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1. ConceptSocial discipline is a historiographic concept introduced around 1960 by Gerhard Oestreich [19]; [20] (annotated partial printing of his literary remains: [30]; [17]). He used it for a disciplining of society as a whole (Society [community]) undertaken since the 16th century by the state and its institutions (Government), which reached its peak in the 18th century and was, he claimed, a premise for the later development of both capitalism and democracy. By discipline, Oestreich meant both the inculcation …

A cadaster is a register and (usually) a mapping of owned land by extent, use and yield for the purposes of raising taxes. In the early phase, cadasters often also included other objects of ownership and taxability (cattle, goods). Since the 18th century many European states set up cadaster so as to gain direct knowledge of the possessions (Possession [law]) of their subjects and thus a uniform key for calculations of tax liability. Previously the raising of taxes, where it was in the hands of t…

1. Definition and background The word statistics derives ultimately from Italian statista (statesman) via the Latin adjective  statisticus. In the 16th century, when the combination of political economy (Economy), the estates of the realm, the tax system, government, and the military gradually turned princely states into feudal-absolutist financial states,  ratio status – a term that initially meant the balance sheet of the state, but later came to mean  raison d’état – became the guiding principle of the body politic. The process of state formation in…