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[German version] (Κελάδων; Keládōn). Tributary of the  Alpheius between Pylos and Arcadia, rising on Mt. Lycaeum -- its identification is a Homeric problem (Hom. Il. 7,133-135: Nestor's tale of the fight of the Pylians against the Arcadians ‘by the rapid river C. under the walls of Pheia, and round about the waters of the river Iardanus’). Even ancient Homeric philologists tried in vain to determine the location of the C. in the coastal region (cf. Didymus, schol. Hom. Il. 7,135; Str. 8,3,21; cf. also Paus. 8,38,9: Κέλαδος/ Kélados). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] Town in the territory of the Vocontii (It. Ant. 357,8; It. Burdigalense 555; Seleucus is the Latin form of a Celtic personal name [1. 1462]) on the road from the Matrona Pass to Valentia (modern Valence) on the Rhodanus, modern La Bâtie-Montsaléon in the département of Hautes-Alpes, about 6 km to the northeast of Serres. Numerous finds (inscriptions, votive gifts; now in the museum of Gap) attest to its having been a frequently visited cult site (Allobrox, Silvanus, Mars, Victoria, Isis, Mithras). Magnentius was decisively…

[German version] (Ὤανις/Ṓ anis). Small river on the south coast of Sicily, probably the present-day Rifrascolaro, which flows into the sea to the east of Camarina. The MS tradition for Pind. Ol. 5,11 wavers between Ὤανις/ Ṓanis and Ὤανος/ Ṓanos; cf. the discussion for [1]. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 K. Ziegler, s.v. O., RE 17, 1675-1677 2 E. Manni, Geografia fisica e politica della Sicilia antica, 1981, 118.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Θεμισώνιον/ Themisṓnion). City in southwestern Phrygia (Str. 12,8,13; Paus. 10,32,4; Ptol. 5,2,26; Hierocles, Synekdemos 666,3), presumably to the north of Acıpayam at modern Dodurga in the valley of the Kazanes (coins: BMC Phrygia 418 f.); this river can probably be identified as the Casus (modern river Karayük), which Manlius [I 24] crossed on his march from Tabae to Cibyra in 189 BC (cf. Liv. 38,14,1). T. was named after Themison, a fri…

[German version] (Baltic Sea). Shallow marginal sea of the Atlantic or the North Sea ( mare Germanicum ); since about 8000 BC the connection with the North Sea has been broken in various ways. Subdivisions are the shallow Kattegat and the shallow Bælt Sea, the actual Baltic Sea with various basins and depths up to 50 m (west of Bornholm), 100 m (east of Bornholm), 249 m (east of Gotland), 459 m (east of Landort, maximum depth of the Mare Suebicum (MS)) and larger islands (Fyn and Sjæland in th…

[German version] (Θεμίσκυρα/ Themískyra). Highly fertile coastal region (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 7a; Apollod. 2,101; Plin. HN 6,9; Just. Epit. 2,4,1) or Greek city (at modern Terme, Peripl. m. Eux. 29; Ps.-Scyl. 89; possibly destroyed in the third of the Mithridatic Wars since for later times there is no information) in the north of the Paryadres mountains on the southern shore of the Black Sea (Pontos Euxeinos) on the lower River Thermodon [2], where in Greek myth the Amazons lived (cf. Aesch. PV 724 f.; Hdt. 4,110). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] Station on the Pontic coast road (Arr. Per. p. E. 21: Ζάγωρα/ Zágōra; Tab. Peut. 10,1; Geogr. Rav. 2,17: Agoria; 5,10: Z.; Guido, Geographica 101) from Sinope to Trapezus between Gurzubathon (modern Kurzuvet) and Zaliches (at modern Alaçam), presumably at modern Çayağzı at the mouth of the Aksu. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Καικῖνος; Kaikînos). According to Paus. 6,6,4, the C. is the border river between  Locri and Rhegium, where the Athenians under  Laches [1] defeated the Locrians under Proxenus (Thuc. 3,103,3) in what is today Amendolea/Sicily. The Locrian fist fighter Euthymus was worshipped at a hero-shrine and regarded as the son of the river god C. (Ael. VH 8,18). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 955.

[German version] Ligurian (Liv. 5,25,2; Plin. HN 3,124) or Celtic (Cato in Plin. l.c.; Λάοι, Pol. 2,17,4) tribe which founded the city of Ticinum (modern Pavia), together with the Matrici; Ticinum later fell under the rule of the Insubres (Ptol. 3,1,33). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 179.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae (modern Teggiano). City in Lucania (Lucani) on the left bank of the Tanager (modern Tanagro) on the via Popilia from Consentia to Aquilonia [1] (Plin. HN 3,98: Tergilani = Tegianenses?; Liber Coloniarum 209). Municipium , which under Nero [1] was elevated to a colonia, tribus Pomptina. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography V. Bracco, Nuove scoperte archeologiche in Lucania, in: RAL 20, 1965, 283 f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Xenophon | Hellenistic states | Colonization | Patricius (Κοτύωρα; Kotýōra). Port town on the south coast of  Pontus Euxinus, assumed to be near Ordu, where remains of an ancient harbour pier are located. The ‘Ten Thousand’ of  Xenophon rested there for 45 days before they took to the sea in the west. Under Pharnaces I (185-160/154 BC), C. was united in a synoikismós with Cerasus in Pharnacaea and declined to a small town (πολίχνη, Str. 12,3,17) (Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 24; Peripl. m. Eux. 34). Olshausen, Eckart (S…

[German version] (Ξιμήνη; Ximḗnē). Region in the territory of Amasea, which in the south of Diacopene and Pimolisene "reaches as far as the river Halys... In X. there are salt mines, from which the Halys, it is surmised, took its name" (Str. 12,3,39). According to the sequence of mentions in  Str. loc.cit. the X. is to be looked for in the area between Çorum and the River Kızılırmak. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Olshausen/Biller/Wagner, 174 (with map A 3).

[German version] (Ἴστρος; Ístros). Island documented by Steph. Byz. s.v. I. with homonymous city at the promontory of Triopium (modern Deveboynu Burnu or Kıriyo Burnu) near Cnidus. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Τῆμνος/ Têmnos, Aeolic Τᾶμνος/ Tâmnos). Aeolian city to the southeast of Dumanlı Hill on the right bank of the Hermus [2], where in Antiquity the river flowed into the Aegean (Plin. HN 5,119); its ruins (fortress of Nemrut) are at modern Görece. Although not a member of the Delian League, in the 5th and 4th cents. BC T. was able to preserve its independence of the Persian Great King (Xen. Hell. 4,8,15). Apparently, by the end of the 3rd cent. BC T. was under the rule of the Attalids (Attalus; cf. the isopoliteía treaty between T. and Pergamum StV 2, 5…

[German version] Terrestrial relief and climate determine the size and direction of river courses; and for their part, the major river valleys of the inhabited world determined the trade and commerce of those societies through whose regions they passed, offering them both infrastructural and economic advantages. They seldom represented insurmountable obstacles to traffic. Rather, in varying degree they directed traffic flow over particular routes (fords, bridges). The economic usefulness of river …

[German version] (Πελωριάς; Pelōriás). Northeastern cape of Sicily (Pol. 1,11,6; 42,5; Diod. Sic. 4,23,1; 5,2,2; 23,1,3; Diod. 4,85,5; 14,56,3; 6; 57,2: Πελωρίς/Pelōrís), modern Capo Peloro or Capo di Faro; in a narrower sense a narrow easterly tongue of land, in a broader sense the whole mountainous promontory running northeast. According to myth, Orion [1] constructed the tongue of land and built a temple to Poseidon there (Hes. fr. 183). According to erroneous ancient ideas about the orientation…

[German version] River flowing into the Pontos Euxeinos to the east of Ordu, modern Melet Irmağı (Plin. HN 6,11). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Βουφάγος; Bouphágos). Right-hand tributary of the Alpheius [1], rising in the north of Buphagium (city wall and other remains near Paliokastro; its source marked the border between Heraea and Megalopolis. The eponymous hero B., son of the Titan  Iapetus, was killed by Artemis in the Pholoe region (Paus. 5,7,1; 8,26,8; 8,27,17). Buthoinas appears, meaning the same as B., as an approximation of Hercules in Lindus (cf. Anth. Plan. 123). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography E. Meyer, Peloponnesische Wanderungen, 1939, 103ff.

[German version] River in Aquitania, modern-day Dordogne; rises at 1680 m. on the Puy de Sancy (Mont-Dore), and after a course of 490 km flows into the Atlantic with the Garumna to its left (Auson. Mos. 464; Geogr. Rav. 4,40). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Ὀρκιστός/ Orkistós). Originally probably a polis in Galatia, south of modern Ortaköy (formerly Alikel Yayla), added to Nacolea (Phrygia) at the end of the 3rd cent. AD, but Constantine [1] the Great undid this before 331 AD (MAMA 7, 69-75). The small town of Malcaeteni [1. 2020] was part of the territory of O. Attested as a see from the 5th cent. (Domnus at the Council of Ephesus in 431, Longinus at the Council of Chalcedon in 451: Acta Conciliorum Oecumenocorum 1,1 no. 121; 2,1,1 no. 192). A few ancient or Byzantine remains. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography T. Dr…

[German version] (Πρῖνος; Prînos). 1210 m high pass (διὰ Πρίνου καλουμένης: Paus. 8,6,4) leading from Argos [II 1] to Mantinea over Mount Artemisium [2], to the north of the main peak (modern Malevo). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography E. Meyer, s. v. P., RE 22, 2314 f.  Pritchett 3, 32-46.

[German version] (Πρίγκιπος/ Prínkipos). Δημόνησοι/ Dēmónēsoi (Hesych. s. v. Δημονήσιος χαλκός) or Πριγκίπιοι νῆσοι/ Prinkípioi nêsoi (Synaxiarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae 158,26 Delehaye) is the description by which an archipelago of nine islands in the northern Propontis is known in the Byzantine literature of Late Antiquity: (from north to south) Prota (modern Kınalı ada), Orea (modern Sivri ada), Panormus (later Antigone, modern Burgaz adası), Pita (modern Kaşık adası), Chalce (modern Heybeli adası),…

[German version] (Δάαι; Dáai, Δάοι; Dáoi; Latin: Dahae) The D. were a nomadic tribe in Persis; according to Strabo, they were originally one of the Scythian tribes in the region by the Caspian Sea (Str. 11,8,2; 11,9,2f.). Like the Mardi, Dropici and Sagartii, the D. are mentioned by Herodotus in connection with the revolt of Cyrus II against Astyages in 550 BC (Hdt. 1,125,4); in the Persepolis Inscription they are called Daha. The D. fought under Darius ─ and, after his death, under Spitamenes ─ against  Alexander [4] the Great (Arr. An. 3,11,3; 3,28,10; Curt. 4,12…

[German version] (Νάρων; Nár ōn). River in Dalmatia (Dalmates; Strab. 7,5,5; 9; Mela 2,57: Nar; Tab. Peut. 6,4 without name), modern Neretva (in Hercegovina). It rises on the Dumos Planina (1879 m high), passes through the karst mountains in a deeply incised gorge, forms - after a course of 230 km - a swampy delta and flows into the Adriatic. In antiquity the N. flowed into the sea farther to the northwest than today. In its original bed the Norino, which used to join the N. after a much shorter course furthe…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Syria | Byzantium | Caesar | Commerce | Colonization | Limes | Pompeius (Ἀμισός; Amisós). Harbour town on the Pontic Black Sea coast, on the Kara Samsun peninsula (north-western suburb of the modern Samsun), not yet systematically excavated (prohibited military zone). Just like  Trapezus, A. was located at the northern end of an old trade route, which led, at a height of only 900m, across the northern Pontic mountains to  Amasea and on to  Cap…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Oracles (Ζέλεια; Zéleia). City in the valley of the Aesepus (Hom. Il. 2,824f.; 4,91; 4,103; 4,121; Str. 12,4,6; 12,8,11) in the territory of Cyzicus in Mysia, near modern Sarıköy. Homer (loc. cit.) describes Z. as the home city of Pandarus [1] and the latter as belonging to the Lycii; for this reason ancient commentators (cf. schol. Hom. Il. 2,826f.) assumed two regions with the name Lycia – one in the southwest of Asia Minor (Lycii, Lycia), the …

[German version] Region around the Etruscan town of Caletra, ruins near Marsiliana d'Albegna north of Orbetello (cf. Plin. HN 3,52; Liv. 39,55). Foundation of the colonia Saturnia in 183 BC. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (περιηγήτης/ perihēg ḗtēs, ‘ guide to strangers’). The periegetes was primarily a tourist institution, an insight into whose activities is provided by Plutarch (Plut. Mor. 395a; 396c; 397d; 400d; 400f; 401e). This gave rise to the antiquarian genre of peri(h)ḗgēsis, particularly popular during the Hellenistic period, in which the guiding of strangers by a periegetes took on a literary form in prose or verse; closely related to this was the travel story, i.e. the account of an actual journey, which could be used by others as a travel guide (e.g. Pe…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Xenophon | Commerce | Colonization | Limes | Patricius (Κερασοῦς; Kerasoûs). Harbour town on the river of the same name on the south coast of the Black Sea ( Pontus Euxinus), a colony of Sinope, to be located three days' march west of Trapezus (Xen. An. 5,3,2; Diod. Sic. 14,30,5) and east of Vakfıkebir; to be differentiated from the C. west of Sinope (Scylax 89: Karaköy on the Karasu?), and also from the town which under Pharnaces I (185-160/54 BC) was joined in a synoikismós with Cotyora and renamed Pharnacaea…

[German version] (Χάβακτα; Chábakta on coins, HN 498; Χάβακα; Chábaka Str. 12,3,16). Pontic fortress, whose name appears on pseudo-autonomous coins of  Mithridates VI; likely fortress structures identified near Kaleköy/Ünye on the coast of northern Turkey (tomb and two staircases cut into the rock). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Olshausen/Biller/Wagner, 120 W. H. Waddington, E. Babelon, Th. Reinach, Recueil général des monnaies grecques d'Asie Mineure 1,1, 21925, 104f.

[German version] (Νόαρος/ Nóaros). River flowing north into the Ister [2] (Danube) in the territory of the Scordisci (and navigable there) (Str. 7,5,2). Between the N. and the Margus [1] (Str. 7,5,12) was the land of the ‘Great Scordisci’. On the discussion of the identification of the N. (Drina, Korana, Mur, Raab, lower reaches of the Sava) cf. [1; 2]. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 E. Polaschek, s.v. Noaros, RE 17, 783-785 2 J. Fitz, s.v. Noaros, KlP 4, 142.

[German version] (Κιθαιρών; Kithairṓn, Latin Cithaeron). A mountain range that is still forested (1407 m, Hagios Elias) to the north of the  Isthmus of Corinth and separating Boeotia on the north from the Megaris in the south-west and Attica in the south-east; the Pastra mountains (1025 m), the Skurta plateau (between 540 and 570 m) and the Parnes adjoin the C. in the east. Important connecting routes from and to Boeotia led over passes that were secured by fortifications and watch-towers (Hdt. 9,38f…

[German version] (Στρογγύλη/ Strongýlē). Volcanic island in the north east of the Aeoliae Insulae (12,6 km2, 924 m high; Ptol. 3,4,16; Mela 2,120), present-day Stromboli. The island was named (S.: 'the round') after the form of the volcano, which has been active from Antiquity (Str. 6,2,11; cf. Thuc. 3,88,2; Diod. Sic. 5,7,1; App. B Civ. 5,105). The island has been settled from c. 3000 BC. In mythology, it was considered to be the seat of Aeolus [2] (Plin. HN 3,94) or Hephaestus (Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 4,761). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography E. Manni, Geografia fisica e pol…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Limes | Moesi, Moesia Town (Mela 2,57; Plin. HN 21,40; Itin. Anton. 338,4; Tab. Peut. 6,4) on the Naro (Norino) atop a flat hill in the midst of swampy land in the lower Naro valley near modern Vid, northwest of Metković/Croatia. A prehistoric settlement is assumed; the population and place name were Illyrian. In the 5th/4th cent. BC, Greek settlers joined and founded a trading station near N. ( empórion, Scyl. 24; cf. Theopompus FGrH 115 F 129). In the 2nd/1st cent., settlers from Italy followed. Aft…

[German version] Road station in the Sybaris valley in Lucania (Tab. Peut. 7,1; Geogr. Rav. 4,34). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 918.

[German version] (Θωσπῖτις λίμνη/ Thōspîtis límnē). Lake in Armenia. Str. 11,14,8 regards the TL and the Arsenḗ límnē (modern Lake Erçek) to the east as a unit (cf. also Dionys. Per. 988). Separate lakes are recognized there by Ptol. 5,13,7 ( Ársissa límnē) and Plin. HN 6,128 ( lacus Thospites, lacus Aretissa); the modern Lake Van in eastern Anatolia, a basin without outflow, 1648 m above sea-level with a water surface area of approximately 3574 km2 and a maximum depth of 451 m. Ancient authors knew that the water had an extremely high soda content and only a single s…

[German version] (Σελήνης ὄρος; Selḗnēs óros). "Mountains of the Moon, from which the lakes of the Nile receive melt water" (Ptol. 4,9,3) - according to the coordinate data in Ptol. l.c. probably modern Kilimanjaro (5895 m elevation) in northeastern Tanzania. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Ἰεταί; Ietaí). Sicilian town near San Giuseppe Iato and San Cipirello on Monte Iato (852 m), 30 km south-west of Palermo ( Sicily with map). The site was settled from the 8th cent. BC by the  Elymi or  Sicani; about 550 BC, construction of a temple to Aphrodite which was renovated in the 4th cent., and destroyed in AD 50. In the Hellenistic era, among other things, a theatre, an agora with stoa, bouleuterion, podium temple, and living quarters (mosaics, paintings) were built; only…

[German version] (Μοσσύνοικοι; Mossýnoikoi). People in the Paryadres mountains to the south of the Black Sea coast between Cerasus and Trapezus (Hekat. FGrH 1 F 204f.; Xen. An. 5,4,2; 5,1; Apoll. Rhod. 2,1016ff.; Diod. 14,30,5-7) to the east of the Tibareni and Chalybes, from time to time with a large sphere of influence (to the south: Strab. 11,14,5; to the west: Xen. An. 5,5,1). Under Darius I and Xerxes, the M. belonged to the 19th satrapy (Hdt. 3,94; 7,78), in Xenophon's time they were independ…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Punic Wars (Σολοῦς/ Soloûs, Σολόεις/ Solóeis, Latin Soluntum). City on the northern coast of Sicilia at Cannita near modern Santa Flavia about 20 km to the west of Palermo (burial finds from the 6th cent. BC). Like Motye and Panormus S. was one of the bases to which the Phoenicians, under pressure from Greek colonists, retreated at the turn from the 8th cent. BC to the 7th (Thuc. 6,2,6). Dionysius [1] I captured the city in 397 BC, and after a…

[German version] (Σίπυλος/ Sípylos). Mountain range in Lydia (modern Manisa Dağı), extending between the Hermus [2] and Smyrna and about 30 km inland. Lake Saloe, in which the city of S. and its predecessor Tantalis are supposed to have been submerged, are presumed to be on the mountain range of S. (Plin. HN. 2,205; 5,117; Paus. 7,24,13; Tantalus). At the S. some 100 m above the Hermus valley, near two Hittite graffiti there is a rock sculpture the interpretation of which has been discussed since Antiquity [1]. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 B. André-Salvini, M. Salvini…

[German version] (Τυραῖον; Tyraîon). City on the Royal Road from Sardis to Susa near Philomelium (Xen. An. 1,2,14; Artem. in  Str. 14,2,29: Τυριαῖον; Plin. HN 5,95: Tyrienses; Anna Komnene, Alexias 3,211 f.) in the area of modern Ilgın. On his march against his brother Artaxerxes [2] II in 401 BC, Cyrus [3] the Younger also passed through T. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography W. Ruge, s. v. T. (1), RE 7 A, 1800-1802  Belke/ Mersich, 409f.

[German version] (μεγάλη θάλασσα/ megálē thálassa, Mediterranean). Because of various earth movements that are still ongoing (rising, sinking; formation of numerous islands, e.g. the archipelago between Greece and Anatolia and Cyprus, Crete, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the Balearic Islands; still active volcanoes and earthquakes) the appearance of the Mare Nostrum (MN) changed constantly (connections to the various adjoining seas, e.g. the Atlantic, the Miocene seas in the northern foothills of the Al…

[German version] Settlement in Istria at modern Vizac̆e, approx. 8 km north-east of modern Pula/Croatia (Plin. HN 3,129). Suburb of the Histri on a bank with a sanctuary dated to 1,000 BC; conquered by the Romans in 177 BC (Liv. 41,11,1: oppidum Nesattium). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography K. Mihovilić, Rezultati sondanog istraivanja u sjevernoj bazilici u Nezakciju (1977 godine), in: Histria Archaeologica 15/6, 1984/5, 5-29  M. Zaninović, Apsorus, Crexa e Nesactium. Badò sulla rotta marittima adriatica, in: Quaderni dell' Antiquità di Venetia 10, 1994, 179-188  V.Ved…

[German version] Name of two rivers in Sicily which, rising not far from one another in opposite directions on S. Salvatore (1910 m) near Polizzi (modern Imera Settentrionale, Imera Meridionale), were regarded as a single river and as the north-south central line of the island, although the eastern half of the island, thus divided, is almost twice as big as the western half. Evidence: Pol. 7,4,2; Liv. 24,6,7; Str. 6,2,1; Mela 2,119; Vitr. De arch. 8,3,7; Sil. Pun. 14,233. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Γαίσων; Gaísōn). Small river on the southern slopes of the Mycale mountains (Samsun Dağı), cf. Hdt. 9,97; Mela 1,87 ( Gaesus); Plin. HN 5,113 ( Gessus). Scolopoeis (Σκολοπόεις) with a temple of the Eleusinian Demeter was located at the G.; it was the location of the battle between Greeks and Persians in 479 BC (Hdt. 9,97). A lake named after the river (Γαισωνὶς λίμνη; Gaisōnìs límnē, Ath. 7,311e) is also to be located in the vicinity. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Ἴσινδος; Ísindos, Ἴσινδα; Ísinda). Place name ocurring with these two name forms only in Steph. Byz. s.v. Isindos as a town in  Ionia. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Σεβαστή/ Sebast ḗ). City in Phrygia, founded under Augustus by means of synoikismós (involving, i.a., Διοσκωπητεῖς/ Dioskōpēteís, probably also Φλημεῖς/ Phlēmeís; [1. 85 f. no. 16]) on the eastern edge of the valley of the Sinder (Σινδρός/ Sindrós, coins HN 684; modern Banaz river) (IGR IV 635; 682 l. 18). Hellenistic wall remains at modern Selçikler, 2 km to the southwest of Sivaslı (cf. name!) suggest that a polis already existed there. A portion of the ancient road to the east of Selçikler has been discovered. Bishopric in Late Antiquity (Hierocles, Synekdemos 6…

[German version] Oscan tribe between the Daunii and the  Frentani (Str. 6,3,8); after the establishment of Roman rule (Liv. 8,25; 37; 9,12 ff.; 20,4 ff. for 317 BC) they gave their name to the territory from the Adriatic (with the Diomedeae insulae, today Isole Tremiti) to the  Appenninus, with the Bradanus (today Brádano) flowing into the Gulf of  Tarentum, from the  Tifernus to  Calabria. Mesozoic limestone and dolomite determine the soil on   mons Garganus (today Monte Gargano with the Montenero 1012 m), and their topsoil does on the Apulian pl…

[German version] (Παρυάδρης/ Paryádrēs, Lat. Pariades, Parihedri montes). Part of the Alpide belt in the region of Pontus and Armenia, which may be roughly identified with the eastern part of the North Anatolian border range (Karadeniz Dağları, with the Kaçkar Dağı, 3937 m) and the Alborz (with the Damāvand, 5604 m). In the north, the P. slopes down over a narrow coastal plain to the Pontos Euxeinos (river valleys: Halys, Iris [3]); to the south, it slopes down along the earthquake-prone North Anatolia…

[German version] (ἡ μερίς; merís, ‘part, portion’, Verb μερίζειν; merízein). As a term in Greek administrative language, meris describes any type of systematic division and is used e.g. generally in Hellenistic administrative practice, especially e. g. in the Ptolemaic-Roman administration of Egypt in which the Arsinoite nomós [2] was divided into three merídes (OGIS 177,8 f., 2nd cent. BC). There is another interpretation in the territorial administrative classification in Egypt which describes it as the smallest element in the series nomós, tópos [1], kṓmē (B.), meris and henc…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | | Coloniae Town in Lucania ( Lucani) where the Sora (modern Sciaura) flows into the Aciris (modern Agri) (cf. Str. 6,1,3; Ptol. 3,1,70); ruins 1.5 km east of Grumento. Place of fierce battles in the 2nd Punic War (Liv. 23,37,10; 27,41,3) and in the Social War (cf. App. B Civ. 1,41). Municipium, tribus Pomptina ( regio III). Pliny speaks of the good wine from Lagarina near G. (HN 14,69). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Καιάδας; Kaiádas). A ravine in Taygetus into which the Spartans pushed criminals and prisoners of war condemned to death. It is presumed to be located south-east of Mistra near Parori [1] or north-west of Mistra near Tripi [2]. Documented in: Καιάδας, Thuc. 1,134,4; Κεάδας, Paus. 4,18,4; Καιέτας, Str. 8,5,7. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 E. Curtius, Peloponnesos 2, 1852, 252 2 O. Rayet, in: Annales de la Faculté des Lettres de Bordeaux 2, 1880, 353 n. 2.

[German version] City in modern Afghanistan, according to the context in Plin. HN 6,94 in the area of the Etymander, not precisely located. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography H. Treidler, s. v. Zaraspad(r)um, RE 9 A, 2317 f.

[German version] (Ἅλυκος; Halykos). River (84 km long) on the south-west coast of Sicily, empties into the sea north-west of Capo Bianco near Heraclea Minoa, modern Plátani. The H. was mentioned in the treaties between Dionysius I (376 or 374 BC: Stv 2, no. 261) and Timoleon (339 BC: Stv 2, no. 344) respectively and the Carthaginians as the demarcation line between the two spheres of control. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Τριπαράδεισος τῆς ἄνω Συρίας/ Triparádeisos tês ánō Syrías, literally 'in Upper Syria', Diod. Sic. 18,39,1; 19,12,2). Ancient city in northern Syria; to date there has been no success in identifying it unambiguously. It is presumed that it can be identified with Paradisus on the upper Orontes [7] (Jusiye? cf. [1. 112]). It was in T. that the Diadochi agreed on a redistribution of Alexander's empire after the death of Perdiccas [4] in 321 BC. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 R. Dussaud, Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale (B…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Rome Chief place (Amm. Marc. 15,11,14) of the Celtic Elusates (Caes. B Gall. 3,27,1; Plin. HN 4,108) in Aquitania, mod. Eauze (Dép. Gers). Roman colonia from the early 3rd cent. AD (CIL XIII 546), in the 4th cent. metropolis of the prov. Novempopulana (Notitia Galliarum 14). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Μητροφάνης; Mētrophánēs). An official under Mithradates [6] VI. During the 1st Mithradatic War (89-85), he transported Pontic troops to Greece in 87 BC [2. 89, n. 318], at the same time as Neoptolemus [10] and Archelaus [4]. M. conquered Chalcis [1] in Euboea, and laid waste to the Magnesian coast as far as Demetrias [1], where the Roman proquaestor Braetius [1] inflicted some losses on his fleet (App. Mithr. 113, cf. Memnon FGrH 434 F 1,20,10; [1. 140]). M. may have been one of the envoys who in 79 negotiated an agreement with Sertoriu…

(Κλῖμαξ; Klîmax). [German version] [1] Pass Wide pass provided with steps, which led out of the Inachus Valley of the Argolis near Melangea (possibly modern Pikerni) into the high plain of Mantinea (Paus. 8,6,4; cf. 2,25,3), modern Portes. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) [German version] [2] see Pamphylia see  Pamphylia

[German version] (Ξόανα; Xóana). City in the Indian subcontinent on the left of the lower reaches of the Indus [1] (Ptol. 7,1,61), to the northeast of Patala, probably at modern Hyderabad in Pakistan. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography H. Treidler, s. v. X. (1), RE 9 A, 2138-2140.

[German version] (Στοιχάδες νῆσοι/ Stoichádes nêsoi), 'row islands' (from στοῖχος/ stoîchos, row). Island group directly offshore, c. 70 km east of Massalia/Marseille (Str. 4,1,10; Mela 2,124), present-day Îles d'Hyères. Among them are the islands of Prote ('the first'), Mese ('the middle one'), as well as Pomponiana, Hypaea ('the one below'), Sturium, Phoenice, Phila, Lero and Lerina (Plin. HN 3,79). The assignment of the corresponding modern names to the various islands is a matter of debate (present-day Le L…

(Μαχάτας; Machátas). [German version] [1] A brother-in-law of Philip II, 4th cent. BC Member of the Macedonian [1. 200] dynasty of Elimea, brother of Derdas [3], through his sister Phila brother-in-law of Philippus II (Satyrus, FHG 3,161 fr. 5 in Ath. 557c). It is possibly this M. who is mentioned as the father of Harpalus (Arr. Anab. 3,6,4; [2. 2,75-80 no. 143]), Philip (Arr. Anab. 5,8,3; [2. 2,384f. no. 780) and Tauron (IG XII 9, 197, 4; [2. 2,371f. no. 741]). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) [German version] [2] Envoy in Sparta and Elis, end of the 3rd cent. BC Aetolian who was active on beh…

[German version] (Πισύη/ Pisýē). Carian city, capital of a local koinón (together with Pladasa, [3. 443 no. 19]; other koiná were led by Mobolla and Idyma); occupied for a short time in 201 by Philippus [7] V, then regained by Rhodes (Syll.3 586; [2. no. 151]), belonging to the region of Rhodian Peraia subjugated on the basis of the Apameia agreement in 188 BC (Antiochus [5] III.) (Steph. Byz. s.v. Π., according to him also Πιτύη/ Pitýē, ethnicon Πισυήτης/ Pisyḗtēs; Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, De Thematibus 14,33). Archaeology: traces of the acropolis, a theatre, site…

[German version] (Ζαρκαῖον ὄρος; Zarkaîon óros). Craggy mountains between Chauon (modern Ḫōy in Iran) and Ecbatana (Diod. 2,13,5), and therefore a chain in the northern Zagrus mountains in Media. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography H. Treidler, s. v. Z.o., RE 9 A, 2328.

[German version] (Κορινθιακὸς κόλπος; Korinthiakòs Kólpos). According to Str. 8,2,3, the Gulf of C. (the eastern section of which is today called Gulf of C., the western section ‘Gulf of Patras’ [Πατραϊκὸς κόλπος], was held to begin at the estuary of the Achelous or the Evenus on the coast of central Greece and Araxus (today the Cape of the same name Ἄκρα Ἄραξος) on the Peloponnesian coast, at a width of 10 km and a maximum depth of 133 m. The two coastlines approach each other at Antirrhion and Rhion to within c. 2 km (ancient reckoning: 5 stadia/ 925 m, Str. loc. cit.; maximum 7 stadia/1295…

[German version] Town in  Latium, west of   mons Albanus ; exact location unknown (near  Bovillae?). A. was destroyed by  Tarquinius Priscus (HRR Valerius Antias F 11; Str. 5,3,4: Ἀπίολα; Apíola; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,49,2; Liv. 1,35,7); with the booty from A. he undertook the construction of the Capitoline Temple, and held magnificent games. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 2, 1902, 563.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sassanids | Byzantium | | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Limes | Patricius | Rome (Ἀμάσεια; Amáseia). City with fortress on the west bank of the  Iris (Yeşil İrmak) in  Pontus (today Amasya), residence of the Mithridatids ( Mithridates). The fortress lies where the river breaks through a part of the northern Anatolian foothills c. 250 m above the city; the city and the fortress were enclosed by a Hellenistic defensive wall (still well preserved today). Not mentioning the five monumenta…

[English version] (Νάρων). Fluß in Dalmatia (Dalmates; Strab. 7,5,5; 9; Mela 2,57: Nar; Tab. Peut. 6,4 ohne Namen), h. Neretva (Herzegovina), entspringt auf der Dumos planina (1879 m H), durchbricht das Karstgebirge in tief eingeschnittener Schlucht, bildet - nach einem Lauf von 230 km - ein sumpfiges Delta und mündet in die Adria. In ant. Zeit mündete der N. weiter nordwestl. ins Meer als h. In seinem urspr. Bett fließt h. der ehemals nach viel kürzerem Lauf weiter oberhalb in den N. einmündende Norino. An…

[English version] Der Lebensraum der griech.-röm. Ant. war wesentlich bestimmt von seinem geogr. Zentrum, dem Mare Nostrum mit seinen großen Neben-M. Ionios Kolpos, Aigaion Pelagos, Pontos Euxeinos; die peripheren M. - Mare Germanicum, Mare Suebicum, Kaspisches Meer, Erythra Thalatta mit den Neben-M. Arabios Kolpos (h. das Rote M.) und dem Pers. Golf, sowie dem Okeanos - bildeten grundsätzlich eigene Welten (bes. der Pers. Golf z.Z. der vorderoriental. Großreiche), die sich von …

[English version] (Κεραύσιον). Am Berg K., einem Teil des Lykaion, entspringen die Quellen der Neda (Paus. 8,41,3); er ist also im Gebirgsbereich zw. dem h. Likeo und dem Tetrazio zu lokalisieren. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography E. Meyer, s.v. K, in: RE Suppl. 9, 382.

[English version] In der Senatssitzung vom 13. Januar 27 v. Chr. wurde A. als senatorische Prov. konstituiert (Cass. Dio 53,12; Strab. 17,3,25) aus Mittelgriechenland und Peloponnesos mit Epeiros, Akarnania (Akarnanes) samt den ionischen Inseln, Aitolia, Thessalia, Sporaden, Kykladen ohne Astypalaia und Amorgos, aber mit Euboia, unter einem proconsul pro praetore (Residenz in der röm. Kolonie Laus Iulia Corinthus) mit einem legatus Augusti pro praetore und einem quaestor ; verschiedene procuratores nahmen die kaiserlichen Interessen in A. wahr. Aus dieser Verwalt…

[English version] [1] Stadt in Pontos Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Regnum Bosporanum Die Gründung Mithradates' d.Gr. in Pontos an der Mündung des Iris (h. Yeşilırmak) in den Lykos (h. Kelkit Cayı) hatte 71 v.Chr. im 3. Mithradatischen Krieg den Römern unter Lucullus kampflos die Tore geöffnet und wurde deshalb vom König vier J. später total zerstört. Der Wiederaufbau war noch nicht abgeschlossen, als Pompeius 65 v.Chr. E. einnahm und, umbenannt in Magnopolis, mit großem Territorium als eine von 11 Städten in die neugegr. röm. Prov. Bithynia et Pontus …

[English version] Stadt in Apulia, 200 Stadien (= 24 Meilen) von Luceria entfernt (Pol. 3,100,3) an einer Seitenstraße, die zw. Larinum und Teanum Apulum auf die Küstenstraße stößt (Tab. Peut. 6,3), wohl bei Castel Dragona im Süden des Fortore anzusetzen. Diente 217/6 v.Chr. Hannibal als Winterlager (Pol. 3,100ff.; Liv. 22,18ff.; App. Hann. 15f). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 785.

(Κλῖμαξ). [English version] [1] Paßweg Mit Stufen versehener breiter Paßweg, der aus dem Inachos-Tal von der Argolis bei Melangeia (evtl. h. Pikerni) in die Hochebene von Mantineia führte (Paus. 8,6,4; vgl. 2,25,3), h. Portes. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) [English version] [2] s. Pamphylia s. Pamphylia

[English version] (Νόαρος). Fluß, der im Gebiet der Scordisci (dort schiffbar) von Süden in den Istros [2] (Donau) mündet (Strab. 7,5,2). Zw. dem N. und dem Margus [1] (Strab. 7,5,12) wohnten die “Großen Scordisci”. Zur Diskussion über die Identifizierung des N. (Drina, Korana, Mur, Raab, Unterlauf der Save) vgl. [1; 2]. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 E. Polaschek, s.v. N., RE 17, 783-785 2 J. Fitz, s.v. N., KlP 4, 142.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Byzantion, Byzanz | Handel | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kleinasien | Limes | Regnum Bosporanum | Roma | Sāsāniden | Straßen (Ἀμάσεια). Stadt mit Burg am W.ufer des Iris (Yeşil İrmak) in Pontos (h. Amasya), bis 183 v. Chr. Residenz der Mithradatiden (Mithradates). Die Burg liegt im Durchbruchsbereich des Flusses durch einen Riegel des N.anatolischen Randgebirges ca. 250 m über der Stadt; Stadt und Burg waren von einer (noch h. gut erh.) hellenistischen Maue…

[English version] (Ἰωνία, Ἰωνίη). Westanatol. Landschaft zw. Aiolis im Norden, Lydia im Osten, der Ägäis im Westen und Karia im Süden; sie umfaßt das kleinasiat. Siedlungsgebiet der im Zusammenhang der nachmyk. Wanderung dort eingezogenen und etwa seit 700 v.Chr. in der panion. Amphiktyonie zusammengeschlossen Iones (vgl. die Beschreibungen von I. bei Strab. 14,1; Plin. nat. 5,112-120) mit den küstennahen Städten (vgl. Hdt. 1,142-148; Aischyl. Pers. 771) Miletos, Myus, Priene, Ephesos, Kolophon, L…

[English version] (Ὀρκιστός). Wohl urspr. Polis in Galatia, südl. vom h. Ortaköy (ehemals Alikel Yayla), E. des 3. Jh. n.Chr. Nakoleia (Phrygia) zugeschlagen, was Constantinus [1] d.Gr. vor 331 n.Chr. rückgängig machte (MAMA 7, 69-75). Zum Territorium von O. gehörte der Ort Malkaitenoi [1. 2020]. Seit dem 5. Jh. als Bischofssitz bezeugt (Domnos 431 beim Konzil von Ephesos, Longinos 451 beim Konzil von Kalchedon: Acta Conciliorum Oecumenocorum 1,1 Nr. 121; 2,1,1 Nr. 192). Wenige ant. und byz. Reste. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography T. Drew-Bear, C. Naour, Divinités d…

[English version] (Νότου κέρας). Das h. Ras Guardafui bzw. Ras el-Kheil im Osten Afrikas [2]. Es entsprach der geogr. Kenntnis seiner Zeit, wenn Artemidoros [3] (1. H. 1. Jh.v.Chr.) die Ostspitze Afrikas als “Horn des Südens”, d.h. als südl. Ende der bekannten Welt kennzeichnete. Entsprechend verfuhr im 2. Jh.n.Chr. Ptolemaios (Ptol. 4,7,11), der mit diesem Namen offenbar das h. Ras el-Kheil meinte, nachdem sich für das ehem. N.k. Bezeichnungen wie Ἀρωμάτων ἀκρωτήριον o.ä. eingebürgert hatten [2]. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 J. Desanges, Recherches sur l'…

[English version] (Ναρήσιοι). Illyrischer Volksstamm (Ptol. 2,16,8) an der oberen und mittleren Neretva/Herzegovina. Der nachmalige Augustus unterwarf im Zusammenhang mit seinem Feldzug in Dalmatia (Dalmatae) 35/33 v.Chr. auch die N. (App. Ill. 47). In die röm. Prov. Illyricum eingegliedert, waren sie mit 102 decuriae Mitglied des conventus von Narona (Plin. nat. 3,143). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography I. Bojanovski, Bosna i Hercegovina u antičko doba, 1988, 379.

[English version] (Ἴσινδος, Ἴσινδα). ON, nur bei Steph. Byz. s.v. I. mit diesen beiden Namensformen als Stadt in Ionia bezeugt. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[English version] (μεγάλη θάλασσα/ megálē thálassa, Mittelmeer). Infolge verschiedener, bis h. nicht zur Ruhe gekommener Erdbewegungen (Hebungen, Senkungen; Entstehung zahlreicher Inseln wie dem Archipel zw. Griechenland und Anatolien wie Zypern, Kreta, Sizilien, Sardinien, Korsika, den Balearen, noch h. tätige Vulkane, Erdbeben) nahm das m.n. im jüngeren Tertiär (Miozän, vor mehr als 7 bis 23 Mio J.) mit stets wechselnder Gestalt (Verbindungen zu verschiedenen Nachbarmeeren wie dem Atlantik, den Miozänmeeren im nördl. Alpenvorland bzw. …

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bundesgenossensystem | Straßen (Λάρινα). Stadt der Dauni (Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ.), nachmals der Frentani (Ptol. 3,1,65) in Samnium auf dem Monte Arone (475 m) rechts des Tifernus (h. Biferno), südl. vom Cigno, einem Zufluß des Tifernus, umflossen; 1 km östl. vom h. Larino. Municipium, tribus Clustumina, regio II (Plin. nat. 3,105; Mela 2,66). Seit Mitte des 3. Jh.v.Chr. griech. (campanische) und lat. (apulische) Br.-Mz. (HN 28f.). Beachtliche Überreste: Stadtmauer, Bäder, Amphitheater,…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum (Φιλομήλιον). Stadt in Süd-Phrygia im Tal des Gallos [1] (Mz.: HN 683) an der von Ephesos ostwärts führenden Straße, wo sie sich nach Dorylaion bzw. nach Kaisareia gabelte (Strab. 11,6,1; 12,8,14; Ptol. 5,2,25; Tab. Peut. 9,4; Steph. Byz. s.v. Φιλομήλειον; Cic. Verr. 2,3,191; MAMA 7,38-42), gegr. im 3. Jh. v.Chr. von einem maked. Dynasten namens Philomelos (Lit. bei [1. 131317]). Ph. war z.Z. von Ciceros Prokonsulat Teil der Prov. Cilicia (Cic. fam. 3,8,5f.; 13,43,1; 15,4,2; Cic. Att…

[English version] (Μοσσύνοικοι). Volksstamm im Paryadres südl. der Schwarzmeerküste zw. Kerasus und Trapezus (Hekat. FGrH 1 F 204f.; Xen. an. 5,4,2; 5,1; Apoll. Rhod. 2,1016ff.; Diod. 14,30,5-7) im Osten der Tibarenoi und Chalybes, mit zeitweise großem Einflußbereich (nach Süden: Strab. 11,14,5; nach Westen: Xen. an. 5,5,1); unter Dareios I. und Xerxes gehörten die M. zur 19. Satrapie (Hdt. 3,94; 7,78), zu Xenophons Zeiten waren sie unabhängig (Xen. an. 7,8,25). Sie lebten unter Königen in Hügelsi…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Diadochen und Epigonen (Γαζίουρα). Burg der pont. Könige in der Zelitis auf einem isolierten Bergkegel bei Turhal mit einem Treppengang hell. Zeit und spätbyz. Mauerresten, dazu eine Inschr. aus der Zeit Mithradates' VI. und zwei röm. Meilensteine der Straße von Amaseia nach Nikopolis [1. 251-253 Nr. 278; 2. 348f. Nr. 960f.]. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 Anderson/Cumont/Grégoire 3,1 2 D. French, Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor 2 (British Institute of Achaeology at Ank…

[English version] (Πρίγκιπος). Unter der Bezeichnung Δημόνησοι/ Dēmónēsoi (Hesych. s. v. Δημονήσιος χαλκός) bzw. Πριγκίπιοι νήσοι/ Prinkípioi nēsoi (Synaxiarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae 158,26 Delehaye) kennt die spätant.-byz. Lit. den Archipel von neun Inseln im Norden der Propontis (von Norden nach Süden): Prote (h. Kınalı ada), Oreia (h. Sivri ada), Panormos (nachmals Antigone, h. Burgaz adası), Pita (h. Kaşık adası), Chalke (h. Heybeli adası), Plate (h. Yassı adası), P. (h. Büyük ada), Terebinthos (h. …

[English version] Straßenstation im Tal des Sybaris in Lucania (Tab. Peut. 7,1; Geogr. Rav. 4,34). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 918.

[English version] (Καῖνυς, lat. Caenus). Das it. Vorgebirge (h. Punta del Pezzo), von dem aus die kürzeste Strecke zw. dem Festland und Sizilien (Pelorias) über das Fretum Siculum gemessen wurde (Strab. 6,1,5: 6 Stadien; Thuk. 6,1: 20 Stadien; Plin. nat. 3,73: 12 Stadien; ebd. 86: 1,5 Meilen - h. mißt man etwa 3,2 km). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen, Bd. 2, 962.

[English version] (Λευκόσυροι, “Weiße Syrer”; Bed. und Herkunft des Begriffs unklar). Von den Griechen als ethnische Einheit gesehene indigene Einwohnerschaft (App. Mithr. 292; Σύριοι, Hdt. 1,6,1; 2,104; Ἀσσύριοι, Dion. Per. 975) des anatolischen Nordens der Landschaft Assyria (Λευκοσυρία, schol. vetera ad Apoll. Rhod. 196,9; 198,10; 201,6; Λευκοσυριακή, 200,1; Λευκοσυρική, 198,3), die nach Ps.-Skyl. 89 vom Fluß Thermodon (h. Terme Çayı) im Osten bis zur Anlegestelle Armene (h. Ak Liman, 40 Stadie…

[English version] Fluß in Aquitania, h. Dordogne, entspringt in 1680 m Höhe am Puy de Sancy (Mont-Dore) und mündet nach einem Lauf von 490 km mit der Garumna zur Linken in den Atlantik (Auson. Mos. 464; Geogr. Rav. 4,40). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[English version] Nach modernem Verständnis ist G. die Wiss. von der stofflichen Natur (Mineralogie, Metallurgie) und von Aufbau, Entstehung und Entwicklung der Erdkruste (Tektonik) sowie von den diese Entwicklung gestaltenden Kräften (“Dynamische G.”); eine entsprechende wiss. Disziplin kannte die Ant. nur in Ansätzen [1. 8-50; 2]. Geologische Techniken (Bergbau, Steinbruch) fanden aber Anwendung, schon bevor sich vorderoriental. Weltentstehungslehren (Ägypten, Mesopotamien, Phoiniker, Hethiter),…

[English version] (Ἀπηλιώτης sc. ἄνεμος). A. bezeichnet den vom “Sonnenaufgang her wehenden Wind” (Osten; warm und dunstig: Aristot. meteor. 364 a 21; b 28), den für diesen verantwortlichen Windgott (Allegorie des A. mit Herbstfrüchten im Gewandbausch auf dem erh. Horologion des Andronikos in Athen, dazu Varro rust. 3,5,17) und überhaupt die Himmelsrichtung Osten. Die ion. Namensform (vgl. Hdt.4,22; 7,188) wurde im Att. beibehalten (vgl. Thuk. 3,23,5; Eur. Cycl. 19; vgl. die Beschriftung des Horol…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum | Coloniae | Gallia | Roma Hauptort (Amm. 15,11,14) der kelt. Elusates (Caes. Gall. 3,27,1; Plin. nat. 4,108) in Aquitania, h. Eauze (Dép. Gers). Röm. colonia seit Anf. 3. Jh.n.Chr. (CIL XIII 546), im 4. Jh. metropolis der prov. Novempopulana (notitia Galliarum 14). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[English version] (Βαρβοσθένης). Berg, 14,8 km von Sparta entfernt, an dem Nabis 192 v.Chr. von Philopoimen besiegt wurde (Liv. 35,27,13; 30,9 fehlerhaft Barnosthenem), vielleicht eine östl. Fortsetzung des Olympos im Parnon bei Vresthena oder Varvitsa. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography C. Bursian, Geogr. von Griechenland 2, 1868, 117 Anm. 1  A. Forbiger, Hdb. der Alten Geogr. 3, 1877, 679 Anm. 77.

[English version] Ligurischer (Liv. 5,25,2; Plin. nat. 3,124) oder kelt. (Cato bei Plin. l.c.; Λάοι, Pol. 2,17,4) Volksstamm, der zusammen mit den Matrici die Stadt Ticinum (h. Pavia) gründete; Ticinum geriet nachmals unter die Herrschaft der Insubres (Ptol. 3,1,33). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 179.

[English version] Stadt der Marsi (CIL IX 3839; 3845) am Oberlauf des Liris, h. Cività d'Antino. In der röm. Kaiserzeit municipium der tribus Sergia. Reste der Stadtmauer in Polygonalmauerwerk. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[English version] Erdrelief und Klima bestimmen Größe und Richtung von Flußläufen. Die größeren Flußtäler der Oikumene bestimmten ihrerseits Handel und Wandel der Gesellschaften, deren Gebiete sie durchzogen; denn sie boten diesen sowohl infrastrukturelle als auch wirtschaftliche Vorteile. Selten stellten sie für den Verkehr unüberwindliche Hindernisse dar, sie lenkten vielmehr die Verkehrsströme in verschiedener Stärke in bestimmten Bahnen (Furten, Brücken). Die wirtschaftliche Nutzbarkeit von Fl…

[English version] Fluß in Aquitania, h. Allier, entspringt in 1430 m Höhe am Mont Lozère und mündet nach einem Lauf von 375 km unterhalb von Noviodunum von links in den Liger (Caes. Gall. 7,34,2; 35,1). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[English version] (Nordsee). Dieses Schelf-Meer, ein Randmeer des Atlantik (Okeanos), besitzt seine h. Gestalt seit dem Jura; im Westen ist es gegen den Atlantik durch die Meerenge von Dover, im NW durch die Linie der Orkney- und Shetland-Inseln, gegen die Ostsee ( mare Suebicum ) im Osten durch das Skagerrak abgeschlossen, wenige begrenzende Inselgruppen befinden sich in NW und SO. Das m.G. hat h. eine Fläche von 0,58 Mio km2, eine Wassermenge von 0,054 km3, die mittlere Tiefe liegt bei 94 m, die größte Tiefe 725 m bei Arendal in der Norwegischen Rinne. Es liegt im…