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(p.), le style indien, est le troisième terme d’une classification de la littérature persane en trois périodes stylistiques. Les autres termes, sabk-i k̲h̲urāsānī (appelé à l’origine sabk-i turkistānī) et sabk-i ʿīrāḳī, s’appliquent respectivement aux régions orientale et occidentale de la Perse médiévale. La conception sous-jacente à cette terminologie implique que le glissement du centre de l’activité littéraire d’une région à l’autre, récurrent depuis le IVe/Xe siècle, s’accompagnait d’une évolution stylistique, notamment en poésie. En gros, il s’est agi …

(ou S̲h̲abustarī, selon des écrivains modernes en azéri), s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Saʿd al-dīn, mystique et écrivain persan. Il naquit à S̲h̲abistar, petite ville proche de la rive Nord-est du Lac d’Urmiya, à une date inconnue, qui pourrait cependant être fixée aux alentours de 686/1287-8 si l’on admet qu’il mourut à 33 ans ainsi que le mentionne une inscription figurant sur une pierre tombale érigée au XIXe siècle sur sa sépulture. Il aurait mené la vie d’un éminent savant religieux à Tabrīz. Des voyages en Égypte, en Syrie et au Ḥid̲j̲āz sont cités dans l’introduction du Saʾādat-nāma. Il aurait éga…

, pseudonyme d’un poète persan qui vécut à la fin du IVe/Xe siècle et au début du Ve/XIe. Son nom réel et presque tous les événements de sa vie sont inconnus. Le Tard̲j̲umān al-balāg̲h̲a a conservé une élégie de Labībī sur la mort de Farrūk̲h̲ī [ q.v.], ce qui signifie que le premier était probablement encore en vie en 429/1037-8. Une ḳasīda qui lui est attribuée par ʿAwfī est adressée à un mamdūḥ du nom d’Abù l-Muẓaffar, identifié dans cette source à un frère cadet du sultan Mahmūd de G̲h̲aznā, mais il est plus vraisemblable qu’il s’agit d’un membre des Āl-i Muḥtād…

, Ḥamīd al-dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh, important dāʿī des Fāṭimides sous le règne d’al-Ḥākim bi-amr Allāh (386-411/996-1021), et auteur de nombreux ouvrages sur la théorie de l’imāmat et la philosophie ismāʿīlienne. De la vie d’al-Kirmāni, on ne connaît que les grandes lignes grâce à ce qu’il en dit dans ses propres écrits; quelques détails supplémentaires peuvent être tirés de sources ismāʿīliennes inédites, comme l’a fait notamment Muṣṭafā G̲h̲ālib (introd. à la Rāḥat al-ʿaḳl, 41 sq.) qui ne les précise cependant pas. Sa nisba indique qu’il est originaire de la province iranien…

(interprétation la plus probable des consonnes mhsty pour lesquelles d’autres lectures, comme Mahistī, Mahsitī ou Mihistī, ont été proposées; voir F. Meier, 43 sqq.) poétesse persane dont la personnalité historique est difficile à saisir. Elle doit avoir vécu à une époque située entre le début du Ve/XIe siècle et le milieu du VIe/XIIe. Les sources les plus anciennes la placent dans l’entourage de Maḥmūd de G̲h̲azna ou du sultan sald̲j̲ūḳide Sand̲j̲ar ou encore d’un roi légendaire de Gand̲j̲a en Ad̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān. Le qualificatif de dabīr ou dabīra est souvent lié à son nom, mais …

(a.) «roi des poètes», titre honorifique donné (également sous d’autres formes) à un poète lauréat persan. C’était la plus haute distinction qui pût être décernée à un poète par un protecteur royal. Comme d’autres titres honorifiques [voir Laḳab], il confirmait le statut de son bénéficiaire au sein de sa profession et était considéré comme une addition permanente à son nom qui pouvait même parfois devenir un titre héréditaire. A un niveau moins élevé, se situait le privilège, accordé parfois à des poètes de cour, de choisir un pseudonyme [voir Tak̲h̲alluṣ] fondé sur le nom ou sur l’un des la…

, legendary ruler of Sīstān [ q.v.] and vassal of the Kayānids, the epic kings of Īrān, was, according to al-T̲h̲aʿālibī and Firdawsī, the son of Narīmān, the father of Zāl-Dastān and the grandfather of Rustam [ q.v.]. This pedigree is the outcome of a long development spanning the entire history of the Iranian epic. In the Avesta, Sāma is the name of a clan to which T̲h̲rīta, “the third man who pressed the Haoma”, belonged as well as his sons Urvāk̲h̲s̲h̲aya and Kərəsāspa (Yasna 9. 10). Kərəsāspa (Persian Kars̲h̲āsp or Gars̲h̲āsp)…

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Ḥasan Aḥmad, Persian poet at the G̲h̲aznawid court during the early 5th/11th century. The external information about his life is mosdy anecdotal. It is said that he was born at Balk̲h̲, became an orphan at an early age and in his youth earned a living as a merchant. A story, told in some sources, about a robbery during one of his travels was mistakingly associated with him (cf. Storey-de Blois, v/1, 234-5). His career as a poet began under the patronage of the Amīr Abu ’l-Muẓaffar Naṣr (d. 412/1021-2), the military governor ( sipahsālār ) of his brother ¶ Sultan Maḥmūd [ q.v.] in K̲h…

, Ḥakīm S̲h̲araf al-Dīn Ḥasan, Persian physician and poet of the Ṣafawid period. He was born in 956/1549 (Gulčīn-i Maʿānī) or 966/1558-9 (Ṣafā) at Iṣfahān. His nom-de-plume refers to the medical profession, which was a tradition of his family. He was also a student of speculative mysticism, but he achieved his greatest fame as a poet. His literary work consists of g̲h̲azals and ḳaṣīdas , written respectively in the style of Bābā Fig̲h̲ānī and K̲h̲āḳānī (cf. Rypka, 300), as well as poems in several other forms, including a series of mat̲h̲nawīs . His best known poem is the didactic mat̲h̲nawī …

is in the technical language of Persian and Turkish literature a set of five mat̲h̲nawī poems. The term is used, first of all, to designate the five epic poems of Niẓāmī [ q.v.] of Gand̲j̲a which were composed between ca. 570/1174-5 and 600/1203-4. The set contains one didactic poem Mak̲h̲zan al-asrār , in the metre sarīʿ-i maṭwiyy-i mawḳūf ; three romantic poems: Laylā u Mad̲j̲nūn in the metre hazad̲j̲-i musaddas-i maḳbūḍ-i maḥd̲h̲ūf , K̲h̲usraw u S̲h̲īrīn in the metre hazad̲j̲-i musaddas-i maḥd̲h̲ūf , and Haft Paykar in the metre k̲h̲afīf-i mak̲h̲būn-i maḳsūr ; and the Iskandarnāma …

(p.), the Indian style, is the third term of a classification of Persian literature into three stylistic periods. The other terms, sabk-i Ḵh̲urāsānī (initially also called sabk-i Turkistānī ) and sabk-i ʿIrāḳī , refer respectively to the eastern and the western parts of mediaeval Persia. The assumption underlying this geographical terminology is that the shifts of the centre of literary activity from one area to another, which took place repeatedly since the 4th/10th century, were paralleled by a stylisti…

(the most probable interpretation of the consonants mhsty , for which other forms, like Mahistī, Mahsitī or Mihistī, have been proposed as well; cf. Meier, 43 ff.) a Persian female poet whose historical personality is difficult to ascertain. She must have lived at some time between the early 5th/11th and the middle of the 6th/12th century. The earliest sources situate her alternatively in the environment of Maḥmūd of G̲h̲azna, of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sultan Sand̲j̲ar, or of a legendary king of Gand̲j̲a in Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān. The qualification dabīr or dabīra is often …

, or Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad al-S̲h̲āhd̲j̲ahānābādī, a traditionist and historiographer of Mug̲h̲al India who flourished in the 11th/17th century. The nickname “al Turk al-Buk̲h̲ārī” points to his origin from Central Asia. As a poet he adopted the pen name “Mas̲h̲riḳī”. He was the son of the scholar ʿAbd al-Ḥaḳḳ [ q.v.] al-Dihlawī, a well-known s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ of the Ḳādiriyya order. Nūr al-Ḥaḳḳ succeeded his father as a religious teacher and was appointed a judge at Agra under S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān. His death at Dihlī occurred in 1073/1662. In Zubdat al-tawārīk̲h̲ , Nūr al-Ḥaḳḳ enlarged the Tārīk̲h̲-…

(p.). a Persian word, derived as an adjective from the common Iranian root nāman- , “name”. Already in Middle Persian the form nāmag can be ¶ found also as a substantive referring to an inscription, a letter or a book. In the orthography of Pahlavī, the word could be written either phonemically, as n’mk’, or by means of any of two heterographs: S̲H̲M-k’, which was based on the Semitic word for “name”, and MGLT’, i.e. the Aramaic m e gill e ta , “scroll” (cf. L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros , Leiden 1953, 1091). It occurs also in co…

, (or S̲h̲abustarī , according to modern Azeri writers) S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Saʿd al-Dīn, Persian mystic and writer. He was born at S̲h̲abistar, a small town near the north-eastern shore of Lake Urmiya. The date of his birth is unknown, but would have to be fixed about 686/1287-8 if the report that he died at the age of 33 (mentioned in an inscription on a tombstone erected on his grave in the 19th century) is accepted. He is said to have led the life of a prominent religious scholar at Tabrīz. Travels to Egypt, Syria and the Ḥid̲j̲āz are mentioned in the introduction to the Saʿādat-nāma …

, Sayyid (or Mīr) Muḥammad Ḥusayn , a modern Persian poet. He was born about 1905 at Tabrīz as the son of a lawyer, and belonging to a family of sayyid s in the village of K̲h̲us̲h̲gnāb. In his early work he used the pen name Bahd̲j̲at, which he later changed to S̲h̲ahriyār, a name chosen from the Dīwān of Ḥāfiẓ, who was his great model as a writer of g̲h̲azal s. He read medicine at the Dār al-Funūn in Tehran, but left his studies unfinished to become a government clerk in K̲h̲urāsān. After some time he returned to Tehran, where for many years…

, Mad̲j̲dūd b. Ādam al-G̲h̲aznawī, Persian poet. In early sources already the kunya Abu ’l-Mad̲j̲d is sometimes added to his name. As a pen name he used Sanāʾī, only rarely Mad̲j̲dūd or Mad̲j̲dūd Sanaʾī. The former name could have been derived from Sanāʾ al-Milla, one of the laḳabs of the G̲h̲aznawid sultan Masʿūd III, but the poet’s actual relationship to this ruler is unclear, because no panegyrics directly addressed to him by Sanāʾī have been preserved. As a matter of fact, no reliable biographical data outside the p…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Aḥmad , Persian mystic who died on the 10th Muḥarram 425/5th December 1033 at the age of 73. The nisba refers to the village of K̲h̲araḳān situated in the mountains to the north of Bisṭām on the road to Astarābād (modern Gurgān). There are several variants for the vocalisation of this place-name even in the early sources for the life of this mystic. This confusion may very well be the result of the existence of other place names with the same consonant outline, such as K̲h̲a…

, or K̲h̲ard̲j̲ird, has been the name of at least two different places in northeastern Persia but is at present only current for one of them. 1. K̲h̲argird in the s̲h̲ahristān of Turbat-i Ḥaydariyya, or, more precisely, the dihistān of Rūd-i miyān K̲h̲wāf, is situated at about 6 km. to the southwest of the latter place. It is now a small settlement, the inhabitants of which live on the growing of cereals and cotton as well as on weaving. Archaeological remains point, however, to a much more prosperous past when K̲h̲argird was one of the main urban centres of the district of K̲h̲wāf [ q.v.]. Many m…

, muḥammad s̲h̲arīf b. s̲h̲ams al-dīn al-s̲h̲īrāzī ( ca. 1001/1592-after 1063/1653), a Persian prosewriter and poet with the tak̲h̲alluṣ Kās̲h̲if (the forms Kās̲h̲if-i Kumayt, cf. Rosen, loc. cit., and S̲h̲arīfā Kās̲h̲if, cf. Tad̲h̲kira-i Naṣrābādī in the synopsis by A. Sprenger, Cat. Oudh , 91, are also mentioned). He lived in Iṣfahān and later in Ray, where he was a ḳāḍī for 15 years. His brothers Ismāʿīl Munṣif and Muḳīma were also known as poets. Only two works by Kās̲h̲if seem to have survived. Both deal with ethical questions…