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“he who has large lips”, is the nickname, perhaps even the name (al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī, introd., 8; S̲h̲arīf, 15), of one of the most famous pre-Islamic ṣuʿlūk poets. A great deal of confusion surrounds the man and his work; for this reason it is appropriate to handle the information concerning him with the greatest caution. 1. Life. Details relating to the life of al-S̲h̲anfarā are sparse, contradictory and marked by an anecdotal quality much more pronounced than is the case with all the other pre-Islamic poets. His name is reportedly T̲h̲ābit (ʿAmr) …

, called ʿAbd Bani ’l-Ḥasḥās, meaning the slave of the Banu ’l-Ḥasḥās (Asad, the clan Nufāsa b. Saʿīd b. ʿAmr of the Banū Dūdān), a slave-poet of the muk̲h̲aḍram who lived in Medina during the reign of ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān. He is not to be confused with his namesake Suḥaym b. Wat̲h̲īl al-Riyāḥī, a Tamīmī with a pure pedigree (as noted in the work of Ibn S̲h̲ākir al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt , Cairo 1951, i, 338). The traditions concerning him are very contradictory and it is difficult to put together even an approximate biography of the poet. The only dateable event is h…

, the nickname of the pre-Islamic ṣuʿlūk poet T̲h̲ābit b. Ḏj̲ābir b. Sufyān of the Banū Saʿd b. Fahm (of the group Ḳays ʿAylān, see Ibn Ḥabīb, Alḳāb , 307). The traditions which have attempted to explain this nickname (“he carried an evil under his arm") should not be taken at face value; the evil that was carried round by this very young man possessed a legendary significance, whether it concerned snakes, a sabre or a g̲h̲ūl [ q.v.]. This name was intended to convey a particular image of a poet dominated by an inborn tendency to cause nuisance as well as to suggest the p…

(a.), pl. ṣaʿālīk , brigand, brigand-poet and mercenary in time of need. The ṣaʿālīk owe their place in history mainly to their poetic talents which were without equal at the time of the Ḏj̲āhiliyya and until the end of the Umayyad régime. It is not at all easy to unravel the problem posed by the existence of this group, on account of the ¶ absence of contemporary documents. On the other hand, later authors, in copying ancient texts, have replaced the original terms with those in use in their own time: the ṣaʿālīk mentioned by al-Balād̲h̲urī ( Futūḥ , 310-11) become d̲h̲uʿʿār …

, Ḳays b. ʿAbd Allāh, according to Ibn al-Kalbī, Ḥibbān (var. Ḥassān) b. Ḳays b. ʿAbd Allāh, according to al-Ḳahd̲h̲amī, of the Banū D̲j̲aʿda (ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa), poet of the muk̲h̲aḍramūn [ q.v.] and a Companion famed for his longevity, to which he owes the honour of being included among the muʿammarūn [ q.v.] by Abū Ḥātim al-Sid̲j̲istānī. The biographical details concern the Islamic period only, and nothing or virtually nothing is known of his origins (the sole vestige, Dīwān, ed. Maria Nallino, no. IX, vv. 8-16). In 9/630, he took part in the wafd or deputation of…

, true name Maʿḳil b. Ḍirār, of the T̲h̲aʿlaba b. Saʿd of the Banū D̲h̲ubyān (G̲h̲aṭafān), a muk̲h̲aḍram poet and, according to some sources, a Companion after his conversion in 9/630 (Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Istīʿāb , i, 324; Ag̲h̲ānī , viii, 98; Iṣāba , iii, 210). This information is to be treated with caution: according to Ibn Sayyid al-Nās [ q.v.], the author of a work on the poets of the Prophet, it was his brother al-Muzarrid who met him and composed a poem in his honour ( Minaḥ al-midaḥ , Damascus 1407/1987, 310-11). Al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ must have been too young at this time. Reliable information con…

, the appellative of the Umayyad poet al-Mug̲h̲īra b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Aswad b. Wahb b. Nāʿid̲j̲ b. Ḳays b. Muʿriḍ of the ʿAmr b. Asad b. Ḵh̲uzayma (Ibn Ḥazm, Ḏj̲amharat ansāb al-ʿArab , Cairo 1391/1971, 191, and not as is ¶ commonly acknowledged after the Ag̲h̲ānī ). He owed this appellative "red face" to a skin disease which ancient sources denoted by the generic term baraṣ , leprosy (al-Ḏj̲āḥiẓ, al-Burṣān wa ’l-ʿurd̲j̲ān , Beirut 1401/1981, 68, 74, referring to al-Uḳays̲h̲ir by name). This must have made him repulsive to look at, and he attacked anyone at all who called him by this nickname. Bo…

, Ziyād b. Muʿāwiya (var. ʿAmr) b. Ḍabāb b. D̲j̲ābir (var. D̲j̲anāb) b. Yarbūʿ b. Salāma of the Banū Murra (G̲h̲aṭafān), one of the most renowned poets of the D̲j̲āhiliyya . With Imruʾ al-Ḳays and Zuhayr [ q.vv.] he eclipsed the earlier poets (Ibn Sallām, Ṭabaḳāt , ed. S̲h̲ākir, i, 50, 56-9; Abu ’l-Baḳāʾ Hibat Allāh al-Ḥillī, al-Manāḳib al-mazyadiyya , Amman 1984, i, 172). The traditions relating to al-Nābig̲h̲a are concerned with a brief period of his life, confined to the years 570-600, and show the poet being received by the G̲h̲assānid tribal chieftains …

, the laḳab of a granddaughter of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib. There are different versions of her name; she is called either Umayma (according to Muḥammad b. al-Sāyib al-Kalbī, al-Fihrist , Cairo, n.d. 140), or Amīna or Āmina ( Ag̲h̲ānī 3, xvi, 139-41); there is a preference for the last of these names because of the k̲h̲abar cited by al-Madāʾinī about the origins of the character differences between her and her eldest sister Fāṭima: wa-(i) smuhā Āmina wa-hād̲h̲ā huwa al-ṣaḥīḥ , her authentic name is certainly Āmina ( K. al-Murdifāt min Ḳurays̲h̲ , in Nawādir al-mak̲h̲ṭūṭāt , Cairo 1392/1972, i, 68; Ag̲…

, pre-Islamic ṣuʿlūk [ q.v.] poet, from the ʿAbd Allāh b. Nās̲h̲ib family, from a clan of ʿAbs (Ibn al-Kalbī, D̲j̲amhara , Beirut 1968, 452). His mother, though purely Arab, seems to have attracted attacks from his contemporaries, as shown by ʿUrwa himself, who says that his family called him Ibn al-G̲h̲arība “son of the stranger”, and elsewhere he reproaches his father for a mésalliance . Two groups of divergent traditions present an ambivalent portrait of the poet: on the one hand, he is a ṣuʿlūk, and on the other, he is the hero of a moving love story. As a ṣuʿlūk, ʿUrwa was not one of the o…

, Abū ʿAlī Ismāʾīl b. Ibrāhīm b. Ḥamdawayhī , better known as al-Ḥamdūnī (this nisba being due to a defective reading, cf. al-Samʿānī, Ansāb , ed. Hyderabad, iv, 241), minor poet of Baṣra in the 3rd/9th century. From his profession (that of kātib , Ibn Ḳutayba, ʿUyūn , iv, 89) and his origin, he belonged to the class of high officials of Persian origin in the ʿAbbāsid administration; his grandfather had been ʿarīf al-zanādīḳa under al-Mahdī from 168/784-5 (Goldziher, Ṣâliḥ b. Abd al-Ḳuddûs und das Zindîḳthum während der Regierung des Chalifen al-Mahdî , in Trans. Congress of Orientalists …

, sobriquet (“person of outstanding handsomeness amongst the Yemenis”) of a minor Umayyad poet of the Ḥid̲j̲āzī school, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ismāʿīl b. Kulāl al-K̲h̲awlānī, d. ca. 90/707. Two of the earliest sources on him, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb’s K. Asmāʾ al-mug̲h̲tālīn , 273, and al-Balād̲h̲urī’s Ansāb al-as̲h̲rāf fol. 656a, state that one of his ancestors stemmed from the Abnāʾ al-Furs , the Persian soldiers and officials sent out to Yemen to aid Sayf b. Ḏh̲ī Yazan against the Abyssinians, but there are contradictory traditions on his Y…

(a.), la canitie et la jeunesse; ce thème poétique des Arabes connut une longue fortune et joua, dans la poésie citadine post-d̲j̲āhilite, un rôle qui n’est pas sans rappeler celui du nasīb dans le façonnement de la ḳaṣīda. De par son étymologie, s̲h̲abāb désignerait les débuts de toute chose. Le terme ainsi que s̲h̲abība et s̲h̲abābiyya signifient la jeunesse et les débuts de la virilité, mais aussi la vigueur de cet âge. Les synonymes fatāʾ et ḥadāt̲h̲a sont d’un emploi plus rare; ṣibā est attesté dans la même acception ( Lieder der Hud̲h̲ailiten, Berlin 1884 [= Hud̲h̲aliyyīn], 96, 8; al…

, poète -ṣuʿlūk [ q.v.] préislamique issu de ʿAbd Allāh b. Nās̲h̲ib, une des familles les plus illustres du clan Hidm b. ʿAwd̲h̲(ʿAbs [Ibn al-Kalbī, Ḏj̲amharat ansāb al-ʿArab, Beyrouth 1968, 452, wa-kānū min as̲h̲rāfi l-ʿArabi, ils faisaient partie des anciens Arabes les plus glorieux]). Le lignage de sa mère, quoique arabe de pure souche, semble avoir prêté le flanc aux attaques de ses contribules; ʿUrwa en avait pleinement conscience; il rapporte à plusieurs ¶ reprises que les ʿAbd Allāh b. Nās̲h̲ib l’ont surnommé ibn al-g̲h̲arība (le fils de l’étrangère [ʿUrwa, IX, v. 9; XX, v. 1, ummī …

, Abū ʿAlī Ismāʿīl b. Ibrāhīm b. Ḥamdawayhi, plus connu sous le nom d’al-Ḥamdūnī ( nisba duc à une lecture défectueuse; cf. al-Samʿānī, Ansāb, IV, 241), est un poète bas rien mineur du IIIe/IXe s. — De par sa formation — il fut kātib (Ibn Ḳutayba, ʿUyūn, IV, 89) — et son origine, il appartient à la classe des grands commis d’origine persane de l’administration ʿabbāside; son grand-père avait été ʿarīf al-zanādiḳa sous al-Mahdī dès 168/784-5 (Goldziher, Ṣāliḥ b. ʿAbd al-Ḳuddūs, 108). On ne connaît rien de sa jeunesse; l’ Ag̲h̲ānī 1 (XII, 61-2) évoque ses relations avec les poètes baṣri…

, de son véritable nom Maʿḳil b. Ḍirār, des T̲h̲aʿlaba b. Saʿd, des Banū Ḏh̲ubyān (G̲h̲aṭafān), est un poète muk̲h̲aḍram et, selon certaines sources, un Compagnon après sa conversion en 9/630 (Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Istīʿāb, I, 324; Ag̲h̲ānī, VIII, 98; Iṣāba, III, 210). Cette information est sujette à caution : selon Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, auteur d’un ouvrage sur les poètes du Prophète, c’est son frère al-Muzarrid qui l’a rencontré et a composé un poème en son honneur (Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, Minaḥ al-midaḥ, Damas 1407/1987, 310-1). Al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ devait être fort jeune pour la circonstance. Très pe…

al-Yaman est le surnom du poète umayyade mineur de l’école ḥid̲j̲āzienne ʿAbd al-Raḥman b. Kulāl (vocalisé aussi Kalāl) al-Ḵh̲awlānī. La signification de ce surnom, l’homme éclatant de beauté, semble être à l’origine de la tradition selon laquelle al-Muḳannaʿ al-Kindī, Abū Zabīd al-Ṭāʾī et Waḍḍāḥ avaient l’habitude de se voiler le visage afin de se protéger du mauvais œil et de l’ardeur des femmes ( al-Ag̲h̲ānī, VI, 211; Mug̲h̲ulṭāy, 108). Son appartenance yamanite n’est pas évidente: les deux notices les plus anciennes qui lui sont consacrées, celle de K. al-mug̲h̲tālīn (273) et c…

(a.), brigand, poète-brigand et mercenaire au besoin. Les ṣuʿlūks durent leur postérité, en grande partie, à leur talent poétique hors de pair lors de la Ḏj̲āhiliyya et jusqu’à la fin du régime umayyade. Il est fort malaisé de cerner le problème posé par ¶ l’existence de ce groupe car les documents d’époque font défaut. D’un autre côté, les auteurs plus tardifs, en copiant les textes anciens, ont permuté les termes originaux par ceux en usage à leur époque : les ṣaʿālīk évoqués par al-Balād̲h̲urī ( Futūḥ, Leyde 1866, 310-1) deviennent des dhuʿʿār (pillards) dans le même texte chez Yāḳūt ( Buld…

bint al-Ḥusayn est le surnom d’une petite-fille de ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib. Différentes versions ont été données de son nom: elle a été appelée soit Umayma (selon Muḥammad b. al-Sāyib al-Kalbī, al-Fihrist, Caire s.d., 140), soit Amīna ou Āmina ( Ag̲h̲ānī, XVI, 139-41), avec une préférence pour le dernier à cause d’un k̲h̲abar cité par al-Madāʾinī sur les origines des différences de caractère entre elle et sa sœur aînée Fāṭima ( K. al-murdifāt min Ḳurays̲h̲, Nawādir al-mak̲h̲ṭūṭāt, Caire 1392/1972, I, 68; Ag̲h̲ānī, XVI, 139, wa-(i)smuhā Āmina wa-hād̲h̲ā huwa al-ṣaḥīḥ, son nom authentique …

, le surnom du poète umayyade al-Mug̲h̲īra b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Aswad b. Wahb b. Nāʿid̲j̲ b. Ḳays b. Muʿriḍ des ʿAmr b. Asad b. Ḵh̲uzayma (Ibn Ḥazm, Ḏj̲amharat ansāb al-ʿArab, Caire 1391/1971, 191, et non pas comme il est communément admis à la suite des al-Ag̲h̲ānī). Il doit son surnom, le Rougeaud, à une maladie de la peau que les sources anciennes ont désigné sous le générique baraṣ (lèpre [al-Ḏj̲āḥiẓ, al-Burṣān wa-l-ʿurd̲j̲ān, Beyrouth 1401/1981, 68, 74, avec référence nominale à al-Uḳays̲h̲ir]). Cela devait lui donner un aspect répugnant: il s’en est pris à quic…