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[English version] A. Bestimmung Während der bourbonischen Ausgrabungen Mitte des 18. Jh. in einer Villa bei Herculaneum (mit Lageplan) gefundene Papyri mit lat. und griech. Texten. Diese waren Teil der dortigen Bibliothek des Dichters und Philosophen Philodemos von Gadara, der in den 80er-70er Jahren des 1. Jh. v.Chr. aus Athen nach Italien gekommen war und dort freundschaftliche Beziehungen zu L. Calpurnius [I 19] Piso Caesoninus, dem Eigentümer der Villa von Herculaneum, pflegte. Philodemos versam…

(Μητρόδωρος). [English version] [1] M. von Chios Demokriteer, 5./4. Jh. v. Chr. Demokriteer (Demokritos [1]) des 5./4. Jh.v.Chr., der das Volle und die Leere, das Seiende und das Nicht-Seiende als Prinzipien kennt. Diese Orthodoxie geht aber nicht zwangsläufig über die grundsätzlichen Lehrmeinungen des Atomismus hinaus: M. soll in anderen Dingen seine eigenen Ansichten gehabt haben (70 A 3 DK) M. propagiert in eleatischer Manier (eleatische Schule) die Ungeschaffenheit des Universums (τὸ πᾶν), weil ein ges…

(Πυθοκλῆς). [English version] [1] athen. Rhetor, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Athenischer Rhetor, Sohn des Pythodoros aus dem Demos Kedoi (ca. 380-318 v. Chr.), mehrfach (Syn-) Trierarch (IG II2 1615,12; 1622,314), ein Gegner des Demosthenes [2] nach 343, sprach 338/7 erfolglos dagegen, daß dieser den epitáphios auf die Gefallenen von Chaironeia hielt (Demosth. or. 18,285), wurde 318 eventuell als Anhänger Phokions hingerichtet (Plut. Phokion 35,5). Engels, Johannes (Köln) Bibliography Davies, 485  Develin, Nr. 2682  LGPN 2, s. v. P. (17). [English version] [2] Epikureer, um 300 v. Chr. Schüle…

[English version] (Ἕρμαρχος). Geb. in Mytilene auf Lesbos, Zeitgenosse des Epikuros. In seiner Jugend Ausbildung in Rhet.; Begegnung mit Epikur in Mytilene um 310 v.Chr. H. wandte sich der Philos. nicht sofort zu; erst nach Epikurs Schulgründung (306 v.Chr.) folgte er seinem Lehrer nach Athen. Zw. 290 und 270 v.Chr. ging er nach Lampsakos, um die dortige epikureische Schule zu besuchen. Bei seinem Tod im Jahre 270 v.Chr. übertrug Epikur H., obwohl dieser Metöke war, die Leitung der Athener Schule.…

(Διογενιανός). [English version] [1] Epikureer, 2. Jh.? Epikureer, Datier. unsicher (vielleicht 2. Jh.n.Chr.). Eusebios (Pr. Ev. 4,3Euseb. Pr. Ev. 4,3; 6,8Euseb. Pr. Ev. 6,8), der lange Auszüge aus seiner Schrift gegen die Doktrin des Chrysippos ‘Über das Schicksal (περὶ εἱμαρμένης) zitiert, bezeichnet ihn fälschlich als Peripatetiker. D. nahm die Wahrheit und Zulässigkeit der Mantik an. Er lehrte die Existenz des Glücks (τύχη) und des Schicksals; dies schließe aber die Freiheit des Willens nicht aus. Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) Bibliography T. Dorandi, in: Goulet 2, 833f.  J. Ham…

(Φιλωνίδης). [English version] [1] att. Dichter der Alten Komödie Att. Dichter der Alten Komödie, Vater des Komödiendichters Nikochares [1. test. 1, 2]. Die Ergänzung seines Namens auf der Liste der Dionysiensieger ist unsicher [1. test. 3]. Überl. sind noch drei Stücktitel Ἀπήνη (‘Der Wagen), Κόθορνοι (‘Die Kothurne), Φιλέταιρος (‘Der gute Gefährte) sowie 17 kurze Fr., die meisten aus den ‘Kothurnen. Das Ph. gelegentlich zugeschriebene Stück Προαγών (‘Der Vorwettkampf) stammt verm. von Aristophanes, der…

(Λεοντεύς; Leonteús, ‘lion’). [German version] [1] Leader of the Lapiths' contingent at Troy Son of Coronus. With Polypoetes he leads the contingent of the Lapithae at Troy. Together, they also defend the Greek camp and participate in the funerary games for Patroclus (Hom. Il. 2,745ff.; 12,128ff.; 23,837ff.). Michel, Raphael (Basle) Bibliography H. W. Stoll, s.v. L., Roscher 2, 1944-1945. [German version] [2] Of Lampsacus, student of Epicurus L. of Lampsacus, one of the most important students of Epicurus. L. and his wife Themista got to know Epicurus during …

(Φιλόδημος; Philódēmos). [German version] A. Life and work Born in Gadara around 110 BC; in Athens, pupil of the Epicurean philosopher Zeno of Sidon; after Zeno's death, in the mid-70s, P. went to Italy. In Rome he became friends with L. Calpurnius [I 19] Piso Caesoninus (cf. Cic. Pis. 68-72) and took up residence at the Villa dei Pisoni (also called the 'Villa dei Papiri') in Herculaneum, where he met Siron and the poets Quinctilius Varus, L. Varius Rufus, Plotius and Vergilius. P. died after 40 BC. Before the library in the 'Villa dei Papiri' (Herculanean papyri) was discovered…

(Πυθοκλῆς; Pythoklês). [German version] [1] Athenian rhetor, 4th cent. BC Athenian rhetor, son of Pythodorus from the deme Cedi ( c. 380-318 BC), (syn)trierarch multiple times (IG II2 1615,12; 1622,314), an opponent of Demosthenes [2] after 343; he spoke unsuccessfully in 338/7 against Demosthenes holding the epitáphios for those killed at Chaeronea (Dem. Or. 18,285); possibly executed in 318 as a follower of Phocion (Plut. Phocion 35,5). Engels, Johannes (Cologne) Bibliography Davies, 485  Develin, Nr. 2682  LGPN 2, s. v. P. (17). [German version] [2] Epicurean, c. 300 BC Student …

[German version] Cardboard or papier mâché made from used pieces of papyrus for making mummy bandages (for humans or animals). Common in Egypt during the Ptolemaic period (find spots: necropoleis of Ghoran, Madīnet al-Nuḥās, Al-Ḥība); a number of examples can be dated to the end of the Augustan period (find spots: Abū Ṣīr al-Malaq). Numerous 3rd-cent. BC fragments of Greek literary texts (e.g. Callimachus, Menander, Plato; list in [1]) and copies of documents (petitions or submissions/ enteúxeis to the Ptolemaic court) have been recovered from dismantled cartonnage. Dorandi, Tizia…

(Διογένης; Diogénēs). Known personalities: the Cynic D. [14] of Sinope, the philosophical historian D. [17] Laertius. I. Politically active personalities [German version] [1] Macedonian troop commander in Attica since 233 BC Athenian (?) [1. 341,1], Macedonian troop commander in Attica since 233 BC, who is supposed to have demanded Corinth from the Achaeans (Plut. Arat. 34,1-4) [2. 168,63] at the rumour of the death of  Aratus [2]; after the death of  Demetrius [3] II in 229, he facilitated the liberation of Athens from Maced…

[German version] Portable wooden reading desk. Manuale was probably originally an adjectival attribute of lectorium. Substanticised it then took on the meaning of (reading) desk [1]. The sole written reference is found in Mart. 14,84. A manuale is illustrated on two reliefs from Neumagen [1. fig. 15-16] and in Vergil's Codex Romanus (Cod. Vaticanus Latinus 3867, VI). Two kinds of reading desk are attested: one with a base and one without. Only the latter can be defined as a manuale as such. This is a wooden board with ends so bent as to hold in depressions both rolled-up e…

[German version] (Χαιρέδημος; Chairédēmos). One of the three brothers of  Epicurus, who, like him, devoted themselves to philosophy (Diog. Laert. 10,3). He predeceased Epicurus, who bestowed funerary gifts in his memory (Diog. Laert. 10,18) and dedicated a book to him (Diog. Laert. 10,27 and Plut. An recte dictum sit latenter esse vivendum 1129a). Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris)

(Φιλωνίδης; Philōnídēs). [German version] [1] Attic poet of Old Comedy Attic Old Comedy poet, father of the comic poet Nicochares [1. test. 1, 2]. The supplementation of his name on the list of victors at the Dionysia is insecure [1. test. 3]. Three play titles survive - Ἀπήνη ( Apḗnē / 'The Chariot'), Κόθορνοι ('The Cothurni'), Φιλέταιρος ( Philétairos / 'The Good Comrade') - as do 17 brief fragments, most from 'The Cothurni'. The play Προαγών ( Proagṓn / 'The Preliminary Contest'), sometimes attributed to P., is probably by Aristophanes, who had it produced under P.'s …

(Λεσβῶναξ; Lesbônax). [German version] [1] Greek grammarian Greek grammarian, dates uncertain (perhaps before the end of the 2nd cent. AD). Author of a work on rhetorical figures (Περὶ σχημάτων; Perì schēmátōn) that is extant in two different excerpts (there is no basis for equating him with the orator L. of Mytilene). In it, L. describes a series of grammatical peculiarities ( schḗmata, ‘figures’), i.e. changes in the normal form of speech, which are demonstrated with examples primarily from Homer. There is no Atticist influence at all: the principal sou…

(Βασιλείδης; Basileídēs). [German version] [1] Leader of the  Epicurean School (since 201/0) Epicurean (c . 245-175 BC.), fourth leader of the  Epicurean School (since 201/0) who taught Philonides of Laodicea on the Pontus. He studied mathematics and is known for his discussions in Alexandria with the father of the mathematician Hypsicles about a writing by Apollonius [13] of Perge. He is also known for a debate together with Thespis, another Epicurean, about anger, held against Nicasicrates and Timasagoras. Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) Bibliography Testimonia: W. Crönert, Kolotes…

I. Material [German version] A. Term and manufacture The term papyrus was adopted into the European languages via the Greek πάπυρος/ pápyros, lat. papyrus, and ultimately is the source of the modern terms for paper, Papier, papier, etc.  Papyrus is hypothetically derived from an (unattested) Egyptian * pa-prro ('that of the king'). Papyrus, an aquatic plant with a long stem and a triangular cross-section ( Cyperus papyrus L.), was in its processed form a widespread writing material ('paper') in the ancient cultures of the Mediterranean. Papyrus is produced by p…

[German version] (Πάτρων; Pátrōn). Epicurean, successor in 70 BC to Phaedrus [4] of Athens as director of the 'Garden' of the Epicurean School at Athens (Phlegon of Tralleis, FGrH 257 F 12 § 8). P. had previously gone to Rome, where he had become acquainted with Cicero, C. Memmius [I 3], Catullus, Atticus (Cic. Fam. 13,1) and Saufeius (Cic. Att. 4,6,1). A successful intervention by Cicero on P.'s initiative prevented C. Memmius from having a house built in the deme of Melite on the site of the house of Epicurus (Cic. Att. 5,11,6; Fam. 13,1,5). Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) Bibliography M. Erler, …

[German version] (Ἕρμαρχος; Hérmarchos). Born in Mytilene on Lesbos, a contemporary of  Epicurus. In his youth he was trained in rhetoric and encountered Epicurus in Mytilene in about 310 BC. H. did not immediately turn to philosophy, but only followed his teacher Epicurus to Athens after he had founded a school (306 BC). From 290 to 270 BC he went to Lampsacus to visit the Epicurean school there. Before his death in 270 BC, Epicurus transferred the leadership of the Athenian school to H. despite h…

[German version] The philosopher Epicurus owned a house in the Attic deme of Melite (Diog. Laert. 10,17) and a garden (κῆπος; kêpos), the seat of his school (Cic. Fin. 5,1,3; Sen. Ep. 21,10; Plin. HN 19,50; Diog. Laert. 10,11). The localization of this garden is disputed. It was either outside the city between the Dipylon Gate and the Academy (Heliodorus, Aethiopica 1,16,5) [2], or in the city itself ( in ipsa urbe, Plin. HN 19,50), adjoining the house in the deme of Melite or very close by [1]. Epicurus; Epicurean School Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) Bibliography 1 E. Wycherley, The Garden of E…