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Licinius

(11,186 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Frigo, Thomas (Bonn) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Walde, Christine (Basle) | Et al.
Name of probably the most important Roman plebeian family. The similarity to the Etruscan name lecne and the links between the gens and Etruria in historical times (L. [I 7]) suggest an origin in that region [1. 108, n. 3]; the name may, however, also be of Latin origin ( Licinus). The spelling with a double ‘n’ occurs not only in the Greek form Λικίννιος ( Likínnios), but also in Latin inscriptions [1. 108, n. 1]. In the annalistic historical records dealing with the early Republic, members of the family appear among the earliest people's tribunes, reaching their polit…

Plautius

(2,995 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Et al.
Name of a Roman plebeian family, in the late Republic also often spelt Plotius, with no clear difference in use (cf. Claudius/Clodius). The earliest epigraphic evidence comes from Praeneste (among it the maker of the Ficoronian Cista, Novios Plautios, CIL I2 561), while the family in Rome achieved political eminence after 367 BC (Münzer therefore considers them to have migrated from Praeneste [1. 42; 44f.; 412]), providing seven consuls between 358 and 318; their migration may explain their interest in integrating Latini (cf. P. [I 5]…

Livius

(6,493 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Et al.
Name of a Roman plebeian family, who probably came from Latium and was accepted into Roman nobility when Latium was integrated politically in 338 BC ( Latin law). The most important branches were first the Salinatores, then the Drusi (on the cognomen see Drusus). The third wife of Augustus and mother of the emperor Tiberius, Livia [2] Drusilla came from this branch (Stemma see Augustus; the family history of the branch is in Suet. Tib. 3). The line of the Salinatores was continued in the late Republic by the Livii Ocellae, who i.a. produced Livia Ocella, the stepmother of the emperor Galba [2]. E…

Perperna

(589 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg)
Nomen gentile of an Etruscan family (or Perpenna on inscriptions ); the family must have received citizenship early: its rise to political power began with P. [2]. P. [3] was the first person with a non-Roman name to become consul, although he lost his citizenship in 126 BC. [German version] [1] P., C. Praetor no later than 91 BC, legate of consul P. Rutilius Lupus in 90 Probably brother of P. [4], praetor no later than 91 BC, was defeated in 90 as legate of consul P. Rutilius Lupus in the Civil War [3] (App. B Civ. 1,179; 183). MRR 2, 20; 29. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] P., M. L…

Lucretius

(3,448 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Et al.
Italian surname (on its Etruscan connection cf. [1. 182f.]). In the 5th and 4th cents. BC we encounter the patrician family of the Lucretii Tricipitini (among others with the rare praenomen Hostus) which later died out; from the 3rd cent. BC onwards several plebeian families are known (Gallus, Ofella, Trio, Vespillo). The most important bearers of the name are Lucretia [2] from early Roman history and the poet L. [III 1]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] L. Prosecutor of M. Livius Drusus [I 5] Claudianus In 54 BC he prosecuted M. Livius Drusus …

Mucius

(2,116 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Frigo, Thomas (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main) | Et al.
Name of a Roman gens (in inscriptions also Muucius, CIL I2, 584, Greek Μούκιος/ Moúkios). Tradition tells us of the legendary C.M. [I 2] Cordus Scaevola; the great age of the family is perhaps demonstrated by the name Mucia Prata of a place to the east of the Tiber [1]. In the historical period (from the 3rd century BC) the family was plebeian and provided a series of significant lawyers (M. [I 5; I 8-9]). One of M. [I 4]'s sons was adopted by a P. Licinius Crassus and as P. Licinius [I 19] Crassus Dives Mucianus founded the reputation of this branch of the family of Licinii Crassi. I. Republican …

Minucius

(2,367 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Frigo, Thomas (Bonn) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Et al.
Name of a Roman gens. The patrician bearers of the name from the 5th and 4th cents. BC that have come down to us are of disputed historicity, in any case the early family history has been embellished in the late Republic.  It is these Minucii that later membesrs (from the 3rd century BC) trace themselves back to. A prominent cognomen is Augurinus (M. [I 1-3] and [I 5 and 6]), deriving from the first plebeian augur M. [I 7], applied only subsequently to the early Republican members. The political zen…

Mummius

(1,428 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Blänsdorf, Jürgen (Mainz) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) | Eck, Werner (Cologne)
Name of a Roman plebeian family of little political significance except for L. M. [I 3], the destroyer of Corinth. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] Author of Atellan farces, propably Augustan According to Pomponius Bononiensis and Novius [I 1], who presumably lived about 90 BC, M. revived the atellan farces, which had laid dormant for some time (Macrob. Sat. 1,10,3). His Old Latin metre (use of iambic shortening) and language (abl. testu) suggest that he probably did not write later than the Augustan period, during which other …

Pomponius

(5,501 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Eder, Walter (Berlin) | Et al.
Name of a Roman plebeian family probably deriving from the Italic praenomen Pompo, tracing back, like the Aemilii, Calpurnii and Pinarii, to one of the sons of Numa Pompilius (Plut. Numa 21,2; cf. Nep. Att. 1,1). In the 3rd century BC the Mathones (cf. P. [I 7-9]) achieved consulship, but later the family was insignificant. The most prominent member was a friend of Cicero, T. P. [I 5] Atticus. I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] P., Cn. People's tribune in 90 BC People's tribune in 90 BC, killed in the Civil War in 82; Cicero quite often heard him in his youth; his j…

Popillius

(1,281 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Eck, Werner (Cologne)
(also frequently Popilius). Name of a Plebeian gens attested from the 4th cent. BC. The family maintained a joint funeral cult (Cic. Leg. 2,55). Its most famous branch was the Laenates (with regard to the cognomen Laenas); insignificant from the early Imperial period onwards. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] P. Laenas Augur, in 44 BC adviser of the murderers of Caesar Augur (Cic. Att. 12,13,2), in 44 BC was the adviser of the murderers of Caesar and may perhaps have been tempted to betray them to the dictator (App. B Civ. 2,484; 487). Fündling, Jörg (B…

Papirius

(3,269 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Et al.
Roman nomen gentile, in its older form, Papisius (Cic. Fam. 9,21,3), from which one of the 16 old rural tribes ( tribus ) took its name. The patrician gens formed several branches at an early time (5th/4th cents. BC: Crassi, Cursores, Mugillani, 3rd cent.: Masones) who played a significant role in the military successes of the Republic, but became either extinct no later than the 2nd cent. BC or politically insignificant. The younger plebeian branch of the Carbones rose in the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. and gained notoriety…

Pupius

(528 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Günther, Matthias (Bielefeld) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Bartels, Jens (Bonn) | Eck, Werner (Cologne)
Roman nomen gentile, possibly connected to the Etruscan pupu. The family is otherwise politically insignificant; the adoptive father of the consul for 61 BC, P. [I 3], is unknown. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republic [German version] [I 1] In Horace, the author of tragedies, 1st cent. BC The only source for the author P. is Horatius (Epist. 1,1,67). According to this, P. was probably an author of tragedies. He lived in the 1st cent. BC. The scope and precise content of his poetry is unknown. Günther, Matthias (Bielefeld) Bibliography Bardon, vol. 2, 47  Courtney, 307. …

Iuventius

(1,470 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Schmidt, Peter L. (Constance) | Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Et al.
Roman cognomen [1. 281; 482; 2. 735]. The gens belonged to the municipal nobility of Tusculum, came into Roman politics around 200 BC and with I. [I 6] achieved the sole consulate in the middle of the 2nd cent. BC, to which they referred to also later (Cic. Planc. 12, 15; 18f. and others; cf. Catull. 24,1-3). The most important families were the Thalnae (also Talnae in inscriptions) and the Laterenses. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] Alleged first curule aedile of the plebs, 4th cent. BC According to fictitious family tradition, the first curule aedile of the plebs at the end …

Manlius

(3,605 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Et al.
(in Greek usually Μάλλιος/ Mállios, often confused in MSS with Mallius and Manilius). Name of a Roman patrician family, probably of Etruscan origin [1. 227]. It attained an early political zenith in the 5th and 4th cents. BC with the Vulsones and Capitolini branches (continued by the Torquati). Sources connect the family's history primarily with the repelling of the Celts ( M. [I 8] and [I 12]. Stemmata, details of which are uncertain: [2. 1157f., 1166]). A period of decline ended in about 260 BC wi…

Porcius

(3,528 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Frigo, Thomas (Bonn) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main) | Suerbaum, Werner (Munich) | Et al.
Name of a Plebeian family from Tusculum. In the belief that the family had been pig-breeders, in antiquity their name was derived from porcus  (Varro Rust. 2,1,10 etc.). From the middle of the 3rd century BC, the Catones and Licinii branches belonged to Rome's leading class and at the beginning of the 2nd century, they attained the consulship with  Cato [1] (Censorius) and P. [I 13]. The exact blood relationship between the most prominent bearer of the name, Cato [1], and his great-grandson, P. [I 7] Cato (Uticensis), is not completely clarified. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republic…

Octavius

(2,326 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Kaster, Robert A. (Princeton) | Et al.
Widely occurring Roman nomen gentile derived from the numeral praenomen Octavus ('one born in the eighth month', which disappeared later, still surviving in Octavus Mamilius [2]). Of political importance in Rome from the 2nd cent. BC is only the older line which consecutively produced five consuls (O. [I 4-8]; preferred praenomen: Cn.; regarding the family relationships [1. 405-407]); the members of the related younger line (resident in Velitrae), on the other hand, from which the later princeps Augustus originated, did not rise above equestri…

Postumius

(2,687 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Et al.
Roman patrician gentilic name (from the praenomen Postumus ), found in the highest offices from the 5th cent. BC on and politically significant until the 2nd cent. BC. As dictator in 499 or 496 BC, an A. P. is supposed to have decided the battle at Lacus Regillus (Liv. 2,19-20). The Albi or Albini (Regillenses), who withdrew from politics with P. [I 9]'s military failure in the Jugurthine War at the end of the 2nd cent. BC, are his descendants. I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] P., C. Etruscan haruspex, even consulted by Sulla Etruscan haruspex ( haruspices

Lutatius

(1,403 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne)
Name of a plebeian lineage, originally probably not from the city of Rome, which was raised to the nobility in the 3rd cent. BC with the brothers L. [1] and [5] (Families: Catuli and Cercones). The gens was very wealthy (Suet. Gram. 3) and owned a family grave on the right bank of the Tiber (Oros. 5,21,7; Val. Max. 9,2,1). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] L. Catulus, C. Consul 242 BC Elder brother of L. [5]. Was the first in his family to attain the consulate in 242 BC. Since his patrician colleague, the flamen dialis A. Postumius Albinus, was forbidden by the pontifex maximus L. C…

Manilius

(2,287 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Et al.
Roman gens name, probably taken from the forename Manius, which in mss is frequently confused with Mallius, Manilius, Manlius. The family was significant in the 2nd cent. BC through M. [I 3] and [I 4]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] M. (or Manlius?), L. Writer, senator AD 97, [I 1] M. (or Manlius?), L. Senator in 97 BC, wrote about the Phoenix (as first in Lat.: Plin. HN 10,4f.), about natural wonders and sacred law. Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) Bibliography Schanz/Hosius 1, 605f. [German version] [I 2] M., C. People's tribune in 66 AD People's tribune in …

Cephalium

(184 words)

Author(s): Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Geus, Klaus (Bamberg)
(Κεφαλίων; Kephalíōn). [German version] [1] Slave of Cicero Slave of Cicero, who, as letter messenger, attended to the correspondence with Atticus in 49 BC and with Q. Cicero in 47 (Cic. Att. 7,25; 9,19,4; 10,1,2; 2,1; 15,1; 11,12,1; 16,4). Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) [German version] [2] Hadrianic historian and orator Pseudonymous (?) Hadrianic historian and orator, whose vita in the Suda s.v. is confused with that of Cephalon; author of a work Moúsai or Pantodapaì Historíai (‘Muses or ‘Medley stories, 9 bks) in the Ionian dialect, which encompassed the period from  Ni…

Quinctius

(3,960 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Schmidt, Peter L. (Constance) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Et al.
Name of a patrician Roman family, derived from the praenomen Quintus (comparable to Sextus/ Sextius, etc.), often also Quintius in inscriptions and MSS. The origin of the family is unknown; its great age is suggested by its connection with the festival of the Lupercalia (Ov. Fast. 2,378 has Quintilii) and the unusual praenomen of the family, Kaeso, encountered in this context ( v. Q. [I 1]). Livy counts them among the families that migrated to Rome from Alba with King Tullius Hostilius (1,32,2; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,29,7 mentions the Quinctilii). The Quinctii are mentioned many tim…

Iulius

(18,763 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Liebermann, Wolf-Lüder (Bielefeld) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Et al.
Name of an old patrician family, probably connected with the name of the god  Jupiter [1. 281; 2. 729]. The gens was one of the so-called ‘Trojan families’, who were said to have moved from Alba Longa to Rome under king Tullus Hostilius [I 4] (see below). The Iulii were prominent in the 5th and 4th cents. BC. Their connection to the family branch of the Caesares, which rose to prominence from the 3rd cent. and whose outstanding member was the dictator  Caesar (with family tree), is unclear. Caesar's adoptive son,…

Marcius

(5,160 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Bendlin, Andreas (Erfurt) | Frateantonio, Christa (Gießen) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) | Et al.
Old Roman nomen gentile, derived from the prename Marcus. Tradition knows of a patrician branch with the (mythical) king Ancus M. [I 3] and Cn. M. Coriolanus as its most important members. The younger members of the family (from the 3rd cent.) were plebeian without a link to the patrician Marcii being evident. Important families included the Rutili, later also the Censorini, Tremuli, Reges and Rallae. In the Late Republic the family claimed descent from the kings Ancus M. and Numa Pompilius (therefore the cognomen Rex, see M. [I 5]; RRC 346; 425; Suet. Iul. 6,1; [4. 154]) as wel…

Hostilius

(1,203 words)

Author(s): Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Frigo, Thomas (Bonn)
Old Latin family name, whose origin is unexplained; in inscriptions also Hostillius and Hostilus [1. 30; 175]. The great age of the name is shown by the third Roman king Tullus H. [4] and names such as Curia Hostilia, Lares Hostilii and the goddess Hostilina. In historical times, the family was Plebeian and, from the 2nd cent. BC, politically active, particularly in the Tubuli and Mancini branches; it died out at the end of the 1st cent. BC. [German version] [1] H. Praetor and people's tribune in the 2nd cent. BC Praetor or people's tribune in the 2nd cent. BC (?), had a lex Hostilia passed, w…

Callisthenes

(547 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg)
(Καλλισθένης; Kallisthénēs). [German version] [1] Of Olynthus, Alexander historian, related to Aristotle Callisthenes of  Olynthus,  Alexander historian, son of a female cousin of  Aristotle [6], who raised him (Plut. Alexander 55,8) and whom he accompanied to  Assos, Macedonia and then perhaps to Athens. After the death of  Hermias [1] he wrote in praise of him (quoted by Didymus, In Demosthenem 5-6). Together with Aristotle he composed a list of Pythionikai ( Pythia) and agonothetai ( Agonothetes) of the Pythian Games for which the two were honoured in Delphi (Syll.3 275). The…

Magius

(793 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Eck, Werner (Cologne)
Family name of Oscan origin. [I 184]. The family was prominent in Capua (M. [I 3], cf. Cic. Pis. 24) and M.'s [I 5] sons were the first to be admitted to the Senate in the 1st cent. BC. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] Grandfather of the poet Vergilius on his mother's side Grandfather of the poet Vergilius on his mother's side; was allegedly an official messenger ( viator ; Donat. Vita Vergilii 1). Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) [German version] [I 2] M., Cn. Governor of Numidia AD 256-258. From Larinum in Samnium, died about 88 BC; heir of his (half…

Iunius

(8,102 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Et al.
Roman surname, derived from the name of the goddess Iuno [1. 470; 2. 731]. The gens was plebeian; the idea that this family originated from the patrician founder of the Republic L. I. [I 4] Brutus (Cic. Att. 13,40,1), which was particularly propagated by the murderers of Caesar, M. and D. I. Brutus [I 10 and 12], was already a matter of controversy in ancient times (Plut. Brutus 1,6-8). T.  Pomponius Atticus (Nep. Att. 18,3) composed a family history at the request of M. Brutus. This gens became politically im…

Maenius

(930 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Eck, Werner (Cologne)
Name of a Roman plebeian family, perhaps of Etruscan origin [1. 185; 187]. The most important bearer of the name is M. [I 3]; the family is politically unimportant in the 1st cent. BC. Lex Maenia is the title of a Menippean satire of Varro (Varro Men. 153-155). The law concerned the power of the paternal head of the house; content and dating are contested [3. 1085 - 1121]. A further lex Maenia probably passed before 290 BC directed that the ‘agreement of the Senate’ ( auctoritas patrum) for elections be obtained before proclaiming the election results (Cic. Brut. 55). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Boch…

Papirius

(2,916 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Et al.
Römischer Gentilname, in älterer Form Papisius (Cic. fam. 9,21,3), nach dem eine der 16 alten Landtribus ( tribus ) benannt war. Die patrizische gens bildete schon früh mehrere Zweige (5./4. Jh.v.Chr.: Crassi, Cursores, Mugillani, 3. Jh.: Masones), die maßgeblich an den mil. Erfolgen der Republik beteiligt waren, jedoch spätestens im 2. Jh.v.Chr. ausstarben bzw. polit. unbedeutend wurden. Der jüngere plebeiische Zweig der Carbones stieg in der 2. H. des 2. Jh. auf und erlangte notorische Bekanntheit durch die gracchen…

Postumius

(2,508 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Köln) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Et al.
Gentilname einer röm. patrizischen Familie (vom Vornamen Postumus ), seit dem 5 Jh. v. Chr. in den höchsten Ämtern und bis ins 2. Jh. v. Chr. polit. bedeutend. Ein A. P. soll als dictator 499 oder 496 v. Chr. die Schlacht am Lacus Regillus entschieden haben (Liv. 2,19-20). Von ihm leiteten sich die Albi bzw. Albini (Regillenses) ab, die mit dem mil. Versagen von P. [I 9] im Iugurthinischen Krieg am E. des 2. Jh. v. Chr. aus der Politik ausschieden. I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] P., C. Etr. Eingeweideschauer, auch von Sulla aufgesucht Etr. Eingeweideschauer ( haruspex; har…

Iuventius

(1,313 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Schmidt, Peter L. (Konstanz) | Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Eck, Werner (Köln) | Et al.
Röm. Familienname [1. 281; 482; 2. 735]. Die gens gehörte zum Municipaladel von Tusculum, kam um 200 v.Chr. in die röm. Politik und gelangte mit I. [I 6] in der Mitte des 2. Jh.v.Chr. zum einzigen Konsulat, worauf sie sich auch später noch berief (Cic. Planc. 12, 15; 18f. u.a.; vgl. Catull. 24,1-3). Wichtigste Familien waren die Thalnae (inschr. auch Talnae) und die Laterenses. I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] Angeblich erster plebeischer Aedilis curulis 4. Jh. v. Chr. Nach erfundener Familientradition der erste curulische Aedil aus der Plebs Ende des 4. …

Lutatius

(1,248 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Köln)
Name eines plebeischen, urspr. wohl nicht stadtröm. Geschlechtes, das im 3. Jh.v.Chr. mit den Brüdern L. [1] und [5] in die Nobilität aufgenommen wurde (Familien: Catuli und Cercones). Die gens war sehr begütert (Suet. gramm. 3) und besaß ihr Familiengrab auf dem rechten Tiberufer (Oros. 5,21,7; Val. Max. 9,2,1). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] L. Catulus, C. Consul 242 v. Chr. Älterer Bruder von L. [5]. Erreichte 242 v.Chr. als erster in seiner Familie das Konsulat. Da seinem patrizischen Kollegen, dem flamen dialis A. Postumius Albinus, der pontifex maximus L. …

Kallisthenes

(517 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg)
(Καλλισθένης). [English version] [1] von Olynthos, Alexanderhistoriker, mit Aristoteles verwandt K. von Olynthos, Alexanderhistoriker, Sohn einer Kusine von Aristoteles [6], bei dem er aufwuchs (Plut. Alexander 55,8) und den er nach Assos, nach Makedonien und vielleicht dann nach Athen begleitete. Nach dem Tod des Hermias [1] verfaßte er eine Lobschrift auf diesen (Zitat bei Didymos, In Demosthenem 5-6). Gemeinsam mit Aristoteles stellte er eine Liste der Pythionikai (Pythia) und Agonothetai (Agonothetes)…

Marcius

(4,586 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Bendlin, Andreas (Erfurt) | Frateantonio, Christa (Gießen) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Köln) | Et al.
Alter röm. Gentilname, abgeleitet vom Vornamen Marcus. Die Überl. kennt einen patrizischen Zweig mit dem (myth.) König Ancus M. [I 3] und Cn. M. Coriolanus als bedeutendsten Angehörigen. Die jüngeren Angehörigen der Familie (seit dem 3. Jh.) waren plebeisch, ohne daß die Verbindung zu den patrizischen Marcii deutlich ist. Bedeutende Familien waren die Rutili, dann die Censorini, Tremuli, Reges und Rallae. In der späten Republik berief sich die Familie auf ihre Herkunft von den Königen Ancus M. und Numa Pompilius (daher das Cogn. Rex, s. M. [I 5]; RRC 346; 425; Suet. Iul. 6,1…

Mucius

(2,232 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Frigo, Thomas (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main) | Et al.
Römischer Gentilname (inschr. auch Muucius, CIL I2, 584, griech. Μούκιος). Die Überl. kennt den legendären C.M. [I 2] Cordus Scaevola; auf das hohe Alter der Familie weist vielleicht die Ortsbezeichnung der Mucia prata östlich des Tibers [1]. In histor. Zeit (ab dem 3. Jh.v.Chr.) war die Familie plebeisch und stellte eine Reihe von bed. Juristen (M. [I 5; I 8-9]). Ein Sohn von M. [I 4] wurde von einem P. Licinius Crassus adoptiert und begründete als P. Licinius [I 19] Crassus Dives Mucianus das Ansehen dieses Zweiges der Familie der Licinii Crassi. I. Republikanische Zeit …

Perperna

(546 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg)
Etr. Gentilname (inschr. Form auch Perpenna); die Familie muß schon früh röm. Bürgerrecht erh. haben: mit P. [2] beginnt ihr polit. Aufstieg, P. [3] ist der erste Träger eines nichtröm. Namens, der Consul wurde, auch wenn man ihm 126 v.Chr. das Bürgerrecht wieder aberkannte. [English version] [1] P., C. Praetor spätestens 91 v. Chr., 90 Legat des Consuls P. Rutilius Lupus Verm. Bruder von P. [4], Praetor spätestens 91 v.Chr., wurde 90 als Legat des Consuls P. Rutilius Lupus im Bundesgenossenkrieg [3] geschlagen (App. civ. 1,179; 183). MRR 2, 20; 29. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) …

Octavius

(2,055 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Kaster, Robert A. (Princeton) | Et al.
Weitverbreiter röm. Gentilname, abgeleitet vom später verschwundenen Numeralpraenomen Octavus (“der im achten Monat Geborene”, erh. bei Octavus Mamilius [2]). Polit. bedeutsam ist in Rom seit dem 2. Jh.v.Chr. einzig die ältere Linie, aus der in Reihe fünf Consuln hervorgingen (O. [I 4-8]; bevorzugtes Praenomen: Cn.; zu den Verwandtschaftverhältnissen [1. 405-407]); dagegen gelangten die Angehörigen der mit ihr verwandten jüngeren Linie (in Velitrae ansässig), aus der der spätere Princeps Augustus stammt…

Pomponius

(4,971 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Köln) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Eder, Walter (Bochum) | Et al.
Name einer röm. plebeiischen Familie wohl vom ital. Vornamen Pompo, die sich wie die Aemilii, Calpurnii und Pinarii auf einen der Söhne des Numa Pompilius zurückführte (Plut. Numa 21,2; vgl. Nep. Att. 1,1). Im 3. Jh. v. Chr. gelangte die Familie mit den Mathones (vgl. P. [I 7-9]) zum Konsulat, war aber später unbedeutend. Prominentester Angehöriger ist der Freund Ciceros, T. P. [I 5] Atticus. I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] P., Cn. Volkstribun 90 v. Chr. Volkstribun 90 v. Chr., im Bürgerkrieg 82 ermordet; Cicero hörte ihn in seiner Jugend häufiger; sei…

Plautius

(2,774 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Et al.
Name einer röm. plebeiischen Fanmilie, in der späten Republik auch häufig Plotius geschrieben, ohne daß ein deutlicher Unterschied im Gebrauch festzustellen ist (vgl. Claudius/Clodius). Älteste inschr. Belege stammen aus Praeneste (darunter der Verfertiger der sog. Ficoronischen Ciste, Novios Plautios, CIL I2 561), während die Familie in Rom nach 367 v.Chr. zu eminenter polit. Bed. gelangte (Münzer hält sie deshalb für aus Praeneste eingewandert [1. 42; 44f.; 412]) und zw. 358 und 318 sieben Consuln stellte; die Zuwanderung erklärt vi…

Licinius

(9,829 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Frigo, Thomas (Bonn) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Walde, Christine (Basel) | Et al.
Name der wohl bedeutendsten plebeischen Familie Roms. Die etr. Namensparallele lecne und die Verbindung der Gens nach Etrurien in histor. Zeit (L. [I 7]) deuten auf eine Herkunft aus dieser Region [1. 108, Anm. 3]; der Name kann aber auch lat. Ursprungs sein (Licinus). Schreibung mit n-Verdoppelung nicht nur in der griech Form Λικίννιος, sondern auch in lat. Inschr. [1. 108, Anm. 1]. In der annalist. Überl. zur Gesch. der frühen Republik erscheinen die Angehörigen unter den ersten Volkstribunen und erreichen mit dem Initiator der Licinisch-Sextischen Ges…

Magius

(683 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Köln) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Eck, Werner (Köln)
Familienname oskischer Herkunft [1. 184]. Die Familie war prominent in Capua (M. [I 3], vgl. Cic. Pis. 24) und gelangte im 1. Jh.v.Chr. mit den Söhnen von M. [I 5] in den Senat. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] Großvater mütterlicherseits des Dichters Vergilius Großvater mütterlicherseits des Dichters Vergilius; war angeblich Amtsbote ( viator ; Don. vita Vergilii 1). Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Köln) [English version] [I 2] M., Cn. Gest. ca 88 v.Chr. Aus Larinum in Samnium, gest. ca. 88 v.Chr.; Erbe seines (Halb-?)Bruders N. Aur…

Manilius

(1,974 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Köln) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Eck, Werner (Köln) | Et al.
Röm. Gentilname, wohl abgeleitet vom Vornamen Manius, hsl. häufig verwechselt mit Mallius, Manilius, Manlius. Bedeutend war die Familie im 2. Jh.v.Chr. mit M. [I 3] und [I 4]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] M. (oder Manlius?), L. Schriftsteller, Senator 97 v. Chr. Senator 97 v. Chr, schrieb über den Vogel Phoinix (als erster auf Lat.: Plin. nat. 10,4f.), über Naturwunder und Sakralrecht. Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) Bibliography Schanz/Hosius 1, 605f. [English version] [I 2] M., C. Volkstribun 66 v. Chr. Volkstribun 66 v.Chr., popular…

Kephalion

(167 words)

Author(s): Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Geus, Klaus (Bamberg)
(Κεφαλίων). [English version] [1] Sklave Ciceros Sklave Ciceros, der 49 v.Chr. den Briefwechsel mit Atticus und 47 den mit Q. Cicero als Briefbote besorgte (Cic. Att. 7,25; 9,19,4; 10,1,2; 2,1; 15,1; 11,12,1; 16,4). Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) [English version] [2] hadrianischer Historiker und Rhetor Pseudonymer (?) hadrianischer Historiker und Rhetor, dessen Vita in Suda s.v. mit der des Kephalon verwechselt ist; Verf. eines Werks Músai bzw. Pantodapaí Historíai (‘Musen bzw. ‘Allerlei Geschichten, 9 B.) in ion. Dialekt, das die Zeit von Ninos und Semiramis bis …

Pupius

(472 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Günther, Matthias (Bielefeld) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Bartels, Jens (Bonn) | Eck, Werner (Köln)
Röm. Gentilname, vielleicht mit etr. pupu zusammenhängend. Die Familie ist polit. sonst unbedeutend, der Adoptivvater des Consuls des J. 61 v. Chr., P. [I 3], ist unbekannt. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republik [English version] [I 1] bei Horaz Verf. von Trauerspielen, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Die einzige Quelle über den Schriftsteller P. liefert Horatius (epist. 1,1,67). P. war demnach verm. ein Verf. von Trauerspielen. Er lebte im 1. Jh. v. Chr. Umfang und konkreter Inhalt seiner Dichtung sind unbekannt. Günther, Matthias (Bielefeld) Bibliography Bardon, Bd. 2, 47  Courtney, 307. …

Quinctius

(3,608 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Schmidt, Peter L. (Konstanz) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Et al.
Name einer röm. patrizischen Familie, abgeleitet vom Vornamen Quintus (vergleichbar Sextus/Sextius usw.), inschr. und hsl. häufig auch Quintius. Die Herkunft der Familie ist unbekannt; für das hohe Alter spricht ihre Verbindung mit der Feier der Lupercalia (Ov. fast. 2,378, dort Quintilii) und das in diesen Zusammenhang gehörende seltene Praen. der Familie Kaeso (s. Q. [I 1]). Livius zählt sie zu den Familien, die unter König Tullus Hostilius aus Alba nach Rom einwanderten (1,32,2; Dion. Hal. 3,29,7 nennt die Quinctilii). In der Obermagistratur erscheinen die Quinctii im 5. un…

Mummius

(1,255 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Blänsdorf, Jürgen (Mainz) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Köln) | Eck, Werner (Köln)
Name einer röm. plebeischen Familie, die bis auf L.M. [I 3], den Zerstörer von Korinth, polit. wenig bedeutend war. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] Atellanen-Dichter wohl aus augusteischer Zeit Nach Pomponius Bononiensis und Novius [I 1], deren Blütezeit um 90 v. Chr. anzusetzen ist, soll M. die seit langer Zeit brachliegende Atellana wieder zum Leben erweckt haben (Macr. Sat. 1,10,3). Seine altlat. Metrik (Gebrauch der Iambenkürzung) und Sprache (Abl. testu) lassen vermuten, daß er wohl kaum später als in der augusteis…

Hostilius

(1,126 words)

Author(s): Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Graf, Fritz (Princeton) | Frigo, Thomas (Bonn)
Alter lat. Familienname, dessen Herkunft ungeklärt ist, inschr. auch Hostillius und Hostilus [1. 30; 175]. Das hohe Alter des Namens bezeugen der dritte röm. König Tullus H. [4] und Bezeichnungen wie Curia Hostilia, Lares Hostilii und die Göttin Hostilina. In histor. Zeit ist die Familie plebeisch und seit dem 2. Jh. v.Chr. besonders in den Zweigen der Tubuli und Mancini polit. aktiv; am Ende des 1. Jh. v.Chr. erloschen. [English version] [1] H. Praetor oder Volkstribun im 2. Jh. v. Chr. Praetor oder Volkstribun im 2. Jh. v.Chr. (?), brachte eine lex Hostilia durch, die die Vertret…

Maenius

(808 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Eck, Werner (Köln)
Name einer röm. plebeischen Familie, vielleicht etr. Herkunft [1. 185; 187]. Wichtigster Namensträger ist M. [I 3], im 1. Jh.v.Chr. ist die Familie polit. bedeutungslos. Lex Maenia ist der Titel einer Menippeischen Satire des Varro (Varro Men. 153-155). Das Gesetz betraf die hausväterliche Gewalt; Inhalt und Datier. sind umstritten [3. 1085 - 1121]. Eine weitere, wohl vor 290 v.Chr. erlassene, lex Maenia ordnete an, die “Zustimmung des Senats” ( auctoritas patrum) zu Wahlen schon vor der Verkündung des Ergebnisses einzuholen (Cic. Brut. 55). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Re…

Livius

(5,860 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main) | Eck, Werner (Köln) | Et al.
Name einer röm. plebeischen Familie, die wahrscheinlich aus Latium stammte und mit dessen polit. Integration 338 v.Chr. (Latinisches Recht) in die röm. Nobilität aufgenommen wurde. Die wichtigsten Zweige waren zunächst die Salinatores, dann die Drusi (zum Cognomen s. Drusus); aus dieser Familie stammte auch die dritte Frau des Augustus und Mutter des Kaisers Tiberius, Livia [2] Drusilla (Stemma s. Augustus; die Familiengeschichte des Zweiges deshalb bei Suet. Tib. 3). Die Linie der Salinatores w…

Manlius

(3,056 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Köln) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Et al.
(griech. meist Μάλλιος, hsl. oft mit Mallius und Manilius verwechselt). Name einer röm. patrizischen Familie, wohl etr. Herkunft [1. 227]. In den Zweigen der Vulsones und Capitolini (fortgesetzt von den Torquati) erreichte sie im 5. und 4. Jh.v.Chr. einen frühen polit. Höhepunkt; die Überl. verbindet die Familiengesch. v.a. mit der Abwehr der Kelten (M. [I 8] und [I 12]; Stammbäume - im einzelnen unsicher: [2. 1157f., 1166]). Nach einer Phase des Niedergangs bis um 260 v.Chr. traten die jüngere …
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