Search

1. IntroductionThe political journal is distinguished in history against the background of an emergent market for journalism and a landscape of periodicals on a European scale, within both of which particular genres of journal began in the late 18th century to differentiate themselves from each other more and more clearly with regard to their specific communicative and political functions. The emergence and spread of the political journal was also closely related to the powerful ongoing process of politicization in the Enlightenment [3]. Scholars formerly focused on pol…

1. General 1.1. TerminologyToday’s history of media incorporates approaches and categories of various disciplines (history, sociology, journalism and communication studies, literary studies) and historically oriented subdisciplines, especially the history of printing and the book (Printing; Print media). It is important to capitalize on this disciplinary diversity, but it leads to a wide range of different conceptualities.To start with, the extension of the term media varies widely. The usual identification of the term media with with mass media, basically as a shor…

1. Groundwork Although there was no area of “journalism studies” as a defined academic discipline in the early modern universities, there was a relatively focused academic dis…

1. SurveyStandardization as a basic tendency pervaded almost all areas of early modern economics, society, and culture; in its course, we can identify clear focal points and contingencies, dislocations and non-simultaneities (Non-simultaneity). The standardization of the world of things, the material, infrastructural, and informational foundations of society and human behavior as well as social and economic practice did not begin in the 20th century. In many spheres of activity, processes of stan…

1. History of nutrition 1.1 Issues and scope of inquiryAccording to the school of the French sociologist Marcel Mauss, nutrition counted as a social “complete phenomenon,” which, in the sphere of the everyday (Everyday world), “is inextricably linked to other forms of existence” [31]. In the course of the social-historical paradigm shift from the late 1960s, the concept of nutrition became the focus of strong interest for the first time. In German-speaking research, it was economic history, social history, and the history of everyday li…

1. Definition and characteristicsLiteracy denotes all forms of the use of writing, and the production and reading of printed and unprinted texts. Orality includes all forms of spoken communication, which are also characterized by fundamental qualities and potentials.A former paradigm of cultural anthropology held that the knowledge of the past, the secure storage of information and knowledge (see below, 4.), full-fledged bureaucratic government, and individual self-reflection were only possible through the written word. Accordin…

1. Definition Periodicals fulfilled important functions in the social communication of early modern society as a growing medium (Media) situated between books and newspapers and in the context of increasing streams of news. Formally, periodicals differed from books in the greater currentness of their news (News, currentness of) and their periodicity; they differed from newspapers in their individual aspirations, expressed in programmatic language. The greater average length o…

1. Society 1.1. Structural conditionsThe public sphere and society (Society [community]) are closely and reciprocally related. Without the public spher…