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[English version] [1] Leibarzt des Ptolemaios Philopator, ermordet 215 v. Chr. urspr. aus Karystos. Leibarzt des Ptolemaios Philopator, wurde vor der Schlacht von Raphia im Jahre 215 v. Chr. ermordet (Pol. 5,81). Der Sohn des Chrysareus war ein Herophileer (Herophilos), der über Arzneimittel (dies vor allem in seiner Schrift Narthex), Geburtshilfe, Gifte, Doxographie und Medizingesch. schrieb. Er kommentierte Hippokrates, auch wenn er keinen eigentlichen Komm. geschrieben haben mag. Eratosthenes (Etym. m. s. v. Bibliaigisthos) bezichtigte ihn …

(Ἀρσένιος). [English version] [1] Heiliger Heiliger, aus Adelsfamilie, geb. 354 n.Chr. in Rom, 445 gest. in Troia bei Memphis in Ägypten. Kaiser Theodosius I. lud ihn nach Konstantinopel ein, um seine Kinder Arcadius und Honorius zu erziehen. Nach vielen Jahren im Kaiserpalast zog sich A. nach Ägypten zurück und lebte als Eremit. Eine biographische Legende findet sich bei Simeon Metaphrastes. Die Authentizität der Belehrungen für Mönche und der Apophthegmata, die ihm zugeschrieben wurden, ist recht zweifelhaft. Montanari, Franco (Pisa) Bibliography A. Jülicher, RE 2, 1273 ODB I …

[English version] I. Mesopotamien Magische Formen - wie Beschwörungen, Apotropaea und Prophylakteria - und rationale Elemente, d.h. empirisch gewonnene Behandlungsmethoden mit pflanzlichen, mineralischen und tierischen Substanzen, bestimmen das Bild altmesopot. M. Die Behandlung von Krankheiten, welche man als von Dämonen hervorgerufen, als von den Göttern gesandte Strafe und als Folge von Behexung verstand oder auch auf natürliche Ursachen zurückführte, oblag zwei Experten, dem eher kräuterkundigen asû, der bereits Mitte des 3. Jt.v.Chr. bezeugt ist, und dem…

(Μαντίας). [English version] [1] Athenischer Stratege, 360/359 v.Chr. Sohn des Mantitheos aus Thorikos; 377/76 v.Chr. Tamias der Werften (IG II2 1622,435f); 360/359 v.Chr. athenischer Stratege einer Flottenabteilung und Hilfstruppe, die dem maked. Prätendenten Argaios gegen Philippos II. zur Hilfe geschickt wurde; M. war durch sein Warten in Methone an der Niederlage des Argaios mitschuldig (Diod. 16,2,6 und 16,3,5; ca. 358/7); durch diabolḗ (“böse Verleumdung, Verunglimpfung”) verzerrt sind Details über seine Familie bei Demosthenes (or. 39 und 40). Zu s…

(Ἄλκων). [English version] [1] Sohn des Erechtheus Sohn des Erechtheus, der nach Chalkis floh. Vater der Chalkiope (Proxenos FGrH 425 F 2), oder Sohn des euböischen Heros Abas (Ephoros F 33). Seinen Sohn Phaleros, der in Phaleron als Heros verehrt wird, schickt er zur Argofahrt mit (Apoll. Rhod. 1,95; Hyg. fab. 14); nach Orph. Arg. 144 kommt Phaleron vielmehr von Mysien und gründet die thessalische Stadt Gyrton. Graf, Fritz (Princeton) [English version] [2] Sohn Hippokoons von Amyklai, von Herakles getötet Sohn des Hippokoon von Amyklai (Apollod. 3,124), von Herakles getöte…

(Φιλώτας). [English version] [1] Vornehmer Makedone, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Ältester Sohn des Parmenion [1], stand nach Philippos' [4] Ehe mit Kleopatra [II 2] bei der Pixodaros-Affäre zu ihm gegen Alexandros [4] d.Gr. Nach Philippos' [4] II. Tod (336 v.Chr.) und der Ermordung Attalos' [1] durch Parmenion [1] avancierte Ph. zum Kommandeur über die hetaíroi , die er in den großen Schlachten gegen die Perser führte. Im Herbst 330 starb sein Bruder Nikanor [1]. Ph. blieb zur Leichenfeier zurück, während Alexandros den Marsch fortsetzte. …

(Φιλάρετος). [English version] [1] griech. Medizinschriftsteller Griech. medizinischer Schriftsteller. Eine Schrift, die Ph.' Namen trägt und letztlich auf Galenos' Pulslehre zurückgeht, stellt eine byz. Überarbeitung (aus dem 9. Jh.?) der pneumatisch beeinflußten Schrift De pulsibus ad Antonium (= Gal. 19,629-642 K.) dar (Pneumatiker). Ob Ph. der Verf. der Originalschrift oder der Überarbeitung war, wird kontrovers diskutiert. Ein Zusammenhang mit Philagrios kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, da dessen Name gelegentlich in Ph. en…

(Ἀντιοχίς; Antiochís). [German version] [1] Tenth Attic phyle Tenth Attic phyle following the reform of the phyles by  Cleisthenes (IG II2 1700 ff.); its eponymous hero was  Antiochus, a son of Heracles. In the 4th cent. BC, A. encompassed one asty deme, six mesogeia demes, and also six paralia ones; with 28 bouleutai, they were stronger represented than either of the other two trittyes. In 308/7 BC, three demes changed over into the Macedonian phyles of Antigonis or Demetrias ( Atene,  Colonae,  Thorae), but returned to A. after the abolishment…

(Γλαυκίας; Glaukías). [German version] [1] Bronze sculptor from Aegina Bronze sculptor from Aegina. According to Pausanias, he created statues of the boxers Glaucus, Philo and Theagenes in Olympia, whose victories or honours occurred in the 1st quarter of the 5th cent. BC. According to the description, they were depicted in motion, some of them at shadow-boxing; small bronze statues give at least an idea of this. He created a monument for Gelon of Syracuse after his chariot victory in 488 BC; parts of the base with inscriptions are preserved. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overb…

(Ὀλύμπιος; Olýmpios). [German version] [1] Court doctor of Constantine [2] II, 4th cent. Doctor, friend (and pupil) of Libanius, whom he treated in AD 354 for pains in the head and kidneys. In the two years that followed he visited Rome from where he returned to Constantinople and became court physician to Constantine [2] II (Lib. Ep. 51; 65; 353; 534; 539). Nutton, Vivian (London) [German version] [2] Office bearer (4th cent. AD) O. of Antioch, around AD 355 consularis Macedoniae, senator first in Rome, then (from 358) in Constantinople where in 361 he achieved exemption from munera ( munu…

(Λεωνίδης; Leōnídēs). Cf. also Leonidas. [German version] [1] General Ptolemy I, c. 300 BC General of Ptolemy I, stratēgós in Cilicia in 310/309 BC (Diod. Sic. 20,19,4). L. probably consecrated a helmet at Delos in 309/308 (IG XI 2, 161 B 77), and in 308 he was appointed by Ptolemy as commander of his Greek possessions. In 307/306, L. fulfilled the function of stratēgós in Sicyon and Corinth; after 301, together with Philocles (?), he commanded Ptolemaic mercenaries in Pamphylia (SEG 17, 639; Aspendus). It is unclear whether he can be identified with Berve, vol. 2, no. 470. Ameling, Walter (…

[German version] [1] Attic poet of the Old Comedy Attic poet of the Old Comedy, who according to the witness of Suda wrote five pieces (Δαλίς, Δανάη, Ἰφιγέπων, Κένταυροι, Κρῆτες; Dalís, Danáē, Iphigépōn, Kéntauroi, Krêtes; 1. test. 1), all of which are lost, except for a few remnants. On the inscription list of the Lenaean victors A. figures between Nicophon and Amipsias [1. test. 3]. Hidber, Thomas (Berne) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 1991, 518-523. [German version] [2] Personal physician of Antiochos III Son of A. of Seleucia, personal physician ( archiatros) and tropheus of Antiochus III;…

(Μηνόδοτος; Mēnódōtos). [German version] [1] M. of Perinthus Historian, c. 200 BC In about 200 BC, he wrote a ‘Greek History ( Hellenikaì Pragmateîai) in 15 books, probably a continuation of the work of Psaon of Plataeae (FGrH 78) and dealing with events after 218/17 (Diod. Sic. 26,4). He may be identical (see [1]) with M. of Samos (which was considered a colony of Perinthus). The latter was the author of a periegesis ( periēgētḗs ) on ‘Notabilia of Samos ( Tôn katà tḕn Sámon endóxōn anagraphḗ), from which Athenaeus (15, 671-699) relates an extensive passage on the pre-Hellenic h…

(Φείδιππος; Pheídippos). [German version] [1] Son of Thessalus, naval commander at Troy Son of Thessalus, brother of Antiphus, consequently grandson of  Heracles [1] and Chalciope [3] (Hyg. Fab. 97,14). One of Helen [1]'s suitors (Hyg. Fab. 81). He and his brother command 30 ships at Troy (Hom. Il. 2,676-680). On the voyage home he is blown off course to Thesprotia, where he also dies. In Odysseus's tall stories  (Hom. Od. 14,316; 19,287) the king Pheidon of the Thesproti appears twice. The latter's name is…

Originally the epithet of a victor, first assumed by P. Cornelius Scipio A. (Maior) after the victory over Carthage in 201 BC (Liv. 30,45,6), then assumed by his adoptive son P. Cornelius Scipio A. (Minor), cos. 147; later as surname also in other families [1]. In the imperial era surname of the emperors Gordian I and II, Justinian I and Flavius Mauricius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Greek doctor 2nd or 1st cent. BC Greek doctor of the 2nd or 1st cent. BC, who dedicated a few of his prescriptions to a king Antigonus [1]. Not to be confused with a…

(Κλεάνθης; Kleánthēs). [German version] [1] Painter from Corinth One of the earliest painters from Corinth, mentioned in Plin. HN 35,15f.; his name stands for the origin of the genera ( prima pictura). C. was considered the inventor of line art, creating his work from outlines and filling them in. Stylistic comparisons with vase painting of the early 7th cent. date his work to the same period. Also only known from the literature (Str. 8,343; Athen. 8,346 BC) are his tableaus in a sanctuary near Olympia: the fall of Troy, the birth of Athena, also Poseidon handing Zeus a tuna. Hoesch, Nicola (…

(Κράτερος, Κρατερός; Kráteros, Kraterós). [German version] [1] Son of Alexander of Orestis, commander under Alexander the Great Son of Alexander of Orestis. Under Alexander [4], he commanded a   táxis of the   pezétairoi at the  Granicus (334 BC), and near  Issus (333) and  Gaugamela (331), he commanded the entire regiment. C. held a leading command against the  Uxii and the Ariobarzanes [2], as he also did in the wars in  Hyrcania and Areia [1] after Darius' death [3]. He played an important role in the …

(Αἰγιμιός). [English version] [1] Stammvater der Dorier am Oitegebirge Sohn (oder Vater) des Doros, Vater von Dyman und Pamphilos (Hes. fr. 10a 7). Stammvater der Dorier am Oitegebirge (Pind. P. 1,64;5,72; Strab. 9,427 nach Ephoros, FGrH 115 F 15). Er nahm Herakles' Sohn Hyllos nach dem Tod des Vaters neben seinen eigenen Söhnen an, um sich für Herakles' Hilfe erkenntlich zu zeigen. Nach ihnen erhielten die drei dorischen Phylen die Namen Hylleis, Pamphiloi, Dymanes. Andere lokalisierten A. in Thessalien…

(Ὀλύμπιος). [English version] [1] Hofarzt Constantius' [2] II., 4. Jh. Arzt, Freund (und Schüler?) des Libanios, den er 354 n.Chr. wegen Kopf- und Nierenschmerzen behandelte. In den beiden darauffolgenden Jahren besuchte er Rom, von wo aus er nach Konstantinopolis zurückkehrte und Hofarzt von Constantius [2] II. wurde (Lib. epist. 51; 65; 353; 534; 539). Nutton, Vivian (London) [English version] [2] Amtsträger (4.Jh. n. Chr.) O. aus Antiocheia, um 355 n.Chr. consularis(?) Macedoniae, Senator erst in Rom, dann (ab 358) in Konstantinopel, wo er 361 Befreiung von munera ( munus …

(Γλαυκίας). [English version] [1] Bronzebildner aus Aigina, Anf. 5. Jh. v. Chr. Bronzebildner aus Aigina. Laut Pausanias schuf er in Olympia Statuen der Faustkämpfer Glaukos, Philon und Theagenes, deren Siege bzw. Ehrungen im 1. Viertel des 5. Jh. v.Chr. erfolgten. Nach der Beschreibung waren sie bewegt, teils beim Schattenboxen wiedergegeben, wovon Kleinbronzen zumindest eine Vorstellung geben. Für Gelon von Syrakus schuf er nach dessen Wagensieg 488 v.Chr. ein Monument, von dem Teile der Basis mit Inschr. erh. sind. Neudecker, Richard (Rom) Bibliography Overbeck, Nr. 429-4…

(Φείδιππος). [English version] [1] Sohn des Thessalos, Schiffskommandant vor Troia Sohn des Thessalos, Bruder des Antiphos, somit Enkel des Herakles [1] und der Chalkiope [3] (Hyg. fab. 97,14). Einer der Freier der Helene [1] (Hyg. fab. 81). Er befehligt mit seinem Bruder 30 Schiffe vor Troia (Hom. Il. 2,676-680). Auf der Heimfahrt wird er nach Thesprotien verschlagen, wo er auch stirbt. In den Lügenerzählungen des Odysseus (Hom. Od. 14,316; 19,287) kommt zweimal der Thesprotenkönig Pheidon vor. Dessen Na…

(Κλεάνθης). [English version] [1] Maler aus Korinth, wohl 7. Jh. v. Chr. Einer der frühesten, bei Plin. nat. 35,15f. überl. Maler aus Korinth; sein Name steht für den Beginn der Gattung ( prima pictura). K. galt als Erfinder der Linienkunst, er gestaltete seine Werke mit Hilfe von Umriß- und Binnenzeichnung. Stilistische Vergleiche mit Vasenbildern des frühen 7. Jh.v.Chr. datieren sein Wirken in die gleiche Zeit. Ebenfalls nur lit. bekannt (Strab. 8,343; Athen. 8,346 BC) sind seine Tafelbilder in einem Heiligtum nahe Olympias: …

(Σαβῖνος). [English version] [1] hippokratischer Arzt und Hippokrateskommentator, 1.-2. Jh. Hippokratischer Arzt und Hippokrateskommentator, der im 1. bis 2. Jh. n. Chr. wirkte. Er war der Lehrer des Metrodoros [8] und des Stratonikos, der wiederum Lehrer des Galenos war, welcher in S. einen sorgfältigeren und klareren Ausleger des Hippokrates [6] sah als in seinen Vorläufern (CMG 5,10,2,1, p. 17, 329-330; 5,10,2,2, p. 510). Zu S.' Schwächen zählten ein Mangel an anatomischen Kenntnissen und Sektionserfah…

(Κράτερος, Κρατερός). [English version] [1] Sohn des Alexandros aus Orestis, Offizier Alexandros' d. Gr. Sohn des Alexandros aus Orestis, befehligte unter Alexandros [4] am Granikos eine táxis der pezétairoi (334 v.Chr.) und bei Issos (333) und Gaugamela (331) das ganze Regiment. Gegen die Uxii und Ariobarzanes [2] sowie - nach dem Tod des Dareios [3] - im Krieg in Hyrkania und Areia [1] hielt K. ein führendes Kommando. Bei dem Staatsstreich gegen Philotas, dessen Bespitzelung er 322 eingeleitet hatt…

(Λεωνίδης). Vgl. auch Leonidas. [English version] [1] General Ptolemaios' I., um 300 v. Chr. General Ptolemaios' I., 310/309 v.Chr. stratēgós in Kilikia (Diod. 20,19,4). L. weihte wohl 309/308 einen Helm in Delos (IG XI 2, 161 B 77), und wurde 308 von Ptolemaios als Kommandant seines griech. Besitzes eingesetzt. 307/306 fungierte L. als stratēgós in Sikyon und Korinth; nach 301 kommandierte er zusammen mit Philokles (?) ptolem. Söldner in Pamphylien (SEG 17, 639; Aspendos). Es ist unklar, ob er mit Berve, Bd. 2, Nr. 470 zu identifizieren ist. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography R. Ba…

(Μαρκελλῖνος). [English version] [1] griech. Autor einer Pulslehre, 2. Jh.? Griech. Autor einer Abh. über den Puls. Seine Erwähnung von Anhängern des Archigenes legt eine Abfassung frühestens gegen E. des 1. oder das 2. Jh. n.Chr. nahe. Eine genauere Datier. wäre möglich, wenn er der Autor eines Rezeptes ist, das Galenos (de compositione medicamentorum secundum locos 7,5 = 13,90 K.) von Andromachos [5] d.J. zit., doch die Identifizierung ist unsicher. M.' stilisiertes Vorwort bezieht sich auf frühere Kory…

(Ἀέτιος). [English version] [1] myth. König von Troizen Sohn des Anthas, mythischer König von Troizen; seine Nachkommen besiedeln Halikarnaß und Myndos in Karien (Paus. 2,30,8 f.). Graf, Fritz (Princeton) [English version] [2] Doxograph, 1. Jh. Doxograph des 1. Jh. n. Chr. Obwohl histor. kaum faßbar, spielt A. eine zentrale Rolle in der doxographischen Tradition der Ant., weil er das einzige ausführliche doxographische Handbuch verfaßte, das einigermaßen vollständig überliefert ist (Doxographie). Große Teile des Werkes können au…

[English version] [1] att. Dichter der Alten Komödie Att. Dichter der Alten Komödie, der nach dem Zeugnis der Suda fünf Stücke verfaßt hat (Δαλίς, Δανάη, Ἰφιγέπων, Κένταυροι, Κρῆτες [1. test. 1], welche alle bis auf ganz geringe Reste verloren sind. Auf der inschr. Liste der Lenäensieger figuriert A. zwischen Nikophon und Ameipsias [1. test. 3]. Hidber, Thomas (Bern) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 1991, 518-523. [English version] [2] Leibarzt von Antiochos III., E. 2. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des A. von Seleukeia, Leibarzt ( archiatrós) und tropheús von Antiochos III.; einflußreiches Mitglied d…

Urspr. Siegerbeiname, zuerst angenommen von P. Cornelius Scipio A. (Maior) nach dem Sieg über Karthago 201 v. Chr. (Liv. 30,45,6), dann von seinem Adoptivsohn P. Cornelius Scipio A.(Minor), cos. 147; später als Beiname auch in anderen Familien [1]. In der Kaiserzeit Beiname der Kaiser Gordian I. und II., Iustinian I. und Flavius Mauricius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] griech. Arzt 2./1. Jh. v. Chr. Griech. Arzt des 2. oder 1. Jh. v. Chr., der einige seiner Rezepte einem König Antigonos widmete [1]. Nicht zu verwechseln mit einem anderen…

(Μηνόδοτος). [English version] [1] M. von Perinthos Historiker, um 200 v. Chr. um 200 v.Chr., verfaßte eine ‘Griech. Gesch. ( Hellenikaí pragmateíai) in 15 B., die wohl das Werk des Psaon von Plataiai (FGrH 78) fortsetzte und die Ereignisse ab 218/7 behandelte (Diod. 26,4). Vielleicht identisch (so [1]) mit M. von Samos (das als Pflanzstadt von Perinthos galt). Letzterer war Autor einer Perihegese ( periēgētḗs ) über ‘Die Sehenswürdigkeiten von Samos ( Tōn katá tēn Sámon endóxon anagraphḗ), aus der Athenaios (15, 671-699) eine umfangreiche Partie zur vorgriech. Gesch. d…

[German version] [1] Common Roman praenomen Common Roman praenomen ; abbreviation: Q.; Greek Κόιντος/ Kóintos. It is identical to the ordinal quīntus (‘fifth’); in Oscan-Umbrian, this name is represented by Pompo and the like, with the nomina gentilicia Pomponius, Pompeius, Pontius. Like other so-called ‘numeral praenomina’, the former individual name could be given to children according to their birth order in the early period. In no case is Q. derived from quīntīlis (‘July’) because the name of this month is in turn already a derivative of quīntus (Months, names of the). The nomen ge…

Common Roman cognomen ('red-haired', 'redhead', Quint. Inst. 1,4,25). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] [- - -]us R. Proconsul of Pontus-Bithynia with an impressive monument in Rome Proconsul of Pontus-Bithynia, probably in the final period of the Republic or the first years of Augustus. An impressive monument was erected for him in Rome by more than six cities of the province (CIL VI 1508 = 41054; cf. IGUR 71). Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography W. Eck, CIL VI 1508 (Moretti IGUR 71) und die Gestaltung senatorischer Ehrenmonumente, in: Chiron 14, 1984, 201-217  PIR2 R …

(Μοσχίων/ Moschíōn). [German version] [1] Tragedian, 3rd cent. BC Athenian tragedian, probably 2nd half of 3rd cent. BC, known almost solely through quotations by Stobaeus. Titles attested include ‘Telephos and two historical dramas: ‘Themistokles, at the heart of which was probably the naval battle at Salamis, following on from Aeschylus' ‘Persians, with the distinction that M. made Themistocles the protagonist; and ‘The Pheraeans, probably dealing with the death of Alexander [15] of Pherae. A lengthy f…

(Δημοσθένης; Dēmosthénēs). [German version] [1] Athenian commander during the Peloponnesian War Prominent Athenian commander during the Peloponnesian War. Appointed strategos for the first time in 427/6 BC, he entered Aetolia with Western Greek allies so as to be able to attack Boeotia from the west. Through tactical errors D. suffered a severe defeat and fear prevented him from returning to Athens (Thuc. 3,94-98). However, in the Aetolian and Spartan assault on the Athenian stronghold of Naupactus in 426, D., wit…

(Θεσσαλός/ Thessalós). [German version] [1] Eponym of the Greek territory of Thessaly Eponym of the Greek territory of Thessaly (Thessalians, Thessalia; Plin. HN 4,28), son of Haemon [1] (Rhianus FGrH 265 F 30), of the Heraclid Aeatus (Charax FGrH 103 F 6) or of Iason [1] and Medea (Diod. Sic. 4,54 f.). Binder, Carsten (Kiel) [German version] [2] Of Athens, son of Peisistratus [4] Athenian, son of Peisistratus [4]. Not named in Herodotus, T. first appears in Thucydides (1,20,2; 6,55,1) as a childless full brother of Hippias [1] and Hipparchus [1] from t…

(Κοσμᾶς; Kosmâs). [German version] [1] C. and Damianus Doctor's saints and patrons of healing Doctor saints and patrons of healing. The Greek Synaxarion (ed. by H. Delehaye) contains three different pairs of saints with these names: 1) the sons of Theodata, who were born in Asia Minor and buried in Pelusium, whose feast day is 1 November; 2) the Roman martyrs stoned during the rule of  Carinus (283-285), whose feast day is 1 July; 3) the Arab martyrs killed with their three brothers under the emperor Diocleti…

(Πέλοψ; Pélops). [German version] [1] Son of Tantalus Son of Tantalus (Cypria fragment 13 EpGF; in Hyg. Fab. 82 from his liaison with Dione), husband of Hippodamia [1], father of Atreus, Thyestes, Pittheus and other children (Pind. O. 1,88f. with schol.). P.'s original homeland was Asia Minor (cf. Pind. Ol. 1,24; Hdt. 7,8).  P.'s father Tantalus chops him into pieces, cooks him and serves him up to the gods. Demeter is the only one who fails to notice the horrendous deed and eats part of his shoulder (A…

(Ἀέτιος; Aétios). [German version] [1] Mythical king of Troezen Son of Anthas, mythical king of Troezen; his successors colonized Halicarnass and Myndus in Caria (Paus. 2,30,8 f.). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Doxographer of 1st cent. AD Doxographer of 1st cent. AD. Although historically elusive, A. played a central role in the doxographic tradition of antiquity, because he wrote the only detailed doxographic manual to have been handed down fairly complete ( Doxography). Large parts of the work can be quite accur…

(Ἁρποκρατίων; Harpokratíōn). [German version] [1] Platonic philosopher from Argos Platonic philosopher from Argos, 2nd cent. AD, pupil of  Atticus, called ‘top Platonist’ (Πλατωνικῶν κορυφαῖος; Platōnikôn koryphaîos) by Proclus [1. 18]. Important was his commentary on Plato (24 bks.) [1. 28, 152, 180ff., 191, 194, 197, 206, 216f.] and his lexicon on Plato (2 bks.) [1. 28, 235]. Just as Atticus and Plutarch, H. supported the idea of the world's origin in a single (temporal) act, but, in his understanding of the  Demiour…

(Ποσειδώνιος/ Poseidṓnios). [German version] [1] Doctor, end of the 4th cent. BC Doctor at the end of the 4th cent. BC, who wrote about mental illnesses and about ephiáltēs, a feeling of suffocation (cf. demons V. C.; Aet. 6,12). P. was taken by Philostorgius (Historia Ecclesiastica 8,10) to be the source for the assertion that insanity is not the result of demonic affliction, but has a physical cause in the form of an imbalance in the bodily fluids (Humoral theory). Nutton, Vivian (London) [German version] [2] Greek grammarian, 2nd cent. BC Alexandrian grammarian of the 2nd cent. BC,…

(Ἀσκληπιάδης; Asklēpiádēs) [German version] [1] of Samos Epigrammatic poet Epigrammatic poet of the ‘Garland’ of Meleager, who addresses him in the preface by the dark pseudonym Σικελίδης (Anth. Pal. 4,1,46; cf. Hedylus, GA I 1, 101 6, 4; Theoc. 7,40); an outstanding representative of the Ionian-Alexandrianschool, he lived around the turn of the 4th/3rd cent. BC. A. was highly praised by Theocritus (7,39-41), but attacked by Callimachus (schol. Flor. Callim. Fr.1,1). From the latter he differed, among other things, through a diametrically opposed appraisal of the Lyde of Antimach…

[II] Widespread Roman praenomen (probably connected with the Latin family name Gavius, but not related to gaudere), abbreviated as C., more rarely G.; in late Greek inscriptions also Γα ( Ga). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Physician of the school of Herophilus Physician of the school of Herophilus, probably 1st cent. BC or AD, wrote about hydrophobia (Caelius Aurelianus morb. ac. 3,113-4). He explained that this disease affected the brain as well as the meninges, because the nerves surrounding the stomach and responsi…

(Γλύκων; Glýkōn). [German version] [1] Poet Named by Heph. 10,2 Consbruch as the inventor of Glyconic verse ( Metre). His existence is disputed and the three verses ascribed to him (= 1029 PMG) are generally viewed as alexandrine in terms of metre: G. could hardly have lived before Sappho (late 7th cent. BC), who used this meter. Choeroboscus names G. (in his Comm. on St. In Heph. Consbruch) as a comedic poet, but probably mistook him for Leucon (PCG V 612). Anth. Pal. 10,124, a two-liner on the futil…

[German version] [1] Imperator Caesar C.P. Niger Iustus Augustus, Roman emperor 193-194 AD, see Pescennius see  Pescennius Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] I. of Tiberias Jew. historian, 1st cent. AD Jewish historian of the 1st cent. AD, wrote a ‘Jewish War’ (66-70/74), in which he dealt critically with the work of the same name by  Josephus [4] Flavius (this made Josephus write a retort in his autobiography: Vita 65), and a chronological-genealogical work on Jewish kings from Moses to  Iulius [II 5] Agrippa II. This work, which appears to…

(Ζωίλος/ Zōílos). [German version] [1] Greek Sophist from Amphipolis, 4th cent. BC Greek Sophist from Amphipolis, 4th cent. BC; active in the area of historiography [1], rhetoric [3] and philology; pupil of Polycrates [3], teacher of Anaximenes [2] from Lampsacus and Demosthenes [2]. However, Z. owes his fame to his criticism of Homerus [1] in his work Κατὰ τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως/ Katà tês Homērou poiḗseōs ('Against Homer's verse'; 9 books; fragments in [2]) which earned him the epithet Ὁμηρομάστιξ ( Homēromástix, 'Scourge of Homer'). Motivated by the Cynic approach, Z. endeav…

(Κυδίας; Kydías). [German version] [1] Erotic poet Erotic poet, quotes from Pl. Chrm. 155d, mentioned by Plut. Mor. 931e. He was obviously popular in Athens as he is depicted as a komast on a red-figured dish (Munich 2614) and on a psykter (London, BM E767) from c. 500 BC [1. 12-13]. He may perhaps be identical with Cydidas of Hermione referred to by Schol. Aristoph. Nub. 967 [2. 215]. Possibly (rather improbable) he is the dithyramb poet Cedeides/Ceceides mentioned by Aristoph. Nub. 985 (with schol.) [3]. Robbins, Emmet (Toronto) Bibliography 1 K. Friis Johansen, Eine Dithyrambos-A…

(Αἰγιμιός; Aigimiós). [German version] [1] Mythical progenitor of the Dorians in the Oete mountains Son (or father) of Dorus, father of Dyman and Pamphilus (Hes. fr. 10a 7). Progenitor of the Dorians in the Oete mountains (Pind. Pyth. 1,64;5,72; Str. 9,427 after Ephoros, FGrH 115 F 15). He adopted Hercules' son Hyllus after the death of his father, in addition to his own sons, to show his appreciation of Hercules' help. The three Dorian phyles were given the names Hylleis, Pamphiloi, Dymanes, after them. Othe…

(Χρύσιππος; Chrýsippos). [German version] [1] Favourite son of Pelops Favourite son of  Pelops from his first marriage with the nymph Axioche (schol. Pind. Ol. 1,89, schol. Eur. Or. 4) or Danais (Plut. Mor. 313E). Two tales are associated with him: Zeus (Praxilla 3,6 Edmonds = Ath. 13 p. 603a) or  Laeus, C.'s teacher in chariot driving (thus presumably in the ‘C.’ of Euripides, TGF fr. 839-844, possibly already in the Laios of Aeschylus), became infatuated with the extraordinarily beautiful youth and abducted him either from his father's house or the Nemean games …

(Δέξιππος; Déxippos). [German version] [1] Spartan, mercenary leader c. 400 BC Lacedaemonian, 406 BC mercenary leader of Acragas in the war against Carthage in which he played an obscure role. The Syracusans appointed him as the commander in Gela where he refused to support Dionysius I and was then sent back to his homeland (Diod. Sic. 13,85,3f.; 87,4f.; 88,7f.; 93; 96,1). D. is perhaps identical with a perioecus who drew attention to himself in the army of Cyrus the Younger through his wicked machinations and was finally executed by Nicander (Xen. An. 5,1,15; 6,1,32; 6,5ff.). Meier, Misc…

(Ὀλυμπιάς; Olympiás). [German version] [1] Daughter of Neoptolemus Daughter of Neoptolemus [2], born in about 375 BC. She was not given the name O. until after the Olympic victory of Philippus II in 356 BC (cf. Plut. Mor. 401b). She married Philip in 357 as his fifth wife (Ath. 13,557b) and bore him Alexander [4] the Great (356) and Cleopatra [II 3]. The birth of a successor elevated O.'s status, but there is no evidence of any political influence. After Philip's marriage to Cleopatra [II 2] she fled to…