the “Gulf of T.” (Thuc. loc.cit.: Τεριναῖος κόλπος/ Terinaíos kólpos; Plin. HN loc.cit.), presumably at Santa Eufemia Vetere (ancient remains). Founded by Croton  in the 6th cent. BC (Ps.-Scymn. 306-308; Steph. Byz. s. v. T.); after 444 BC besieged by the Thurii (Polyaenus, Strat. 2,10,1), in 356 BC conquered by the Bruttii, in 203 BC destroyed by Hannibal [4] (Str. 6,1,5). Minting of silver coins from the second quarter of the 5th cent. BC (HN 112 f.). Muggia, Anna (Pavia) Bibliography F. P…

(Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς/ Megálē Hellás, ‘Great Greece’). I. Geography and history [German version] A. Definition From a geographical point of view, the concept of Magna Graecia (MG) is superimposed on Italia without being identical with it. In the 5th cent. BC, it referred to the outermost part of Italia, surrounded by the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas from Laus [2] to Metapontium. Later MG was used for the whole part of Southern Italy that had been settled by Greeks, from Taras to Cyme [2]. The term Megálē Hellás was already widespread around the middle of the 5th cent. BC. There seem to be…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Italy, languages | Colonization | Punic Wars (Κρότων, Krótōn, Lat. Croto[n]). City founded in around 733 BC by Achaean colonists under  Myscellus from Rhypae, in response to a Delphic oracle, on the eastern coast of  Bruttium in southern Italy (Antiochus, FGrH 555 F 10). In the 6th cent. BC, C. expanded at the expense of its neighbouring colonies: important milestones were the capture and destruction of…

('promontory', 'cape'). [German version] [1] Promontorium Cantium Headland in the far south-east of Britannia, opposite the mouth of the Rhine (τὸ Κάντιον). Headland in the far south-east of Britannia, opposite the mouth of the Rhine; a landmark for seamen and geographers, modern South Foreland/Kent ( cf. Caes. B Gall. 5,13,1; 14,1; 22,1; Diod. Sic. 5,21,3; Str. 1,4,3; 4,3,3; 5,1). Cantium probably means 'corner' in Celtic [1]. The exposed location in the far south-east of the island gave its name to the Cantiaci, and the name was also applied to the ki…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | | Coloniae | Coloniae | Punic Wars (Θούριοι/ Thoúrioi, Latin Thurii). Greek city on the Ionios Kolpos where Sybaris [4] stood until its destruction in 510 BC, c. 134 km south-west of Tarentum (Taras[2]); today the field of ruins at the Parco di Cavallo, Parco dei Tori and Casa Bianca. After several attempts (thwarted by Croton) by displaced Sybarites to refound their city (Str. 6,1,13), the Athenians decided in 444/3 BC to found a Panhellenic co…

This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | | Coloniae | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Italy, languages | Colonization | Regio, regiones (Ποσειδωνία/ Poseidōnía: Aristot. Mir. 839a 30; Παιστός/ Paistós: Str. 5,4,13; Ποσειδωνιάς/ Poseidōniás: Scymn. 248; 'Oscan' Παῖστον/ Paîston: Ptol. 3,1,8; Posidonia: Liv. Per. 14; Plin. HN. 3,71; Latin Paestum: Plin. loc. cit.; Pestum: Tab. Peut. 6,5). [German version] I. History Town in Lucania (Aristot. loc. cit.) on the south coast of the Gulf of Salerno (Str. loc. cit.: Π…

[German version] (Τεμέση/ Temésē). City in Bruttium (Bruttii), in the Roman period Tempsa (Str. 6,1,5; Plin. HN 3,72); its location is uncertain, but it was somewhere in the valley of the Sabutus (modern Savuto). T. was founded by the Ausones; these were followed by the Aetolians under Thoas [3], then the Bruttii. In 194 BC a Roman colonia (Str. loc.cit.; Liv. 34,45) was established. Followers of Spartacus used T. as a base (Cic. Verr. 2,5,39-41). Near T., there was a heroon to Polites [2] (cf. Paus. 6,6,4-10). Copper mines at T. had already been exhau…

(Σύβαρις; Sýbaris). [German version] [1] Monster on the mountain Cirphis near Crisa Monster on the mountain Cirphis near Crisa, also called Lamia (Lamia [1]). In order to keep the area free of S.' regular visitations, a youth called Alcyoneus was to be sacrificed. Out of love for him, however, Eurybatus spontaneously took his place. He managed to overcome S. and throw it from a rock. On the site of its fall the spring S. arises (Antoninus Liberalis 8, according to Nicander). Johannsen, Nina (Kiel) [German version] [2] Name of a youth Name of a youth, possibly a river god, in a picture…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Etrusci, Etruria | Italy, languages | Colonization | Regio, regiones (Μεταπόντιον, Metapóntion; Lat. Metapontum). A lower Italian city in Lucania, on the Gulf of Taras/Tarentum, said to have first been founded by the Pylians under Nestor upon their return from Troy (Strab. 6,1,15). The continuity of the Achaean substrate between the Mycenaean period and the great colonisation seems to have continued in the cultic domain (Artemision by the Venella an…

[German version] (Λευκόπετρα; Leukópetra, ‘white rock’). Promontory on the Adriatic coast south of Rhegium (Str. 5,1,3; 6,1,7), modern Capo dell'Armi near Motta S. Giovanni. Together with other ‘white rocks’ (Capo Leucata, Phalaron Akron, Leucopetrae Tarentinorum) it marks the sea route from Greece to lower Italy and Sicily. The light-coloured rocks helped the sailors navigate. Muggia, Anna (Pavia) Bibliography C. Turano, Leucopetra, in: Calabria antica, 1977, 34-44 BTCGI 4, 420f. M. Giangiulio, Tra mare e terra, in: F. Prontera (ed.), La Magna Grecia e il mare, 1996, 261-263.

(Τάρας/ Táras). [German version] [1] Son of Poseidon and a South-Italian nymph Son of Poseidon and a South-Italian nymph (Paus. 10,10,8), or son of Heracles [1] (Serv. Aen. 3,551); hero and eponym of the town of Taranto ( cf. T. [2]) and of its river. He is considered to be the founder (Paus. l.c.), or at least the patron (Serv. l.c.) of Taranto. On a coin from Taranto, he is represented as a boy reaching out for Poseidon; the image of a dolphin rider appearing on other coins from Taranto, represents rather Phalantus [1], in spite o…

[German version] [1] Ligurian city in the valley of the upper Chero (Βελεία, Βελία/ Bel(e)ía; Οὐελεία/ Oueleía). Ligurian city (but in Regio VIII) in the valley of the upper Chero (tributary of the Po), c. 30 km to the south of Placentia; modern Velleia. Possibly an Augustean colonia, tribus Galeria (Plin. HN 3,47; ILS 1079, l. 8: res publica Velleiat[ium]; ILS 5560: municipes); according to the archaeological finds evidently destroyed in the 4th/5th cent. AD and abandoned. Parts of the forum survive (drainage system; paving, cf. CIL XI 1184; basilica; po…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | | Etrusci, Etruria | Commerce | Italy, languages | Colonization | Natural catastrophes | Punic Wars | Regio, regiones | Rome | Rome (Ῥήγιον/ Rhḗgion, Lat. Regium), modern Reggio di Calabria. City on the Bruttian coast of the Fretum Siculum (Straits of Messina). Its strategic position and the lack of agriculturally useful territory committed the city to the lucrative control of the strait. Founded in the 2nd half of the 8th cent. BC shor…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization (Σῖρις; Sîris). City to the north of the mouth of the river of the same name (modern Sinni) at modern Policoro on the Ionios Kolpos (Gulf of Taranto), surrounded by fertile land (Archil. fr. 18 D.; Timaios FGrH 566 F 51 f.; Aristot. fr. 584 R.). Mythical founding by Trojans, historical founding c. 670 BC on top of a previous epichoric settlement by Colophon (under the name Polieion: Str. 6,1,14). S. was destroyed in about the middle of the 6th century BC by a coalition of Achaean co…

[German version] (Σκυλλήτιον/ Skyllḗtion, Σκυλλάκιον/ Skyllákion, Latin Scolacium). City on the east coast of Bruttia on the gulf named after it ( kólpos Skyllētikós; [1. 63]; today still Golfo di Squillace); ground plan of the Roman city and building foundations from  the 1st/2nd cent. AD near modern Roccelletta di Borgia. In ancient tradition S. was seen as the northernmost place in Italía (Antiochos FGrH 555 F 5; Aristot. Pol. 1329b 13 f.; Str. 6,1,4). S. (founded in the second half of the 6th cent. BC) was at first dependent on Croton, then on Locri …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization (Καυλωνία; Kaulōnía, Lat. Caulonia, Caulonea). Achaean colony on the eastern coast of Bruttium, founded by Typhon of Aegium (Paus. 6,3,12) at the end of the 8th cent. BC, near the modern Monasterace Marina [1]. C. came under the rule of  Croton, and was eventually considered a Crotoniate foundation (Ps.-Scymn. GGM 1, 318f.). Its initial autonomy is verified by the minting of coins from the 6th cent. BC onwards. Its economic mainstay was…

[German version] [1] Colony (Λᾶος; Lâos). The colony, localized on the hill of San Bartolo di Marcellina, along the river Lao in the bay of Scalea, was founded by survivors from Sybaris after the destruction of the city in 510 BC. Nearby was the heroon of Dracon, a companion of Odysseus (Str. 6,1,1). At the end of the 5th cent. BC L. was conquered by the Lucani. Here the bloody battle between the Italiot League and the Lucani took place in 389 BC. A city with remains of buildings and graves surrounded by a wall is from the 4th cent. BC. No traces of the archaic period. Muggia, Anna (Pavia) Bibliography P…

(Κύμη; Kýmē). [German version] [1] Settlement on Euboea This item can be found on the following maps: Aegean Koine C. on  Euboea. The exact location of the ancient settlement is unknown; it should be looked for near what is today the town of C., commonly Kumi, on the east coast of Euboea, possibly about 5 km north at the monastery of Sotiros (17th cent.) where there is also a Venetian fortress. Recently the remains of an Early Helladic settlement were found near Murteri south of C. whose inhabitants already traded…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | Coloniae (Οὐιβῶνα Οὐαλεντία/ Ouibôna Oualentía). City in Bruttium on the Mare Tyrrhenum in the south of the gulf of S. Eufémia, inland north of the foothills of Tropea at a height of 560 m near modern VV (the name was Monteleone di Calabria until 1928). Founded by Locri [2] in the 2nd half of the 6th cent. BC with the place name of Hipponium (Ἱππώνιον/ Hippṓnion) along with Medma to the southwest of VV in an effort to reduce the population pressure (Ps.-Skymn. 307 f.). In …

(Νέα πόλις/ Néa pólis, Νεάπολις/ Neápolis, ‘New City’). [German version] [1] Town on the northern coast of the Aegean This item can be found on the following maps: | Macedonia, Macedones | Moesi, Moesia Town on the northern coast of the Aegean to the west of the mouth of the Nestus river, across from the island of Thasos, modern Kavalla (Str. 7a,1,36; Ps.-Scyl. 67), probably a Thasian colony but the exact period of foundation is unknown. Early in the 6th cent. BC, autonomous silver coinage modelled on that of Eretria [1] (HN 196…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bundesgenossensystem | Etrusci, Etruria | Handel | Italien, Sprachen | Kolonisation | Naturkatastrophen | Punische Kriege | Regio, regiones | Roma | Roma | Theater | Straßen (Ῥήγιον, lat. Regium), h. Reggio di Calabria. Stadt an der bruttischen Küste des Fretum Siculum (Meerenge von Messina). Strategische Lage und Fehlen von landwirtschaftlich nutzbarem Territorium verwiesen die Stadt auf die einträgliche Kontrolle der Meerenge. In der 2. H. des 8. Jh. v. Chr., kurz …

(“Vorgebirge”, “Kap”). [English version] [1] Promontorium Cantium Landspitze im äußersten SO von Britannia gegenüber der Mündung des Rheins (τὸ Κάντιον). Landspitze im äußersten SO von Britannia gegenüber der Mündung des Rheins, eine Landmarke für Seeleute und Geographen, h. South Foreland/Kent (vgl. Caes. Gall. 5,13,1; 14,1; 22,1; Diod. 5,21,3; Strab. 1,4,3; 4,3,3; 5,1). Cantium dürfte kelt. “Ecke” bedeuten [1]. Die exponierte Lage im äußersten SO der Insel gab den Cantiaci ihren Namen, der sich auch auf das im 6. Jh. hier entstehende Königreich Kent übertrug. Todd, Malcolm (…

(Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς/ Megálē Hellás, “Großgriechenland”). I. Geographie und Geschichte [English version] A. Begriff Aus geogr. Sicht überlagert der Begriff M.G. Italia, ohne jedoch damit identisch zu sein. Im 5. Jh.v.Chr. verstand man darunter die äußerste, vom Tyrrhenischen und Ion. Meer umgebene Italía, von Laus [2] nach Metapontion; nach und nach wurde M.G. für den ganzen von Griechen besiedelten Teil Süditaliens von Taras bis Kyme [2] geläufig. Der Ausdruck Megálē Hellás war schon um die Mitte des 5. Jh.v.Chr. verbreitet. Er scheint auf zwei Trad. zurückzugehen: di…

Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bundesgenossenkriege | Bundesgenossensystem | Coloniae | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Italien, Sprachen | Kolonisation | Regio, regiones | Theater | Straßen (Ποσειδωνία: Aristot. mir. 839a 30; Παιστός: Strab. 5,4,13; Ποσειδωνιάς: Skymn. 248; “oskisch” Παῖστον: Ptol. 3,1,8; Posidonia: Liv. per. 14; Plin. nat. 3,71; lat. Paestum: Plin. l.c.; Pestum: Tab. Peut. 6,5). [English version] I. Geschichte Stadt in Lucania (Aristot. l.c.) an der Südküste des Golfo di Salerno (Strab. l.c.: Ποσειδωνιάτης κόλπος, Παιστανὸ…

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[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Etrusci, Etruria | Italien, Sprachen | Kolonisation | Regio, regiones | Theater (Μεταπόντιον, lat. Metapontum). Unteritalische Stadt in Lucania am Golf von Taras/Tarent, erstmals angeblich von den Pylioi des Nestor bei der Rückkehr aus Troia gegr. (Strab. 6,1,15). Die Kontinuität des achaiischen Substrats zw. myk. Epoche und Großer Kolonisation scheint im Kultbereich (Artemision della Venella und Artemision von Lusoi) weitergegangen zu sein. Ein zweite…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bundesgenossensystem | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Italien, Sprachen | Kolonisation | Punische Kriege | Straßen (Κρότων, lat. Croto[n]). Um 733 v.Chr. unter Myskelos aus Rhypes von achaiischen Kolonisten auf ein delphisches Orakel hin gegr. Stadt an der Ostküste von Bruttium/Südit. (Antiochos, FGrH 555 F 10). Im 6. Jh.v.Chr. expandierte K. auf Kosten der Nachbarkolonien: Wichtige Stationen sind die Einnahme und Zerstörung von Siris Mitte 6. Jh., die Nied…

(Νέα πόλις, Νεάπολις, “Neue Stadt”). [English version] [1] Stadt an der Nordküste der Ägäis Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Makedonia, Makedones | Moesi, Moesia | Straßen Stadt an der Nordküste der Ägäis im Westen der Mündung des Nestos gegenüber Thasos, h. Kavalla (Strab. 7a,1,36; Ps.-Skyl. 67). Wohl thasische Kolonie; die genaue Gründungszeit ist unbekannt. E. des 6. Jh.v.Chr. autonome Silberprägung nach dem Vorbild von Eretria [1] (HN 196). Aus dieser Zeit stammen Reste eines Tempels der Athena Partheno…

[English version] (Λευκόπετρα, “weißer Felsen”). Vorgebirge an der Adria-Küste südl. von Rhegion (Strab. 5,1,3; 6,1,7), h. Capo dell'Armi bei Motta S. Giovanni. Zusammen mit anderen “weißen Felsen” (Capo Leucata, Phalaron Akron, Leucopetrai Tarentinorum) kennzeichnet er die Seefahrtsroute von Griechenland nach Unteritalien und Sizilien. Der helle Felsen half den Seefahrern bei der Navigation. Muggia, Anna (Pavia) Bibliography C. Turano, Leucopetra, in: Calabria antica, 1977, 34-44  BTCGI 4, 420f.  M. Giangiulio, Tra mare e terra, in: F. Prontera (Hrsg.), La Magna Greci…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kolonisation (Καυλωνία, lat. Caulonia, Caulonea). Achaiische Kolonie an der Ostküste von Bruttium, von Typhon von Aigion (Paus. 6,3,12) E. 8. Jh.v.Chr. gegr., beim h. Monasterace Marina [1]. K. geriet unter die Herrschaft von Kroton, galt schließlich als krotonische Gründung (Ps.-Skymn. GGM 1, 318f.). Die anfängliche Autonomie bezeugt die im 6. Jh.v.Chr. einsetzenden Mz.-Prägung. Hauptwirtschaftszweig war der Holzhandel (Thuk. 7,25,2). 388 v.…