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[English version] (Φαλέας) von Kalchedon. Griech. Denker (5. Jh. oder 1. H. des 4. Jh.v.Chr.), der sich mit Polis- Strukturen befaßte, aber wohl nicht zu den Sophisten (Sophistik) zu zählen ist. Nach den wenigen Informationen, die Aristoteles [6] (pol. 2,7,1266a 39-1267b 21; 1274b 9; vgl. Diels/Kranz 39,1) polemisch und vielleicht verfremdet gibt, entwickelte Ph. (unter Vernachlässigung des Kriegswesens) ein ausdifferenziertes Konzept der Polis, dem der - angeblich von ihm als erstem formulierte -…

[English version] Zur Zeit 61 Stücke umfassende, h. zerstreute Slg. nicht-lit. lat. Texte auf Papyrus aus der Zeit von 433 bis etwa 700 n. Chr., die zum überwiegenden Teil wohl zu einem ravennatischen Archiv gehörten. Die R. P. bilden eine wichtige Quelle zur Sozial-, Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungsgesch. Italiens im Übergang von der Ant. zum MA. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography J.-O. Tjäder, Die nichtlit. Pap. Italiens aus der Zeit 445-700, 2 Bde., 1955, 1982  Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer. FS zum 100j. Bestehen der Pap.-Slg. der Öst. Nationalbibliothek, Bd. 1, 1983, 161  R. P. Salo…

[English version] [1] Vettius Agorius Basilius M. cos. 527 Consul 527 n.Chr. M. lebte im Ostgotenreich und machte sich um die Tradierung lit. Texte verdient. Editionstätigkeit bei Horatius und Prudentius bezeugt. Wohl Autor des Iudicium Paridis (Anth. Lat. 1,10), vielleicht auch des Cento de ecclesiis (Anth. Lat. 1,16). PLRE 2, 736f. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [English version] [2] s. Lollianus [7] s. Lollianus [7]

[German version] (Χρυσάφιος; Chrysáphios). Chrysaphius qui et Ztummas, eunuch. Under  Theodosius II he was praepositus sacri cubiculi as first eunuch also called spatharius. After  Cyrus was overthrown, he supposedly had decisive influence on the emperor, repelling all rivals by unethical means. In AD 449 C. planned to assassinate  Attila. This was uncovered, but he had enough influence to avoid being surrendered to the Huns. In the Nestorian controversy he supported his godfather  Eutyches against the Orthodox party…

[German version] Bearer of a Germanic name; attested as comes et magister utriusque militiae per Orientem from AD 383 to 387; a proponent of euergetism in Antioch. Together with  Caesarius [3], in 387 conducted the investigations after the Antioch statue revolt.  Libanius thanked him with a panegyric for having achieved lenient actions (Or. 22). H. corresponded with Libanius (Ep. 2; 868; 884; 898; 925) and  Gregorius [3] of Nazianzus (Ep. 225). Probably a Christian [1]. (PLRE 1,277f.). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 v. Haehling 265-267.

I. Principal types [German version] A. Greece Fundamental to Greek spectator events was the distinction between gymnic, hippic and musical agons (Competitions, artistic). All games emerged from cult, whether of the dead or of the gods. They remained connected with the cult and took place in conjunction with festivals (Festivals, ‘Festival culture’). The presentation of gymnic and hippic games (e.g. chariot races, Hom. Il. 23,257-538; Sports festivals), and of choral agons (Hom. Od. 8,256-366) is already found in Homer. Hesiod attests to a musical agon (Hes. Op. 650-659). In the Arc…

[German version] [1] See Galla [3] Placidia See Galla [3] Placidia. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Relative of the imperial family (5th cent. AD) Younger daughter of Valentinianus [4] III and Eudoxia [2], b. AD 441/2. First betrothed to the son of Aetius [5], Petronius Maximus [II 8] apparently forced her into a marriage with his son ([2. 180f.]). In 455, she was taken hostage by the Vandals as they overran Rome; she was released to Constantinople in 462. Probably already married to Anicius [II 15] Olyb…

[German version] Flavius C., in 420/21 worked as a comes domesticus in Gaul; in 422 as mag. militum of the  Honorius he unsuccessfully fought the Vandals at the Baetica, he fell out with  Bonifatius who evaded him and went to Africa. In 423 C. probably supported the usurpation of  Iohannes and remained in office, becoming cos. in 424 but achieving no recognition in the East [1. 383]. Later C. fled -- supposedly to Africa (PLRE 2, 269f.). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 Bagnall.

[German version] Monk from Alexandria who lived in around AD 400. Following on from Sextus Iulius Africanus and Eusebius [7], both of whose works he also revised, he wrote a history of the world, the influence of which is evident in George Syncellus [2], although there is disagreement as to its precise significance. P. was particularly interested in questions concerning the dating of events. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography W. Adler, Time Immemorial, 1989, 72ff.

[German version] Decimius Hilarianus H., son of  Ausonius. One of those family members who profited from Ausonius' proximity to emperor  Gratianus [2]. In AD 376/7 documented as proconsul Africae and 377-380 as Praetorian Prefect in the West with varying jurisdiction. Corresponded with Symmachus (Epist. 1,75-88). Epist. 19/20 Mondin (= 16/18 Prete) by Ausonius are addressed to him. Probably a Christian [1]. PLRE 1,427f. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 v. Haehling, 298f.

[German version] Of Germanic descent; tribunus scutariorum in AD 350.; a follower of  Vetranio, whom he betrayed to  Constantius [2] II. In 360 magister militum of the emperor  Iulianus; when the emperor removed him from office in the following spring, G. switched his allegiance to Constantius II. In 365/366, G. served as magister militum of the usurper  Procopius, in whose defeat G.'s switch of allegiance to  Valens played a decisive part. PLRE 1, 397f. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)

[German version] Franc, mag. militum of  Constantinus [3] III, whom he freed from Valencia in AD 407. E. tried to win the Germani as allies. During his attempt to relieve the usurper who was besieged in Arelate, he was defeated by  Constantius [6] III and Ulfila, and was killed while attempting to escape in 411. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)

[German version] Belonged to the circle associated with Symmachus, with whom he corresponded (Symmachus, Ep. 5,17-33). Governor of Liguria; in AD 391-393 vicarius in Africa, then indicted and acquitted; attested until 396 but no longer in an office, probably not a Christian. PLRE 1, 533. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)

(Εύδοξία; Eudoxía) [German version] [1] Wife of Arcadius, see Aelia [4] Wife of Arcadius, Augusta from AD 400 onwards; see  Aelia [4]. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Licinia E. Wife of Valentinianus III and Augusta Born in AD 422; daughter of  Theodosius II and  Eudocia [1]. From 424 engaged to be married to  Valentinianus III , from 437 married. Two daughters:  Eudocia [2] and  Placidia. 439 Augusta. Promoted the building of churches in Rome. It is hard to judge the extent of her influence on the court but presu…

[German version] (Φαλέας; Phaléas) of Chalcedon. Greek thinker (5th cent. or 1st half of the 4th cent. BC) who concerned himself with polis structures but should probably not be regarded as one of the Sophists. On the basis of the little information that Aristotle [6] (Pol. 2,7,1266a 39-1267b 21; 1274b 9; cf. Diels/Kranz 39,1) provides in a polemical and perhaps distorted form, P. (neglecting warfare) developed a highly differentiated concept of the polis based on the idea - allegedly formulated by…

[German version] (στρατιωτικά, pl. = stratiōtiká, στρατιωτικόν, sing. = stratiōtikón). The stratiotika were financial resources available for military purposes in the city of Athens from a fund (the stratiotikon) which was historically closely connected with the development of the festival fund ( theōrikón ). The stratiotikon probably served the flexible management of expenditure in times of war, freeing it from the rigidity of the usual system for distributing tax incomes ( merismós). The stratiotikon may also have served as a counterweight to the theorikon. The first pieces o…

[German version] Collection, now dispersed but at the time comprising 61 items, of non-literary Latin texts on papyrus from the period AD 433 - c. 700, the predominant majority of which probably belonged to an archive in Ravenna. The RP are an important source for the social, economic and administrative history of Italy in the transition period from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography J.-O. Tjäder, Die nicht-literarischen Papyri Italiens aus der Zeit 445-700, 2 vols., 1955, 1982  Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer. FS zum 100j. Bestehen der Papyrus-Sa…

[German version] [1] Consul 367 AD Assigned to Iulianus [11] as Magister Equitum per Gallias, L. fought against the Alamanni in AD 359 and against the Scots and Picts in 360. L. was imprisoned by Julian as a potential opponent. Iovianus made him mag. equitum per Orientem in 363. In 365/6 in this office he was involved in the suppression of the usurpation of Procopius against Valens. In 367 Consul. Christ. PLRE 1520f. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Comes rei militaris per Thracias in 377 AD Product of the schola gentilium, in AD 377 comes rei militaris per Thracias. L. drove t…

[German version] (Also delicia, esp. on inscriptions [2]; but cf. [1. 2437]; see also Plut. Anton. 59,4, delicium, delicati). Children, mostly of unfree origin, who lived in rich households for the entertainment of their owners, particularly during the Imperial period. They were brought up in the paedagogium. The pupulus in Catull. 56,5 might be understood as an early example. They were esp. valued for their garrulitas, their impertinent loquacity (Suet. Aug. 83; Sen. De constantia sapientis 11,3; Stat. Silv. 2,1,45). Beautiful, beardless, long-haired boys (…

Cognomen e.g. of the Atilii, Calpurnii, Iulii, Virii. [German version] [1] AD 418 praef. praetorio II in Gallia [1] AD 418 praef. praetorio II in Gallia [1], 421 cos. (PLRE 2, 36 f.) Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Son of the emperor  Avitus, 5th cent. AD Son of the emperor  Avitus (AD 455/6), brother of Ecdicius and Papianilla. He probably held a high office ( vir inlustris), later he became a clergyman; he was correspondent of his brother-in-law  Sidonius Apollinaris (epist. 1,2; 2,12; PLRE 2, 37 A. 2). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 R. v. Haehling, Religio…