Search

Your search for 'dc_creator:( "Walther, Gerrit" ) OR dc_contributor:( "Walther, Gerrit" )' returned 166 results. Modify search

Sort Results by Relevance | Newest titles first | Oldest titles first

Libertine

(1,684 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ConceptThe Latin legal term  libertinus (“freedman”), which in the Acts of the Apostles (6,9) attaches to the persecutors of St. Stephen, passed into French ( libertine) around 1480 via vernacular biblical commentaries, and from there it entered the other modern European languages, including English. From 1545, Calvinist and Catholic preachers were using it to discredit morally those who did not unconditionally accept their dogmas. The word “libertinage” or “libertinism” (French libertinage, also libertinisme) emerged from 1600 to denote the religious skepticis…
Date: 2019-10-14

Order (association)

(3,188 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Mertens, Benedikt
1. DefinitionIn the early modern period, order (from Latin  ordo, which denoted such central political and social categories as order [system], the estates of the realm, and rank [3. 935 f.], then in Christian Latin “clergy” and “monastic community”) was an ambiguous term, but always associated with high prestige. Generally speaking it denoted an exclusive community, whose members had joined together under the leadership of an aristocratic or charismatic personality and had bound themselves by oath to work together for c…
Date: 2020-10-06

German New Humanism

(1,372 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. The phenomenonThe German term  Neuhumanismus (“Neohumanism, New Humanism”), coined by Friedrich Paulsen in 1885 [11. 191–195], denotes an educational movement (Bildung) that originated in the 1770s in Germany in reaction against utilitarian concepts of education rooted in the Enlightenment. In contrast to education in Germany’s western and eastern neighbors, it celebrated the ancient Hellenic world as the epitome of true, good, and beautiful humanity (Antiquity, reception of). In the first half of the 19t…
Date: 2019-10-14

Tacitism

(1,407 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Definition and beginningsThe term  Tacitism, coined in 1921, denotes a specific style of politico-ideological skepticism between approximately 1570 and 1650 that was sparked by the works of the Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus (c. 100 CE). Its guiding principle and keynote was  similitudo temporum (similarity of historical periods). In the intrigues and power struggles of the Roman imperial court, which Tacitus depicted as signs of increasing political and moral decadence, contemporaries of the wars of religion (Religion, …
Date: 2022-11-07

Decadence

(1,413 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ConceptThe idea that empires and cultures, having risen to power and greatness, must necessarily undergo decline, commonplace among ancient historians after Polybius, was revisited and reformulated by the Humanists. Until around 1800, “decadence” (also “decline”; Latin   inclinatio, ruina, depravatio; Italian  decadenza, declino, caduta; French  déclin, décadence; German  Verfall, Dekadenz) was therefore a basic category of political, social, and aesthetic discourse. As a constitutive element of a cyclical view of history, the concept den…
Date: 2019-10-14

Moralist literature

(1,308 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. DefinitionAt its first appearance in 1690 in Antoine Furetière’s Dictionnaire universel, the term  moraliste (“moralist”) simply meant an author who treated moral questions. By around 1700, however, the pejorative secondary meaning “rigorist” had been coined, referring specifically to adherents of Jansenism. Volume 10 of the Encyclopédie of Diderot and D’Alembert once more denigrated the moralist, defining him in 1765 as a vain, unsystematic littérateur aiming more to amaze than to enlighten [9. 48–52]. The term  moralist literature (German Moralistik), by contra…
Date: 2020-04-06

Morality, history of

(1,148 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Definition and modelsIn the late 18th and 19th centuries, “history of morality” was the phrase used to denote the genre of cultural history that paid special attention to the mores and everyday world of a bygone epoch, culture, nation (Nation, nationalism), or society (Society [community]). The German equivalent, Sittengeschichte, used by Kant in contrast to Naturgeschichte (Natural history), remained limited to German [3]. Ever since Humanism, however, the concept of a historical presentation that seeks to draw conclusions about the civilized …
Date: 2020-04-06

Scandal

(1,230 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. DefinitionThe term scandal – from Greek  skándalon, “(trigger of a) snare” (Latin  scandalum, especially biblical, “cause of offence,” “stumbling block”) – appeared in French in the 17th century as a (pejorative) synonym for “public sensation”; like the verb scandalize (create a sensation), it was then borrowed by the other European languages (German at the beginning of the 18th century [4]. It denotes both a sensational public event and the sensation itself, that is, discussion of it.  Scandal can thus be defined as the sum of reactions to a flagrant offense again…
Date: 2021-08-02

Sprezzatura

(880 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ConceptThe early modern term sprezzatura (from the Italian sprezzare, “to neglect,” and Late Latin  expretiare, “devalue”) covered a spectrum of meaning ranging from laxity and nonchalance by way of elegance to understatement and dissimulation, and thus denoted the most important ideal of conduct in Renaissance and Baroque court society. Unlike the words from which it derived, sprezzatura was always positive in connotation [5]; [9]. Sprezzatura was coined as “a new word” ( una nova parola), if not literally invented, around 1520, by Baldassare Castiglione in C…
Date: 2022-08-17

Spinozism

(1,342 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. DefinitionIn many European languages in the 17th and 18th centuries, the word  Spinozism, first documented in 1699 but clearly older, was a vague collective term for all positions associated with the teachings of the Netherlandish Jewish philosopher Baruch de Spinoza (1632–1677). The thinkers who affirmed these teachings or were accused of doing so were called Spinozists. Both terms were exonyms and were almost always used polemically, since contemporaries were unanimous in their belief that Spinoza’s phi…
Date: 2022-08-17

Honnête homme, honnête femme

(1,229 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. DefinitionThe term  honnête homme, first attested in 1538, is defined in the  Dictionarium latinogallicum of Robert Estienne as a “cultured courtly gentleman without presumption.” Since the early 17th century, it expressed the quintessence of courtly urbanity, the social model of the new court society of the age of Louis XIV. Unlike related French words such as  courtisan, homme de qualité, homme de bien, homme galant, and  gentilhomme, the  honnête homme (and the  honnête femme) was not socially predefined; he was the classless ideal of an individual who alw…
Date: 2019-10-14

Manners

(1,434 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. A social idealManners were understood from the late 15th century as the sum of all behaviors that expressed politeness or courtesy (German Höflichkeit; Italian  cortesia, gentilezza; Spanish  cortesía; French  politesse, civilité, towards ladies also  courtoisie and  galanterie; Dame) in practice. These were therefore more than merely forms of conduct corresponding to applicable social rules. Such prescribed conduct differed in the early modern period according to gender, estate, profession, confession, and social, ethnic, and…
Date: 2019-10-14

Emancipation

(3,188 words)

Author(s): Klippel, Diethelm | Walther, Gerrit | Klein, Birgit E.
1. General 1.1. OverviewThe term emancipation, which exists in all European languages, comes from Roman private law (Latin emancipatio), and originally meant release from the patria potestas (Parental rights and obligations). The concept had an extraordinary career from the dawn of the early modern period, though the original family law sense survived in jurisdiction long into the 19th century in Europe. While outside legal usage it initially had an overtone of moral egoism, it increasingly became a subject of reflection…
Date: 2019-10-14

Historian

(2,106 words)

Author(s): Blanke, Horst Walter | Walther, Gerrit
1. General 1.1. Terminology Most 19th- and 20th-century lexicons define a historian as a person who studies and writes about history; Grimm calls a Historiker (historian) a  Geschichtsforscher  und -schreiber (researcher and writer of history) [1] (see Historiography). There have been writers dealing with historical events since the beginning of literacy in Europe (Homer and Moses, or Herodotus, Thucydides, Livy, Polybius, and Tacitus). Only since the late Enlightenment, however, have there been professional historians. In his introduction to a translation of a…
Date: 2019-10-14

Temperament

(1,186 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ModelThe model of the four temperaments (from the Latin temperamentum, “proper measure”) remained in the early modern period, as it had been throughout classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, the norm for describing the character of individuals. The classification of four basic types (sanguine, melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic), completed in ancient times by Aristotle and Galen, provided the categories whose specific combinations explained the individual subject. Although – in the words of the Baron …
Date: 2022-11-07

Enlightenment

(14,627 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Steinle, Friedrich | Beutel, Albrecht | Tschopp, Silvia Serena | Kanz, Roland | Et al.
1. Concept and definition Enlightenment in English is first attested from 1865 as a translation of the German  Aufklärung, which was first recorded in 1691. With their European cognates  lumières (French), illuminismo (Italian), and  ilustración (Spanish), they denote the most influential European educational and cultural movement of the 18th century, as well as its overriding goals: to subject all authorities, traditions, and hierarchies to the critical measure of a newly defined reason, and to abolish them if they ran counter…
Date: 2019-10-14

Character

(1,502 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ConceptAt the beginning of the early modern period, the Greek term charaktḗr (‘stamp’ or ‘engraving’), which Patristic writers includingAugustine had been the first to introduce into literary Latin, had an abstract and technical meaning. As in the writings of Aristotle’s pupil Theophrastus, it denoted both a permanent mark, distinguishing feature, or symbol, and a prevailing moral quality [5]. The combination of the two senses proved so inspiring and fruitful that by the end of the 18th century, ‘character’ had undergone a rapid change of meaning in…
Date: 2019-10-14

Memoirs

(1,443 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Concept and definitionThe plural term “memoirs” adopted into all European cultural languages and derived from the Latin memoria and the French  mémoire (“memory,” “remembrance”) meant, like its Latin counterparts commentarii (“[legal] record”) and  adversaria (“[journal recording] what is before one's eyes”), a juristic, official, or diplomatic record describing the prior history and problem context of a conflict requiring negotiation. Academies also often titled their publication as “memoirs.” In its most significant connot…
Date: 2019-10-14

Method

(1,806 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Schliesser, Eric
1. Concept and meaningA method - a planned, standardized procedure for obtaining and verifying information and arranging it into a knowledge system, is an indispensable element of learned activity in all knowledge societies. The development of method in early modern Europe was characterized by its gradual emancipation from knowledge content. To begin with, method served as a procedure of teaching and demonstrating (Proof) theories, dogmas, traditions, and authorities that arose and endured independ…
Date: 2019-10-14

Enlightenment history

(1,631 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. DefinitionThe modern term is a collective designation for all works of history, historiography, and philosophy of history (History, philosophy of) published during the Enlightenment by authors subscribing to Enlightenment ideas and values.Gerrit Walther2. Questions and modelsThe Enlightenment shaped a fundamentally new conception of history. It broke with the Christian-theological view of history that had only recently reached its virtuoso apogee in Jacques Bénigne Bossuet’s Discours sur l’Histoire universelle (1681). Bossuet characterized history as the …
Date: 2019-10-14

Subjectivity

(1,567 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Christophersen, Alf
1. Overview 1.1. ConceptSince the late 18th century, the term  subjectivity (from Latin subiectum, “something placed underneath”; as a term of classical rhetoric: “basis [of a statement]”) has been understood as a philosophical mindset or attitude that views the world and reality not as something objectively given but as an idea or a creation of the subject perceiving it. From the outset, this emphasis on perception distinguished subjectivity from similar categories like character (the nature and moral qual…
Date: 2022-08-17

Bildung

(7,073 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Terminology During the early modern period, the languages of the civilized European world had a wide range of words to express the process of formation designed to transform individuals through education and their own efforts into persons conformed as well as possible to the norms defined by society. From the beginning, the vernacular derivatives of Latin educatio (“education,” German Erziehung), eruditio (“literacy,” German Belesenheit), and scientia (“knowledge," German Wissen) were dominant. The English and French terms formation—a combination of learning and outw…
Date: 2019-10-14

Late Humanism

(2,030 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Definition The term Late Humanism is frequently applied to a cultural epoch between Humanism and Baroque, but it is seldom defined. All current usages agree on just one thing: that it should be viewed as both a social phenomenon and an ensemble of cultural and educational phenomena. Still in common use only in German-language scholarship, it was introduced into literary studies in 1931 by Erich Trunz [12], who described Late Humanism as a “class culture” of mostly Protestant scholars in the Old Empire around 1600. The historian Gerhard Oestreich extende…
Date: 2019-10-14

Museum

(3,917 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Müller-Wille, Staffan | Kalusok, Michaela
1. ConceptThe prototype and model for all early modern museums was the Museíon, which the Egyptian king Ptolemy I had established around 320 BCE in the same part of the palace at Alexandria that also housed his world-famous library. It was an academy where scholars, who were paid a salary by the government, met for research, discussion, and banqueting. Only in the early modern period did “museum” acquire a more topographical and material meaning. In the 18th century, it was defined as “a place where things are kept that have direct reference to the arts and Muses” [1. 893]. By the 19th cen…
Date: 2020-04-06

Dissimulation

(2,195 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Concept and overviewIn most of the cultural languages of Europe, dissimulation at the beginning of the early modern period was denoted using the Latin terms simulatio and  dissimulatio that had been current since Cicero and that Tacitus, in particular, made his own. While the latter meant concealing one's own views and intentions, the former meant simulating ideas and plans other than those one really had in mind. Although dissimulation, as a form of lying (Lie), was strictly frowned upon - telling the truth was a comm…
Date: 2019-10-14

Uomo universale

(651 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ConceptThe Italian expression uomo universale (universal man) denotes an individual who displays extraordinary abilities in all areas of life, knowledge, and creativity and accomplishes great things. The term was popularized by Jacob Burckhardt, whose  Cultur der Renaissance in Italien (1860; “Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy”) described the emergence of the model of a universally talented and educated person as the pinnacle of the “evolution of the individual” typical of the Renaissance (Individuality): “When this impul…
Date: 2022-11-07

Egyptology

(1,550 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Theology and languageModern Egyptology was born on September 27, 1822, when Jean-François Champollion (1790-1832) presented his Lettre à M. Dacier to the Paris Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. The document provided the basis for the decipherment of the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs [8]; [9]. European scholars had begun researching the writing, language, and culture of Ancient Egypt from the 15th century, but they had done so mostly from the perspective of the theological problem of the relationship between Egyptian and…
Date: 2019-10-14

Taste

(1,867 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Kanz, Roland
1. DefinitionOf the five senses, the one associated with the mouth (taste; Latin  gustus or  sapor, Italian and Spanish  gusto, French  goût, German  Geschmack) became by the 17th century, at the latest, a universal term for the ability to perceive beauty, to prize it, to assess it, and in some cases to (re)produce it. In this sense, it also stood for the ability to do or embody what is appropriate (Latin  aptum; Decorum) and worthy in any situation.Gerrit Walther2. Tastemakers, functions, placesThe concepts and guiding ideals of taste were supplied by classical rhetoric, …
Date: 2022-11-07

Psychology

(3,246 words)

Author(s): Eckart, Wolfgang Uwe | Greve, Ylva | Klippel, Diethelm | Walther, Gerrit
1. Introduction and general history 1.1. Definition and early terminological historyThe word “psychology” comes from the Greek ( psychḗ, originally “breath,” “soul”; i.e. “lore of the soul”). The modern empirical science of psychology established its first research institute at Leipzig in 1879, but from a philosophical perspective, European psychology (as a study of the properties of the soul) began with the work of the Presocratic philosophers in the 5th century BCE.The Croatian Humanist Marcus Marulus (Marulić) is said to have written a treatise (now lost) entitled Psichio…
Date: 2021-03-15

Canon

(2,488 words)

Author(s): Dücker, Burckhard | Walther, Gerrit
1. Term The Greek word kanṓn (orig. craftsman’s ‘measure’, ‘standard’) had a range of meanings in Antiquity, all of which referred to a generally valid norm. In art, for instance, it denoted from around the time of Polyclitus (5th century BCE) the proportion theory of the human body. In music, beginning with the Pythagoreans (5th century BCE) it was a twelve-part measuring instrument for determining the intervals. In epistemology from Democritus (4th century BCE) it was the sense of truth and the fac…
Date: 2019-10-14

Research

(4,192 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Gierl, Martin
1. General survey ​1.1. TerminologyThe early modern period had a surprisingly large number of terms for deliberate efforts to expand the existing store of knowledge. Besides the common Latin terms  explorare (explore), scrutari (plumb), experiri (test), and probare (try out), the 17th-century encyclopedias used Latin  aucupari, ( per) contari, requitare, rogitare, ( in) vestigare, quaerere, inquirere, sciscere, and ( sci) scitari. A person engaged in that effort was a  scrutator, percontator, rimator, ( in) vestigator, or in- or  perquisitor. These terms gave rise to eq…
Date: 2021-08-02

Genealogy

(2,589 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Graf, Klaus
1. Concept and forms Ever since Hecataeus of Miletus collected genealogíai (“information about [noble] families”) in the 6th century BCE, the term ‘genealogy’ has denoted the art of ascertaining the place of a subject within his or her biological kin (Latin genus or  gens), or of reconstructing and portraying the succession of generations within a family. The genealogical perspective may be the world's oldest and most widespread method for determining the class (Estates of the realm) and rank of a person in society and for recalling, recording, and presenting the past.In the e…
Date: 2019-10-14

Concluding chapter 7: Bildung, culture and communication

(5,284 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Behringer, Wolfgang
A. Bildung and culture 1. Epochs 1. 1. The year 1450: an appropriate beginning?The question whether the middle of the 15th century marked the beginning of a new epoch can clearly be answered affirmatively for the history of European culture and  Bildung. From the perspective of other historical disciplines such as economic history, social history, or gender studies, there may be good reasons to challenge such a definition; for the domain of culture and Bildung, however, any expert will agree. Seen historically, the current concept of the early modern period as …
Date: 2023-11-14

Reitkunst

(2,574 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. ÜberblickIn allen Gesellschaften, in denen das Pferd exklusives Transportmittel, unverzichtbare Voraussetzung persönlicher Mobilität, eine wertvolle Waffe auf der Jagd und im Krieg sowie ein teures Prestigeobjekt war, gehörte die Fähigkeit, gut zu reiten, zu den verpflichtenden Grundkenntnissen des Adels (Standesbildung). Eben weil das Reiten hohem sozialen Status entsprach, hütete man seine Regeln – wie überhaupt das Wissen über Pferde – als herrschaftliche Arcana und vermied es, sie schriftlich festzuhalten [20. 91]. Erst mit dem Beginn der Nz. wurde das Reite…
Date: 2021-07-29

Historiker

(1,977 words)

Author(s): Blanke, Horst Walter | Walther, Gerrit
1. Allgemein 1.1. Begriff Ein H. ist den meisten Lexika des 19. und 20. Jh.s zufolge ein »Geschichtsforscher und -schreiber«, so auch bei Grimm [1] (vgl. Historiographie). Autoren, die sich mit geschichtlichen Sachverhalten beschäftigen, gab es seit Beginn der Schriftlichkeit in Europa (Homer und Moses, oder Herodot, Thukydides, Livius, Polybios und Tacitus). Erst seit der Spätaufklärung bildete sich aber ein eigenständiger Beruf des H. heraus.In seiner Einleitung zur Übersetzung eines Texts des franz. H. Mably ( Von der Art die Geschichte zu schreiben) differenzierte A. L. Sc…
Date: 2019-11-19

Wörterbuch

(1,529 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. BegriffUnter einem W. (lat. dictionarium, ital. dizionario, vocabulario, franz. dictionnaire bzw. glossaire, span. diccionario, engl. dictionary) versteht man ein (meist alphabetisch angeordnetes) Verzeichnis, das den Wortschatz einer Sprache ganz oder in bestimmten Teilen präsentiert, um jedes Wort entweder als solches zu kommentieren oder dessen Entsprechung(en) in einer oder mehreren fremden Sprache(n) aufzuführen. In der Nz. dienten W. keineswegs nur pragmatischen Zwecken des Sprachunterrichts bzw. der Verständigung auf Reisen, Pilgerreisen, Missione…
Date: 2019-11-19

Manieren

(1,351 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Ein soziales IdealUnter M. verstand man ab dem späten 15. Jh. die Summe jener Verhaltensweisen, durch die sich Höflichkeit (ital. cortesia, gentilezza; span. cortesía; franz. politesse, civilité, gegenüber Damen auch courteoisie und galanterie; engl. politeness, courtesy) in der Praxis äußerte. Deshalb waren M. mehr als ein Verhalten, das den je geltenden sozialen Regeln entsprach. Diese nämlich unterschieden sich in der Nz. nach Geschlecht, Stand, Beruf, Konfession sowie sozialer, ethnischer und nationaler Zugehörigkeit und d…
Date: 2019-11-19

Mazarinades

(636 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. BegriffDer seit 1850 in der Forschung übliche Begriff M. geht auf La Mazarinade zurück, den Titel einer 1651 von Paul Scarron verfassten lit. Parodie der Ilias (franz. Iliade). Er dient als Sammelbezeichnung für mehr als 4 000 meist sehr polemische Pamphlete, die in Frankreich zur Zeit der Fronde (1648–1653) gegen die Versuche der Krone publiziert wurden, Regierung und Verwaltung im Sinne des Absolutismus zu zentralisieren. Da diese Bestrebungen sich in Kardinal Jules Mazarin verkörperten, dem Vertrauten und Ersten Minister der Regentin Anna von Österreich und ihres minde…
Date: 2019-11-19

Aufklärungshistorie

(1,369 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. BegriffDer moderne Begriff ist eine Sammelbezeichnung für alle Werke der Geschichtsschreibung, Geschichtsphilosophie und Historik, die in der Epoche der Aufklärung von Autoren verfasst wurden, die sich deren Ideen und Werten verpflichtet fühlten.Gerrit Walther2. Fragen und ModelleDie Aufklärung schuf ein grundlegend neues Bild von Geschichte. Sie brach mit der christl.-theologischen Geschichtsauffassung, die noch kurz zuvor, in Jacques Bénigne Bossuets Discours sur l’Histoire universelle (1681), ihren virtuosen Höhepunkt erreicht hatte. Diese hatte Gesc…
Date: 2019-11-19

Archäologie

(1,527 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. BegriffDer griech. Begriff, als archaiología (»Bericht von alten Dingen oder Zeiten«) erstmals bei dem griech. Historiker Dionysius von Halikarnass (1. Jh. v. Chr.) belegt – während archaiologeín (»über Altes sprechen«) schon bei Thukydides (5. Jh. v. Chr.) vorkommt –, bezeichnete in der Antike jenen Teil der Geschichte, über den keine lebenden Zeugen mehr Auskunft geben können, sondern nur noch Traditionen und Sagen. Die Renaissance latinisierte den Begriff zu archaeologia oder archaeographia und benutzte ihn synonym mit antiquitates, also der Altertumskunde, von…
Date: 2019-11-19

Klugheit

(1,030 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Begriff und ProblemK. (griech. phrónēsis, lat. prudentia, ital. prudenza, span. prudencia, engl./franz. prudence) figuriert in Aristoteles' Nikomachischer Ethik als Gabe des richtigen praktischen Handelns. Zu dieser gehört, Rat einzuholen ( eubulía), zu verstehen ( sýnesis) und zu beurteilen ( gnṓmē). Seit dem lat. Kirchenvater Ambrosius (4. Jh.) eine Kardinaltugend, galt K. spätestens seit Thomas von Aquin (13. Jh.) als Mutter aller übrigen Tugenden (lat. genetrix virtutum), als unabdingbarer Bestandteil jeder von ihnen [12. 862]. Zu einem der umstrittensten The…
Date: 2019-11-19

Hundehaltung

(1,816 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Arten und Funktionen Die H. war in der Nz. in allen Ständen und mit diversen Funktionen verbreitet. Nach Letzteren, nicht nach Rassen (die erst nach 1850 als Klassifizierungsschema üblich wurden) teilte man die Hundearten ein.V. a. den zur Jagd brauchbaren Hunden (= Hd.) galt – im Gefolge antiker Autoren wie Xenophon ( Kynēgetikós, um 400 v. Chr.; »Hundejagd«), M. Terentius Varro ( Rerum rusticarum libri tres, um 50 v. Chr.; »Drei Bücher von der Landwirtschaft«) oder Oppian ( Kynēgetiká, um 200, »Hundejagd«) – die Aufmerksamkeit der Zeitgenossen. Ende des 14. Jh.s unterschied Gas…
Date: 2019-11-19

Latinistik

(1,021 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Überblick Latein war in der Nz. eine in der Diplomatie, in der Wissenschaft und im Bildungs-Wesen aktiv gebrauchte und somit lebende Sprache. Dies förderte seine gelehrte Erforschung allerdings nur bedingt. Vor dem 19. Jh. nämlich studierte man es weniger um seiner selbst willen als in gegenwartspraktischer Absicht: um es besser schreiben und sprechen zu können, um den (nach wie vor verbindlichen) klassischen Kanon der antiken Literatur zu kennen, das (ebenso gültige) Röm. Recht zu verstehen und an der Größe des antiken Rom teilzuhaben (Antikerezeption). Anders als etwa dem…
Date: 2019-11-19

Romantik

(11,113 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Mahoney, Dennis F. | Büttner, Frank | Eichhorn, Andreas
1. BegriffIm allgemeinsten Sinne bezeichnet der Begriff R. (engl. romanticism, franz. romantisme, span./ital. romanticismo) heute die unter den europ. Intellektuellen der Sattelzeit (ca. 1770–1830) vorherrschende Geisteshaltung und die von ihnen bevorzugte Ästhetik. Anders als der Humanismus oder die Aufklärung war die R. keine Bildungsbewegung, sondern eine künstlerisch-ästhetische Strömung, Mentalität oder Haltung, die als solche auf viele Lebensbereiche wirkte (u. a. auf Religion, Politik, Familie und Wis…
Date: 2020-11-18

Siegel

(1,458 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Begriff und BedeutungEin S. (von lat. sigillum, Verkleinerungsform von signum, »Zeichen«; vgl. ital. sigillo, span. sello, franz. cachet bzw. sceau, engl. seal) ist ein Bild, das spiegelverkehrt in einen (oft selbst als S. bezeichneten) Stempel aus Metall, Stein, Holz oder Horn (Typar oder Petschaft) eingraviert und mit diesem auf weiches, aber rasch erhärtendes Material (meist Wachs, seit etwa 1560 eher Lack) oder eine Oblate aus Papier aufgedrückt wird. Es dient dazu, Rechtsakte von Herrschern, Regierungen, Korpora…
Date: 2019-11-19

Kritik

(2,306 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Bedeutung und BegriffsgeschichteAls die Kunst, »einen vorgegebenen Sachverhalt auf seine Echtheit oder Wahrheit, seine Richtigkeit oder Schönheit hin zu befragen, um aus der gewonnenen Erkenntnis heraus ein Urteil zu fällen« [11. 86], entwickelte sich K. im Laufe der Nz. zur bevorzugten intellektuellen Diskursform der europ. Elite. Seit der Aufklärung war sie die wichtigste kulturelle Praktik der westl. Zivilisation, die zentrale Methode moderner Wissenschaft und ein entscheidender Antrieb zu Säkularisierung und politisch-sozialer Emanzipation.Wie das bis 1700 sy…
Date: 2019-11-19

Epigraphik

(988 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Begriff und FunktionDer Begriff E. (von griech. epigraph椃; »Inschrift«) kam im Deutschen erst im 18. Jh. auf, im Französischen sogar erst 1838. Gleichwohl gehört das Aufzeichnen, Sammeln und Klassifizieren antiker Inschriften (= I.) auf Stein und Metall zu den ältesten, verbreitetsten und angesehensten Formen nzl. Altertumskunde und Archäologie. Die Gründe variierten. Wenn F. A. Wolf 1807 erklärte, dass die E. »nicht durch die Formen von Seiten der Schönheit wichtig [sei], sondern durch die grammatischen, lexikalischen, geographischen, histori…
Date: 2019-11-19

Geschmack

(1,772 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit | Kanz, Roland
1. BegriffAus jenem der fünf Sinne, der dem Mund zugehört, wurde G. (lat. gustus bzw. sapor, ital. und span. gusto, franz. goût, engl. taste) spätestens im 17. Jh. zu einem universalen Begriff für die Begabung, das Schöne wahrzunehmen, zu schätzen, zu beurteilen und ggf. zu (re)produzieren. In diesem Sinne stand er zugleich für die Fähigkeit, in jeder Lebenslage das jeweils Angemessene (lat. aptum; Decorum) und Würdige zu tun bzw. zu verkörpern.Gerrit Walther2. Träger, Funktionen, OrteDie Begriffe und Leitideale des G. speisten sich aus der klassischen Rhetorik, die …
Date: 2019-11-19

Neuhumanismus

(1,220 words)

Author(s): Walther, Gerrit
1. Phänomen und BegriffDer 1885 von Friedrich Paulsen geprägte Begriff N. [11. 191–195] bezeichnet eine Bildungs-Bewegung, die sich seit den 1770er Jahren von Deutschland aus gegen die utilitarischen Ausbildungskonzepte der Aufklärung formierte und – in Abgrenzung zur lat. dominierten Bildung der westl. wie östl. Nachbarländer – die griech. Antike zum Vorbild wahrer, guter und schöner »Humanität« erhob (Antikerezeption). In der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jh.s gewann der N. als maßgebliche Form schulischer wie universitärer Pädagogik internationales Prestige. Als geistesge…
Date: 2019-11-19

Emanzipation

(2,832 words)

Author(s): Klippel, Diethelm | Walther, Gerrit | Klein, Birgit E.
1. Allgemein 1.1. ÜberblickDer (in alle europ. Sprachen übernommene) Begriff stammt aus dem röm. Privatrecht (lat. emancipatio) und bedeutet ursprünglich die Entlassung aus der väterlichen Gewalt (Elternrecht). Er erlebte seit Beginn der Nz. eine erstaunliche Karriere, obwohl sich die genannte familienrechtliche Bedeutung in der Rechtssprache bis weit in das 19. Jh. hinein in Europa erhielt. Während er, abgesehen von der juristischen Bedeutung, zunächst den Beiklang von moralischem Egoismus annahm, wurde er zusehends zum Gegenstand naturrechtlicher und politischer Freih…
Date: 2019-11-19
▲   Back to top   ▲