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(Διεύχης; Dieúchēs). [German version] [1] Physician and author of medical texts Physician and author of medical texts in the 4th and possibly even the early 3rd cent. BC. He viewed the human body from the perspective of the four elementary qualities (Gal. 10,452), approved of bloodletting (11,163) and was positively disposed towards anatomy (11,795). He became particularly respected for his methods of treatment (Gal. 10,28; 11,795), especially because of greater care in prescribing dangerous medication (Or…

(Κλεόφαντος; Kleóphantos). [German version] [1] Son of Themistocles and Archippe Son of  Themistocles and Archippe (Plut. Themistocles 32; Pl. Men. 93d-e), was honoured with civic rights in Lampsacus (ATL III,111-3). Davies 6669,VI. Beck, Hans (Cologne) [German version] [2] Greek physician, 3rd cent. BC Greek doctor, active c. 270-250 BC, brother of  Erasistratus, pupil of  Chrysippus [3] of Cnidus and founder of a medical school (Gal., 17A 603 K.). He wrote a paper on the medical prescription of wine, which provided the model for a similar…

[German version] I. Ancient Orient In Babylonia and Egypt midwives are only known from allusions found in literary texts. In the Atraḫasis myth the mother goddess opens the womb, lets the woman deliver the baby ‘on the birth brick’ (cf. Ex 1,16) and determines the child's fate while cutting the umbilical cord. Stol, Marten (Leiden) Bibliography E. Brunner-Traut, s.v. Hebamme, LÄ 2, 1074f. M. Stol, Zwangerschap en geboorte bij de Babyloniërs en in de Bijbel, 1983, 84-86. [German version] II. Greece The story of Agnodike (Hyg. Fab. 274), the first midwife, who allegedly went, …

(Βακχεῖος; Bakcheîos). [German version] [1] From Tanagra, physician, c. 250-200 BC of Tanagra. According to Erotian (31,10), B. was a physician and student of Herophilus (Gal. 18 A, 187 K.), active around 250-200 BC. In addition to his writings about pulse theory, pathology, and pharmacology, he also authored his memoirs of Herophilus and the latter's other students. B.'s reputation is largely based upon his glossary on Hippocrates, in which certain text versions have survived that are missing in the MSS o…

Roman family name, whose older and inscriptional form is Decumus (Schulze, 159), derived from  Decimus. Historic bearers of the name are documented since the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC. [German version] [1] D., C. Legate in Egypt 168 BC Legate in Crete in 171 BC, praetor peregrinus in 169, legate in Egypt in 168. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] D., Num. Leader of allies in the war against Hannibal 217 BC from Bovianum in Samnium; in 217, he brought timely help with a contingent of allies to the magister equitum Q. Minucius who was under heavy pressure from Hannibal …

(Ἀρχάγαθος; Archágathos). [German version] [1] Son of Agathocles [2] (end of the 4th cent. BC) Before his return to Sicily in 308/7 BC  Agathocles [2] gave the command of the African troops to his eldest son A. despite his poor military ability. Since the latter fragmented the invasion army, the Carthaginians soon achieved significant successes and encircled A. in Tunes (Diod. Sic. 20,57-61). Even Agathocles could not reverse the situation in Africa after his return and fled to Sicily while abandoning the army. Therefore, embittered soldiers killed A. (Diod. Sic. 20,68). Meister, Klau…

[German version] [1] Philosophers Originally a sceptical expression to designate those who adopt as their own a view ( dógma; cf. S. Emp. P.H. 1,13) ─ especially a philosophical or scientific view ─ which, in sceptical thinking, cannot be justified let alone proven (S. Emp. P.H. 1,3). Also applied by the Pyrrhonians in an extended sense to those Academicians who adopted views such as that nothing can be known (cf. the ἰδίως/ idíōs in S. Emp., ibid.). Because of the close link between empiricism and Scepticism in medicine, the term ‘Dogmatists’ was often also applied…

(Ονάσανδρος; Onásandros). [German version] [1] Physician on Cos, c. 250 BC Public physician of Cos in c. 250 BC. As a resident of Cos without citizens' rights, he apprenticed with a public physician ( archiatrós ) in Halasarna, became his assistant and followed him to Cos when he was chosen public doctor there. There he opened his own practice but continued to treat his old patients from Halasarna, at times for nothing. The inscription documenting his career is one of the most informative ones about physicians to survive from antiquity. Nutton, Vivian (London) Bibliography  R. Herzog, Dec…

(Επαίνετος; Epaínetos) [German version] [1] Medicinal plant expert Medicinal plant expert and author of toxicological works, who lived between the 1st cent. BC and the 3rd cent. AD. His views on the dangerous characteristics of wolfbane, hemlock, opium, mandrake, henbane, poisonous mushrooms, black chamaeleon (a plant whose leaves can change colour), of bull's blood, of litharge and of lumpsucker as well as his remedies against these poisons are reported in detail in Ps.-Aelius Promotus' De venenis (ed. princeps, S. Ihm, 1995).  Medicine;  Toxicology Nutton, Vivian (London) …

(Ἀνδρόμαχος; Andrómachos). [German version] [1] Possessor of a dorea (middle of the 3rd cent. BC) Documented between 253 and 249 BC in Egypt as possessor of a δωρεά ( dōreá) of 10,000 arourai. ‘Father’ of  Ptolemaeus Andromachou (?) [1]. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [German version] [2] Strategos of Syria and Phoenicia (end of 3rd cent. BC) Aspendian, commanded the phalanx in 217 BC at Raphia, later strategos of Syria and Phoenicia. PP 2, 2150. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [German version] [3] Ptolemaean official (1st half of 2nd cent. BC) Son of  Eirene, grandson of  Ptolemaeus Agesarchou; c. 197/8…

(Ἀλκαμένης; Alkaménēs). [German version] [1] of Abydus Greek physician Greek physician of the 5th and 4th cents. BC. According to Aristotle or his student Meno, A. blamed illnesses on the residue of undigested food: presumably, it rises to the head where it accumulates only to be distributed throughout the body as a harmful substance (Anon. Londiniensis 7,42). A. assumed a position contrary to the opinions of Euryphon of Cnidus, who ascertained that the head is less involved in the origin of illnesses. It is not certain whether A. was his student.  Anonymus Londiniensis Nutton, Vivian (…

(Μαντίας; Mantías). [German version] [1] Athenian strategos, 360/359 BC Son of Mantitheus of Thoricus In 377/76 BC tamias of the shipyards (IG II2 1622,435f). In 360/359 BC Athenian strategos of a naval division and auxiliary troops sent to assist the Macedonian claimant Argaeus against Philip II. By delaying in Methone, he was co-responsible for Argaeus's defeat (Diod. Sic. 16,2,6 and 16,3,5; in c. 358/7). Details about his family are distorted by diabolḗ (‘slander, calumny’) in Demosthenes (Or. 39 and 40). For his trierarchies cf. IG II2 1604,10 and 46 as well as 1609,61f. Engels, Joh…

(Ἀριστόξενος; Aristóxenos). [German version] [1] Musician, Musical theoretician, philosopher, biographer, from Tarentum from Tarentum, musician, musical theorist, philosopher, biographer, known as μουσικός. According to Suda son of Mnesias or of the musician Spintharus, pupil of his father, of a certain Lamprus of Erythrae, of the Pythagorean Xenophilus and finally of Aristotle. In Mantinea A. turned to philosophy. Claims to have heard in Corinth the story of Damon and Phintias from the tyrant Dionysius II …

(Ἄβας). [German version] [1] Figure from Myth of the Peloponnese and central Greece Myth of the Peloponnese and central Greece: a) Argus. Son of Lynceus and Hypermestra. By Aglaea, daughter of Mantineus, father of the twins Acrisius and Proetus (Apollod. 2,24; Hes. fr. 129 M-W; cf. Paus. 2,16,2; 10,35,1) and Idomene, mother of Bias and Melampus by Amythaon (Apollod. 2,24). Lynceus gave A. the shield, consecrated by Danaus to Hera, and for whose festival he had established the agon ἄσπις ἐν Ἄργει (Hyg. Fab. 1…

[German version] [1] Physician and friend of Cicero's Physician and friend of Cicero's (Cic. Att. 15,1-3) who died suddenly in 44 BC from an undefinable illness. Cicero's grief about the loss of the summus medicus did not deter him from inquiring about whom A. had remembered in his testament. Nutton, Vivian (London) [German version] [2] Greek grammarian, 1st cent. AD (Ἀλεξίων; Alexíōn). Greek grammarian of the 2nd half of the 1st cent. AD, called χωλός ( chōlós; the limping one): he authored an epitome of the Symmikta by  Didymus, which was cited by Herennius Philo and used by He…

[German version] I. Mesopotamia Magic formulae - such as spells, apotropaea, and prophylacterics - and rational elements, i.e. empirically derived treatment methods with plant, mineral, or animal substances, characterize the image of medicine in a Mesopotamia. The treatment of diseases - seen as either caused by demons, or as a punishment sent by the gods, or as the result of being bewitched, as well as the result of natural causes - was the domain of two different experts, the asû, more versed in herbal lore, evident from as early as the mid-3rd millennium BC, and the spe…

I. Ancient Orient [German version] A. I. Sources The main source for Mesopotamian dentistry consists in two chapters from the medical manual ‘When the top of a person's head is feverishly hot’ (1st millennium BC; cf.  Medicine I) and there are also isolated texts of prescriptions. The oldest textual evidence is a cuneiform tablet from the ancient Babylonian period ( c. 18th to 16th cents. BC). The majority of the texts is accessible only in cuneiform autographs; for partial translations cf. [1]. Böck, Barbara (Madrid) [German version] B. Dental diseases and treatment Various periodont…

(Πόλυβος; Pólybos). [German version] [1] Name of numerous peripheral figures in Greek mythology Name of numerous peripheral figures in Greek mythology, e.g. a Trojan, son of  Antenor [1] (Hom. Il. 11,59), killed by Neoptolemus [1] (Quint. Smyrn. 8,86); an Ithacan, suitor of Penelope, killed by Eumaeus (Hom. Od. 22,243 and 284), also his father (Hom. Od. 1,399); a Phaeacian (Hom. Od. 8,373); a mythical king of Thebes (Hom. Od. 4,126). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Mythical king of Corinth Mythical king of Corinth, husband of Merope [4] or Periboea [4]. They bring …

(Ἀνδρέας; Andréas). [German version] [1] Personal physician of Ptolemaeus Philopator Originally from Carystus. Personal physician of Ptolemaeus Philopator, was murdered before the battle of Raphia in the year 215 BC (Pol. 5,81). The son of Chrysareus, he was a Herophilean ( Herophilus), who wrote about medicaments (this was especially so in his writing Narthex), midwifery, poisons, doxography and the history of medicine. He commented on Hippocrates, even if he did not write any actual commentaries. Eratosthenes (EM s. v. Bibliaegisthus) accused h…

[German version] [1] Athenian sculptor, c. 490-470 BC (Eύήνωρ; Euḗnōr). Athenian sculptor. Three bases on the Acropolis bear his signature, dating from around 490-470 BC. One of these is linked, not without controversy, to the so-called Angelitus' Athena (Athens, AM Inv. no. 140). Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography A. E. Raubitschek, Dedications from the Athenian Akropolis, 1949, no. 14, 22, 23. B. S. Ridgway, The Severe Style in Greek Sculpture, 1970, 29-30, fig. 39. [German version] [2] Greek physician Greek physician from Argos in Acarnania; he lived in Athens, a…

(Ἀρσένιος; Arsénios). [German version] [1] Saint Saint, from a noble family, born AD 354 in Rome, died 445 in Troy near Memphis in Egypt. Emperor  Theodosius I invited him to Constantinople to bring up his children  Arcadius and  Honorius. After many years in the imperial palace A. returned to Egypt and lived as a hermit. A biographic legend is to be found in Simeon Metaphrastes. The teachings for monks and apophthegmata ascribed to him are of very doubtful authenticity. Montanari, Franco (Pisa) Bibliography A. Jülicher, RE 2, 1273 ODB I 187-188. [German version] [2] Fictitious author …

(Φιλάρετος; Philáretos). [German version] [1] Greek writer on medicine Greek writer on medicine. A text which bears P.’s name and ultimately goes back to Galen’s theories about the pulse, is a Byzantine revision (from the 9th cent.?) of the text De pulsibus ad Antonium (= Gal. 19,629-642 K.) which was influenced by pneumat (Pneumatists). Whether or not P. was the author of the original text or the revised version, is a matter of controversy. A connection with Philagrius cannot be ruled out as his name is occasionally misrepresented in P.…

[German version] [1] Founder of Miletos (Νειλεύς/ Neileús; Νηλεύς/ Nēleús; Νείλεως/ Neíleōs). Mythical founder of the city of Miletus [2]; from Pylos; son of the Attic king Codrus, brother of Medon [5]; since he is second to his brother in the succession, he leaves Attica with a group of Athenians und Ionians from Pylos, settles the Ionian cities in Asia Minor, founds Miletus and the Milesian dynasty of rulers. His son Aepytus founds Priene (Hellanicus FGrH 125 F 10; Hdt. 9,97; Callim. Iambi fr. 191,76; Str. 14,1,3; Paus. 7,2,1ff). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Greek surgeon a…

Three bearers  of the Italic gens name S. are known from the late Republic. [German version] [1] S., L. Held a pro-consular imperium over Hispania Ulterior By popular vote a pro-consular imperium over Hispania Ulterior was transferred to him for 199 BC (Liv. 31,50,10-11 and [1]), and he returned in 196 with such great booty that he was able to have three arches built in Rome (Liv. 33,27,3-4); In 196 he was a member of a commission to re-organize Greece (Pol. 18,48,2 and [2]). Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] S., C. Praetor of Sardinia in 188 BC Praetor of Sardinia in 188 BC …

(Θεμίσων; Themísōn). [German version] [1] Tyrant from Eretria [1], 4th cent. BC Tyrant of Eretria [1], who occupied Oropus in 366 BC with some of the town’s exiles. The people controlling the operation were based in Thebes, and assistance also came from there in order to fend off an Athenian counter-attack. After an arbitration tribunal the pólis went to the Thebans, who maintained T.’s regime (Diod. Sic. 15,76,1; Dem. Or. 18,99; Xen. Hell. 7,4,1). Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography J. Buckler, The Theban Hegemony, 1980, 193 f. [German version] [2] Th. from Laodicea Greek doctor, …

(Φιλιστίων; Philistíōn). [German version] [1] P. of Locri Greek physician, 4th cent. BC Physician from Locri in Italy, active around 364 BC. He is said by Plato's 2nd letter to have been the personal physician of Dionysius [2] II at Syracuse in that year. However, a fragment of the comic poet Epicrates [4] (Ath. 2,59c) has been plausibly interpreted to mean that he arrived at Athens soon after this. He wrote about dietetics, pharmacology and surgery. The Anonymus Londiniensis (20,25ff. = fragment 4 Wellmann)…

(Ἄλκων; Álkōn). [German version] [1] Figure of Greek myth: son of Erechtheus Son of Erechtheus, who fled to Chalcis. Father of Chalciope (Proxenus FGrH 425 F 2), or son of the Euboean hero Abas (Ephorus F 33). He sends his son Phalerus, who in Phalerum is venerated as a hero, along on an Argonaut journey (Apoll. Rhod. 1,95; Hyg. Fab. 14); according to Orph. Arg. 144 Phaleros comes instead from Mysia and founds the Thessalian city of Gyrton. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Figure of Greek myth: son of Hippocoon of Amyklai Son of Hippocoon of Amyclae (Apollod. 3,124), kille…

(Νινύας; Ninýas). [German version] [1] Son of Ninus [1] In Graeco-Roman sources, son of the Assyrian King Ninus [1] and Semiramis, whom he succeeded on the throne. According to the report of Diod. (2,20f.), based on Ctesias, he was of an effeminate nature like Sardanapallus (Assurbanipal), and took no part in military campaigns. N., whose name derives from the toponym Nini(w)e (Niniveh; Ninus [2]), is largely a legendary figure; he is not mentioned in the cuneiform sources. Frahm, Eckart (Heidelberg) Bibliography 1 E.F. Weidner, s.v. N., RE 17, 643f. 2 G. Pettinato, Semiramis, 1988,…

(Ἄντυλλος; Ántyllos). [German version] [1] Grammarian and rhetor of unknown time Grammarian and rhetorician of unknown time (Suda). He authored a biography of Thucydides, which was used by Marcellinus in his Thucydides-Vita (22, 36, 55), and a commentary to Thucydides, which was used and quoted in a number of scholia (to 1,2,3; 3,95,1; 4,19,1 and 28,2). Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) Bibliography F. Goslings, Observationes ad Sch. in Thuc., 1874, 54 ff. R. Tosi, Scolifantasma tucididei, 1983. [German version] [2] Greek physician and surgeon of the imperial period Greek p…

(Θεόμνηστος/ Theómnēstos). [German version] [1] From Athens, c. 400 BC Athenian, accused by Lysitheus of cowardice after the battle of Corinthus (in 394 BC) in an action of dokimasia ( epangelía dokimasías) or 'scrutiny'. By being convicted T. was unable to appear as a rhetor in the People's Assembly, but managed to have the verdict quashed by means of an action for false witness against Dionysius. Against a renewed accusation of cowardice raised by Theon T. proceeded with an action of defamation ( díkē kakēgorías; Kakegoria ) and succeeded. He was then cha…

( ̆Αριστόξενος). [English version] [1] von Tarent, Musiker, Musiktheoretiker, Philosoph und Biograph, 4. Jh. v. Chr. von Tarent, Musiker, Musiktheoretiker, Philosoph, Biograph, μουσικός genannt. Nach Suda Sohn des Mnesias oder des Musikers Spintharos, Schüler des Vaters, eines Lampros von Erythrai, des Pythagoreers Xenophilos und zuletzt des Aristoteles. In Mantineia wandte A. sich der Philos. zu. In Korinth will er vom Tyrannen Dionysios II. (nach dessen Verbannung aus Sizilien 344) die Geschichte von Damon un…

(Διεύχης). [English version] [1] Arzt und Verf. medizin. Schriften, um 300 v. Chr. Arzt und Verf. medizinischer Schriften im 4. und evtl. frühen 3. Jh.v. Chr. Er sah den menschlichen Körper im Zeichen der vier Elementarqualitäten (Gal. 10,452), billigte den Aderlaß (11,163) und stand der Anatomie wohlwollend gegenüber (11,795). Besonderes Ansehen verschaffte er sich durch seine Behandlungsmethoden (Gal. 10,28; 11,795), vor allem durch größere Vorsicht bei der Verordnung gefährlicher Medikamente (Oreib. CMG V…

(Ἄντυλλος). [English version] [1] Grammatiker und Rhetor Grammatiker und Rhetor unbekannter Zeit (Suda). Er verfaßte eine Biographie des Thukydides, die in der Thukydides-Vita des Markellinos (22, 36, 55), und einen Komm. zu Thukydides, der in einigen Scholien benutzt und zitiert wird (zu 1,2,3; 3,95,1; 4,19,1 und 28,2). Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) Bibliography F. Goslings, Observationes ad Sch. in Thuc., 1874, 54 ff.  R. Tosi, Scolifantasma tucididei, 1983. [English version] [2] griech. Arzt und Chirurg der Kaiserzeit Griech. Arzt und Chirurg, der zwischen A…

[English version] [1] Philosophen Ursprünglich skeptischer Ausdruck zur Bezeichnung derer, die sich eine Meinung ( dógma; vgl. S. Emp. P.H. 1,13) - vor allem eine philos. oder wiss. - zu eigen machen, welche sich, nach skeptischer Auffassung, nicht rechtfertigen, geschweige denn beweisen läßt (S. Emp. P.H. 1,3). Von Pyrrhoneern in einem erweiterten Sinn auch auf Akademiker angewendet, welche sich Meinungen zu eigen machen, z.B. die, daß nichts gewußt werden könne (vgl. das ἰδίως bei S. Emp., ebd.). Wegen der i…

Römischer Familienname, ältere Form und inschr. Decumus (Schulze, 159), abgeleitet von Decimus. Histor. Namensträger sind seit der 2. H. des 2. Jh.v.Chr. bezeugt. [English version] [1] D., C. Gesandter nach Ägypten 168 v.Chr. 171 v.Chr. Gesandter nach Kreta, 169 praetor peregrinus, 168 Gesandter nach Ägypten. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [2] D., Num. Bundesgenossenführer im Krieg gegen Hannibal 217 v.Chr. aus Bovianum in Samnium, brachte 217 bei Gereonium mit einem Kontingent der Bundesgenossen dem von Hannibal schwer bedrängten magister equitum Q. Minuci…

(Φιλιστίων). [English version] [1] Ph. von Lokroi griech. Arzt, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Arzt aus dem it. Lokroi, wirkte um 364 v.Chr. In diesem Jahr soll er dem 2. Brief Platons zufolge Arzt von Dionysios [2] II. in Syrakus gewesen sein. Ein Fr. des Komödiendichters Epikrates [4] (Athen. 2,59c) wurde überzeugend dahingehend interpretiert, daß er jedoch bald darauf nach Athen gekommen sei. Er schrieb über Diätetik, Pharmakologie und Chirurgie. Darüberhinaus enthält der Anonymus Londiniensis (20,25ff. = fr. 4 Wellmann)…

[English version] [1] von Abydos griech. Arzt, 5./4. Jh. v. Chr. Griech. Arzt des 5. /4. Jh. v. Chr., führte Aristoteles oder dessen Schüler Menon zufolge Krankheiten auf unverdaute Nahrungsrückstände zurück, die zum Kopfe emporsteigen, dort angereichert und vermutlich als schädliche Substanz im ganzen Körper verteilt werden (Anon. Londiniensis 7,42). A. bezieht gegen die Ansichten des Euryphon von Knidos Position, nach dessen Meinung der Kopf an der Entstehung von Krankheiten weniger beteiligt ist; ob er dessen Schüler war, ist nicht nachweisbar. Anonymus Londiniensis Nutton,…

(Ἀντιοχίς). [English version] [1] Zehnte att. Phyle Zehnte att. Phyle seit der Phylenreform des Kleisthenes (IG II2 1700 ff.); eponymer Heros der Heraklessohn Antiochos. A. umfaßte im 4. Jh. v. Chr. 1 Asty-, 6 Mesogeia- und 6 Paralia-Demen, die mit 28 Buleutai stärker vertreten waren als jede der beiden anderen Trittyen. 3 Demen wechselten 308/7 v. Chr. in die maked. Phylen Antigonis bzw. Demetrias (Atene, Kolonai, Thorai) und kehrten nach deren Auflösung 201/200 v. Chr. in die A. zurück; Atene fiel an die Atta…

(Ἄβας). [English version] [1] Figur pelop. und zentralgriech. Mythen Mythos der Peloponnes und Zentralgriechenlands: a) Argos. Sohn des Lynkeus und der Hypermestra. Durch Aglaia, Tochter des Mantineus, Vater der Zwillinge Akrisios und Proitos (Apollod. 2,24; Hes. fr. 129 M-W; vgl. Paus. 2,16,2; 10,35,1) und der Idomene, Mutter von Bias und Melampous durch Amythaon (Apollod. 2,24). Lynkeus gab A. den Schild, den Danaos der Hera geweiht, und zu dessen Feier er den Agon ἄσπις ἐν Ἄργει gegründet hatte (Hyg. …

[English version] [1] Bildhauer in Athen, um 490-470 v. Chr. Bildhauer in Athen. Auf der Akropolis tragen drei Basen um 490-470 v.Chr. seine Signatur. Mit einer davon wird die sog. Angelitos-Athena (Athen, AM Inv. Nr. 140) verbunden, nicht ohne Widerspruch. Neudecker, Richard (Rom) Bibliography A.E. Raubitschek, Dedications from the Athenian Akropolis, 1949, Nr. 14, 22, 23. B.S. Ridgway, The Severe Style in Greek sculpture, 1970, 29-30, Abb. 39. [English version] [2] aus Argos/Akarnanien, griech. Arzt, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Griech. Arzt aus Argos in Akarnania; er lebte in Athen, …

[English version] [1] Verf. toxikologischer Schriften Heilpflanzenkundiger und Verfasser toxikologischer Schriften, der zwischen dem 1. Jh.v.Chr. und dem 3. Jh.n.Chr. lebte. Seine Ansichten über die gefährlichen Eigenschaften des Eisenhuts, Schierlings, Opiums, der Alraune, des Bilsenkrauts, giftiger Pilze, des schwarzen Chamaeleons (einer Pflanze, deren Blätter die Farbe wechseln können), des Stierbluts, der Bleiglätte und des Seehasen sowie seine Mittel gegen diese Gifte werden in Ps.-Aelius Promotus' De venenis (ed. princeps, S. Ihm, 1995) ausführlich wiede…

(Νινύας). [English version] [1] Sohn Ninos' [1] In der griech.-röm. Überl. Sohn des Assyrerkönigs Ninos [1] und der Semiramis, der er auf dem Thron nachfolgt. Nach dem auf Ktesias basierenden Bericht des Diod. (2,20f.) war er, ähnlich wie Sardanapallos (Assurbanipal), von weichlichem Charakter und nahm nicht an Kriegszügen teil. N., dessen Name auf das Toponym Nini(w)e (Ninive; Ninos [2]) zurückgeht, ist weitgehend eine Sagengestalt; in keilschriftl. Quellen wird er nicht erwähnt. Frahm, Eckart (Heidelberg) Bibliography 1 E.F. Weidner, s.v. N., RE 17, 643f. 2 G. Pettinato, Sem…

[English version] [1] Arzt und Freund Ciceros, gest. 44 v. Chr. Arzt und Freund Ciceros (Cic. Att. 15,1-3), der im Jahre 44 v. Chr. plötzlich an einer undefinierbaren Krankheit starb. Sein Kummer über den Verlust dieses summus medicus hielt Cicero nicht davon ab, sich zu erkundigen, wen A. in seinem Testament bedacht hatte. Nutton, Vivian (London) [English version] [2] griech. Grammatiker 1. Jh. n.Chr. (Ἀλεζίων). Griech. Grammatiker der 2. H. des 1. Jh. n. Chr., genannt χωλός (der Hinkende): er verfaßte eine Epitome der Symmikta des Didymos, die von Herennius Philon zitiert und…

(Ἀνδρόμαχος). [English version] [1] Inhaber einer doreá in Ägypten (Mitte 3. Jh. v. Chr.) Zwischen 253 und 249 v. Chr. in Ägypten als Inhaber einer δωρεά von 10 000 Arurai bezeugt. “Vater” des Ptolemaios Andromachu (?) [1]. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [English version] [2] Stratege Syriens und Phoinikiens (Ende 3. Jh. v. Chr.) Aspendier, befehligte 217 v. Chr. bei Raphia die Phalanx, anschließend Stratege Syriens und Phoinikiens. PP 2, 2150. Ameling, Walter (Jena) [English version] [3] Ptolemäischer Beamter (1.H. 2. Jh. v. Chr.) Sohn der Eirene, Enkel des Ptolemaios Agesarchu; ca.…

(Πόλυβος). [English version] [1] Name zahlreicher Nebenfiguren im griech. Mythos Name zahlreicher Nebenfiguren im griech. Mythos, u. a. ein Troer, Sohn des Antenor [1] (Hom. Il. 11,59), von Neoptolemos [1] getötet (Q. Smyrn. 8,86); ein Ithakesier, Freier der Penelope, von Eumaios getötet (Hom. Od. 22,243 und 284), sowie auch dessen Vater (Hom. Od. 1,399); ein Phaiake (Hom. Od. 8,373); myth. König in Theben (Hom. Od. 4,126). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [English version] [2] myth. König von Korinth Myth. König von Korinth, Gatte der Merope [4] oder Periboia [4]. Sie ziehen den vo…

(Ἀρχάγαθος). [English version] [1] Sohn des Agathokles [2] (Ende 4. Jh. v. Chr.) Vor seiner Rückkehr nach Sizilien 308/7 v. Chr. übergab Agathokles [2] das afrikan. Kommando seinem ältesten Sohn A. trotz dessen geringer mil. Begabung. Da dieser die Invasionsarmee zersplitterte, errangen die Karthager bald bedeutende Erfolge und schlossen A. in Tunes ein (Diod. 20,57-61). Auch Agathokles konnte nach seiner Rückkehr die Lage in Afrika nicht mehr wenden und floh unter Preisgabe des Heeres nach Sizilien. Infolgedessen erschlugen die erbitterten Soldaten A. (Diod. 20,68). Meister, K…

(Βακχεῖος). [English version] [1] aus Tanagra, herophileischer Arzt, um 250-200 v. Chr. von Tanagra. Nach Erotian (31,10) Arzt und Schüler des Herophilos (Gal. 18 A, 187 K.), um 250-200 v.Chr. tätig. Neben seinen Schriften über Pulslehre, Pathologie und Pharmakologie verfaßte er auch Erinnerungen an Herophilos und dessen Schüler. Sein Ansehen verdankt er seinem Hippokratesglossar, in dem sich gelegentlich Lesarten erh. haben, die in den Mss. hippokratischer Schriften fehlen. Das drei B. umfassende Werk führ…

[English version] I. Alter Orient H. sind in Babylonien und Äg. nur aus Anspielungen in lit. Texten bekannt. Im Atraḫasis-Mythos öffnet die Muttergöttin die Gebärmutter, läßt die Frau auf dem “Ziegel” gebären (vgl. Ex 1,16) und bestimmt beim Abschneiden der Nabelschnur das Geschick des Kindes. Stol, Marten (Leiden) Bibliography E. Brunner-Traut, s.v. H., LÄ 2, 1074f.  M. Stol, Zwangerschap en geboorte bij de Babyloniërs en in de Bijbel, 1983, 84-86. [English version] II. Griechenland Die Gesch. von der ersten H. mit Namen Agnodike (Hyg. fab. 274), die angeblich als Ma…

(Ονάσανδρος). [English version] [1] Arzt auf Kos, ca. 250 v. Chr. Vom Gemeinwesen von Kos angestellter Arzt, ca. 250 v.Chr. Als Einwohner von Kos ohne Bürgerrechte ging er bei einem Gemeindearzt ( archiatrós ) in Halasarna in die Lehre, wurde dessen Assistent und folgte ihm nach Kos, wo er selbst vom Gemeinwesen als Arzt angestellt wurde. Dort eröffnete er eine eigene Praxis, behandelte aber weiterhin, mitunter ohne Honorar, seine alten Patienten aus Halasarna. Die Inschr., die seine Laufbahn bezeugt, gehö…

(Κλεόφαντος). [English version] [1] Sohn des Themistokles und der Archippe Sohn des Themistokles und der Archippe (Plut. Themistokles 32; Plat. Men. 93d-e), wurde in Lampsakos mit Ehrenrechten ausgezeichnet (ATL III,111-3). Davies 6669,VI. Beck, Hans (Köln) [English version] [2] griech. Arzt, 3. Jh. v. Chr. Griech. Arzt, wirkte um 270-250 v.Chr., Bruder des Erasistratos, Schüler des Chrysippos [3] aus Knidos und Begründer einer Ärzteschule (Gal., 17A 603 K.). Er verfaßte eine Schrift über die ärztliche Verordnung von Wein, die das Vorbild…