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Judaism

(8,407 words)

Author(s): Grözinger, Karl Erich
1. DefinitionThe term Judaism (Hebr.  yahadut) denotes both the community and social lifestyes of the Jews (Jewish society) and the religion and culture created by them; the latter is discussed here. The word  Judaism is derived from the endonym  yehudi (plural  yehudim); it goes back the eponymous tribal patriarch Yehudah (Judah), his tribe, and the subsequent state of Judah. In addition the bibical endonym “people of Israel” ( Am Yisrael) is still in use. Since the Enlightenment, other terms have also been coined (see 7.2. below)Karl Erich Grözinger10. The QabalahAs in contem…
Date: 2019-10-14

Theology

(12,506 words)

Author(s): Walter, Peter | Beutel, Albrecht | Felmy, Karl Christian | Grözinger, Karl Erich
1. IntroductionThe Greek word  theología (discourse/teaching concerning God and divinity) was used by Aristotle for the highest level of philosophy, so-called metaphysics ( Metaphysics 11.  7, 1064 b 1–3). In late antiquity, Christians used it initially for statements about the nature of God, while using the Greek word  oikonomía (household management) …
Date: 2022-11-07

Rational religion

(3,999 words)

Author(s): Voigt-Goy, Christopher | Grözinger, Karl Erich
1. General remarks The terms  rational religion and  natural religion refer to the notion of a knowledge of God and consequent worship of God given to every human being solely by virtue of his or her intellectual capacity (Reason). Its substance is identified with a general commandment of obedience to God’s will realized concretely in an obligation to lead a moral life (Ethics). The roots of this idea go back to antiquity via the natural law of the Middle Ages (Natural theology); in Christianity, it has…
Date: 2021-03-15

Mysticism

(3,883 words)

Author(s): Sparn, Walter | Leppin, Volker | Bryner, Erich | Grözinger, Karl Erich
1. IntroductionThe noun mysticism, a general term dating from the 17th century, eluded all attempts of students of religion and the psychology of religion to define it in the 19th and early 20th century [1]; [3]; [5]. More recent researchers therefore use it only as a heuristic term for highly diverse phenomena of an intense individual experience of bonding or union (Latin  unio mystica) with God, the divine, the holy, etc. – always in specific cultural and social contexts. These phenomena are never accessible directly, since we know of them only through (…
Date: 2020-04-06

Qabalah

(2,415 words)

Author(s): Grözinger, Karl Erich
1. ConceptQabalah (or Kabbalah; Hebrew “reception,” “tradition”) has, since the 13th century, been the technical term for the esoteric theology of Judaism that first emerged in the mid-12th century in southwestern Europe (especially Spain). The Qabalah is primarily a theological doctrine, reflected in its own terminology for itself, “true Torah” or “hidden wisdom,” and to varying degree also a tradition of mysticism [18]; [12]; [13]; [9].Karl Erich Grözinger2. Forms 2.1. FoundationsOver the seven centuries of its creative phase (c. 1200-c. 1900), Qabalah spl…
Date: 2021-03-15