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[German Version] The relationships between Rome and the churches in the Celtic-speaking lands (Ireland, Britain, Brittany, Isle of Man) were institutionally regularized in the 12th century. Ever since the introduction of Christianity in those regions, there had been mutual influences between the church and the secular societies. These, however, were so diverse that it is impossible to speak of a homogeneous organized religion. Also in the early Middle Ages, Western Euro…

[German Version] (c. 1094, Armagh – Nov 2, 1148, Clairvaux), bishop, archbishop, and papal legate in Ireland, canonized in 1190. An important Irish cleric in the period of the reform of the 12th-century reform of the Irish church (1101–1152), but not uncontroversial in his own country. From 1124 to 1134 and again from 1137 to 1148, Malachy was bishop of Down and Connor; from 1134 to 1137, he was archbishop of Armagh. He promoted the introduction of the Rule of St. Augustine. In 1139/1140 he reside…

[German Version] I. General Facts – II. Christianity I. General Facts Lying west of Great Britain in the North Atlantic, Ireland belongs to the British Isles and covers an area of 84,421 km2. Its (esp. in the west) strongly cleft coastline has a total length of 3,173 km. Numerous small offshore islands and reefs played an important role in the history of Ireland as places of refuge, bridgeheads, and the like. The island's interior is relatively flat with a general altitude of approx. 60–120 m above sea level. Mountains, whic…