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[English Version] . Die im Jahr der polit. Unabhängigkeit Indiens 1947 gegründete S.K. (Church of South India, CSI) fand als weltweit erste Vereinigung episkopaler und nicht-episkopaler Kirchen international starke Beachtung. Die ersten Schritte wurden durch eine indische Pfarrerkonferenz unter Bf. V.S. Azariah im Mai 1919 in Tranquebar eingeleitet, bei der Vertreter der anglik. Kirche und der South Indian United Church (einer Vereinigung presbyterianischer und kongregationalistischer Kirchen) das…

[English Version] I. Allgemeines N. ist mit ca.115 bis 120 Mio. Einwohnern der bevölkerungsreichste Staat Afrikas. Es entstand in seiner gegenwärtigen Form i.J. 1914, als die beiden Protektorate Nord- und Südnigeria unter Gouverneur Frederick vereinigt wurden. Der Name N. ist eine Fremdbez., die 1898 erstmals von der Westafrika-Expertin der Times, Flora Shaw (später: Flora Lugard), für die damals verschiedenen brit. Protektorate am Niger vorgeschlagen wurde. Der von Nordwesten einströmende Niger un…

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[English Version] Protten, Christian Jakobus Africanus (15.9.1715 Accra, Goldküste, Ghana – 23.10.1769 ebd.), Sohn einer Togolesin und eines Dänen, studierte von 1727–1735 in Kopenhagen Theol. 1735 begleitete er N.v. Zinzendorf nach Herrnhut und kehrte als erster Missionar der Brüdergemeine ( Brüder-Unität: II.,4.) in Westafrika 1737 nach Elmina zurück. Während eines langen Deutschlandaufenthaltes (1740–1756) heiratete er 1746 Rebecca Freundlich (1718–1780), eine ehem. Sklavin aus der Karibik. Von …

[English Version] Staritz, Katharina Helena Charlotte (25.7.1903 Breslau – 3.4.1953 Frankfurt/M.), war als eine der ersten Theologinnen 1928 in der Altpreußischen Union ordiniert worden und setzte sich als Stadtvikarin von Breslau (ab November 1933) für jüd. Mitbürger ein, half diesen bei der Ausreise und rettete damit wohl über 100 Juden das Le…

[German Version] (Feb 6, 1814, Wörlitz – Nov 10, 1864, Erlangen). Graul studied in Leipzig (1834–1838), then taught in Italy and Dessau, before he assumed the leadership of the Evangelical-Lutheran Missionary Society in Saxony (after 1847, the Leipzig Mission). Graul journeyed to India (1849–1853, Reise nach Ostindien, 5 vols., 1854–1856). He learned Tamil and became a recognized Dravidologist ( Bibliotheca Tamulica, 4 vols., 1854–1865). Graul demanded the academic-theological training of missionaries and the establishment of indigenous people's churches…

[German Version] A group of Indian theologians that attracted attention with Rethinking Christianity in India (1939), a collection of essays edited by D.M. Devasahayam and A.N. Sudarisanam in the context of the 1938 World Missionary Conference in Tambaram. G.V. Job, S. Jesudasen, …

[German Version] (Jan 17, 1880, Madras – Jun 14, 1958, Madras) came from a respected Chettiar family and was raised as a Hindu. He graduated from Madras Christian College in philosophy; at this time he became a Christian (baptized Feb 22, 1903). Initially, Chakkarai worked as a teacher; at the same time he studied law and was active as a lawyer from 1909 to 1912. In 1913, he joined the Danish Missions to work among educated Hindus. In the same year, together with…

[German Version] (Ger. Freimissionar), a person carrying out missionary work without ecclesial mandate. Since a comparable mission authority was lacking in German Protestantism until the founding of the Danish-Halle Mission, individually operating missionaries played an important role, as for instance J. v. Welz, who, after an unsuccessful call for mission, traveled to Surinam, and P. Heyling, who was act…

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[German Version] (27,834 km2) is situated in what is known as the interlake area of the central African Great Rift Valley just south of the equator. The name derives from the kingdom of Urundi, whose dynasty dates back to the 17th century. 82.9% of the approx. 6.6 million inhabitants are Hutu, 14.5% Tutsi, and 1% Twa. The dynasty of the Ganwa came from the group of Banyaruguru-Tutsi. The common language is Kirundi. The traditional religion of Burundi is characterized by faith in the divine being Imana and by the summoning of the spirit Ki…

[German Version] I. General Nigeria’s population of some 115 to 120 million makes it the most populous country in Africa. Its present boundaries date from 1914, when the two protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were united under Governor Frederick Lugard. The name Nigeria is a foreign name, first suggested in 1898 by Flora Shaw (later Flora Lugard), an expert on West Africa for The Times, for what were then several British protectorates along the Niger. The Niger, which enters Nigeria fro…

[German Version] Founded in the year in which India gained political independence (1947), the Church of South India (CSI) attracted considerable international attention as the first worldwide union of episcopal and non-episcopal churches. The preliminary steps were initiated in May 1919 at an Indian pastors' conference chaired by Bishop V.S. Azariah in Tranquebar, during which representatives of the Anglican Church and of the South Indian United Church (a union o…

[German Version] New Thought is a collective term for a variety of teachings whose common element is the belief that “positive thinking” can lead to mastery of life a…

[German Version] (c. 1835/1836, Freetown, Sierra Leone – May 18, 1917, Bonny, Nigeria). Johnson was educated at Fourah Bay College and became an Anglican pastor in Freetown (1861–1874) and Lagos (1874–1891). After Bishop S.A. Crowther had been deposed (1891), Johnson did not join any of the African independent churches, but founde…

[German Version] (between 1883 and 1887, Abonnema, Niger delta – Nov 15, 1918, Bakana) was the founder of the first great prophetic movement in Nigeria. What he accomplished was a reinterpretation of the Christian faith. His ministry led to many conversions in southeast Nigeria. Braide, a fisherman and fishmonger, began his ecclesiastical career as a catechist…

[German Version] After early beginnings in India (the “princely states”), the British developed the classic model of indirect rule in northern Nigeria. Frederick Lugard ( The Dual Mandate, 1922) sought to use the existing emirate structures for administering the territory (co-opting local legislation, administration of justice, and collection of ta…

[German Version] (May 12, 1875, Zedlitz – May 22, 1955, Berlin), director of the Berlin Mission and vice-chairman of the Deutscher Evangelischer Missionsrat (DEMR). Like B. Gutmann and C. Keyßer, Knak supported a conception of mission that sought to base congregational life on the people's own customs and traditions ( …

[German Version] (Aug 3, 1832, St. Thomas, Caribbean Islands – Feb 7, 1912, Freetown, Sierra Leone), politician and scholar in West Africa and prominent representative of African cultural nationalism. Barred from attending a theological college in the USA, Blyden emigrated to Liberia in 1851 and attended Alexander High School in Monrovia. In his publications, he supported the “return” of the Afro-Americans ( …