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[German version] (Λάγγαρος; Lángaros). King of the Agrianes, already a friend of Alexander [4] during the lifetime of Philip II. In 335 BC, L. attacked the Autariatae as Philip's ally to plunder their land and cover Alexander's rear in his campaign against Cleitus [8] and Glaucias [2]. Alexander rewarded him generously and offered him his half-sister Cyn(n)ane as wife, but L. died before the wedding (Arr. Anab. 1,5,1-5). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)

(Νικάνωρ; Nikánōr). [German version] [1] Military official under Alexander the Great, died 330 BC Second son of Parmenion. Under Alexander [4] the Great he led the hypaspistaí of the hetaîroi in the major battles. During the pursuit of Darius [3], Alexander commanded him to pursue the Persian king with a group of riders who had given up their horses and the Agrianes under Attalus [2] as fast as possible (Arr. Anab. 3,21,7-8). He died soon after (330 BC). His brother Philotas stayed behind with an escort for his funeral. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 554. …

(Λεωνίδας; Leōnídas). Cf. also Leonides. [German version] [1] Spartan king, 5th cent. BC Spartan king, Agiad ( Agiads), son of Anaxandridas, around 490/89 BC he succeeded his stepbrother Cleomenes [3] I. In 480, after the evacuation of the positions in the Vale of Tempe, L. was given the task of defending the gates of Thermopylae against the army of Xerxes, while the Greek fleet was to thwart the advance of the Persian squadrons at Artemisium (Northern Euboea) (Hdt. 7,175). At best, L. had 8,000 men at his disposal (among them 1,000 perioikoi and 300 Spartiates),…

(Κοῖνος; Koînos). [German version] [1] Son of Polemocrates, took part in all of Alexander's battles Son of Polemocrates, brother of  Cleander [3], probably from  Elimea, whose platoon of  pezetairoi he commanded; he was granted land by  Philippus II.. In 335/4 BC, C. married a daughter of  Parmenion. C. took part in all of Alexander's [4] battles from Europe to the  Hydaspes and was badly wounded at  Gaugamela. In eastern Iran, C. also acted independently, i.a. in the decisive battle against  Spitamenes. Durin…

(Δέρδας; Dérdas). A common name in the royal family of Elimea. [German version] [1] Son of a princess of Elimea, 5th cent. BC Son of  Arrhidaeus [1] and a princess of  Elimea, who in alliance with Philippus, son of  Alexander [2], and with Athenian support, attacked Athens' confederate  Perdiccas (Thuc. 1,57). In a later Athenian treaty with Perdiccas (IG I3 no. 89), he, along with other Macedonian princes, swore the oath (l. 69). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography E. Badian, From Plataea to Potidaea, 1993, 172-4 S. Hornblower, Greek Historiography, 1994, 127-30 HM 2, 18, 122f. …

(Ἱέρων; Hiérōn). [German version] [1] H. I. Tyrant of Syracuse around 500 BC from Gela,  Deinomenid, brother of Gelon [1], born c. 540/530 BC. Married first a daughter of Nicocles of Syracuse (before 485), then of Anaxilaus of Rhegium ( c. 480) and finally of Xenocrates, a brother of Theron of Acragas ( c. 475). He was many times a victor in horse and chariot races in Delphi (482, 478, 470) and Olympia (476, 472, 468) [1. 208ff.]. Entrusted with the rulership of Gela by Gelon in 485, he succeeded the latter in 478 as tyrant of Syracuse. H. operat…

(Διόδωρος, Διόδορος; Diódōros, Diódoros). Well-known representatives of the name: the philosopher D. [4] Kronos, the mathematician D. [8] of Alexandria, the universal historian D. [18] Siculus, the early Christian theologian D. [20] of Tarsus. [German version] [1] Athenian fleet commander in the Peloponnesian War Athenian, fleet commander with Mantitheus at the end of 408-407 BC at the Hellespont with a sufficient number of ships, so that Alcibiades [3] was able to sail to Samos and Thrasyllus and Theramenes to Athens (Diod. Sic. 13,68,2). (Traill, PAA 329550; Develin 171). Kinzl, …

(Πολυδάμας/ Polydámas, in Homer with metrical lengthening Πουλυδάμας/ Poulydámas). [German version] [1] Trojan Trojan, son of Panthous. On the basis of his experience P. possesses an understanding of the past and the future. As an astute and level-headed counsellor he represents the pessimistic alter ego of Hector, the town’s defender, who was born on the same day as P. Nevertheless, at the decisive moment P.’ sensible advice (retreat into the town) is not taken heed of. At this occasion, his character is (n…

(Ἀνδρόνικος; Andrónikos). [German version] [1] from Olynthus Macedonian officer (2nd half of the 4th cent. BC) Participated in all campaigns of  Alexander [II 4]. 315 BC officer of  Antigonus [1] at Tyre, then advisor of  Demetrius [2], whom he advised 312 to decline the battle at Gaza. In the battle he commanded the cavalry at the right flank and escaped after the defeat to Tyre, where he took over command and was able to hold the city for a time. At the end, delivered by the garrison to  Ptolemaeus [1], by whom he was honoured as a friend. Diod. Sic. 19. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliograph…

[German version] (Παύσιππος; Paúsippos). Spartan, member of a delegation to Darius [3] that Alexander [4] the Great captured either in 333/2 BC near Damascus (thus Curt. 3,13,15) or in 330 after Darius' death (thus Arr. Anab. 3,24,4). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)

(Διονύσιος; Dionýsios). Famous personalities: D. [1], the tyrant of Syracuse; the historian D. [18] of Halicarnassus. Dionysios (month),  Months, names of the. The chronicle of Ps.-D. by Tell Maḥre see D. [23]. I. Politically active personalities [German version] [1] D. I. Notorious tyrant in Syracuse c. 400 BC of Syracuse, son of Hermocritus, born in c. 430 BC, died in 367 BC. Founder of the ‘greatest and longest tyrannical rule in history’ (Diod. Sic. 13,96,4; appearance: Timaeus FGrH 566 F 29). Possessing a sophist education (Cic. Tusc. 5,63), D. had enormous ambitions a…

[German version] (Στασάνωρ/ Stasánōr). A Greek from Soli, hetairos ( hetaíroi ) of Alexander [4] (Arr. Anab. 3,29,5; Str. 14,6,3). In 329 BC he was entrusted with taking the Satrap of Areia into custody, whom he brought to the king, and with becoming his successor (Arr. Anab. 3,29,5; 4,7,1). In the winter of 328/7, Alexander also conferred Drangiana on him (Arr. Anab. 4,18,3; Curt. 8,3,17). After Alexander's losses in Gedrosia, S. brought him camels and pack animals and then returned to …

(Μαρσύας; Marsýas). [German version] [1] Phrygian rivergod and Celaenae's god of protection Phrygian river god and Celaenae's god of protection, represented as satyr or silenus. The name is derived from a toponym that can be found repeatedly throughout Asia Minor and Syria; the river, at the source of which Celaenae lies, also carries this name (M. [5]). M. was considered the discoverer of flute playing ( aulós), the inventor of the bandage used for flute playing ( phorbeiá) and of songs for the worship of the goddess Cybele. According to the myth, the possibility to pla…

(Ἀριστόνους; Aristónous). [German version] [1] Founder of Acragas about 580 BC A. of Gela, one of the founders of Acragas about 580 BC (Thuc. 6,4,4). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [German version] [2] Brother-in-law of the tyrant  Gelon of Syracuse (1st half of 5th cent. BC) Brother-in-law of the tyrant  Gelon of Syracuse and one of the guardians of his son Timaeus (FGrH 566 F 21). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [German version] [3] Macedonian officer (died 315 BC) Served as a   somatophylax (after 328 BC?) under  Alexander [4] and was  trierarch of the Hydaspes f…

(Θόας/ Thóas). [German version] [1] Mythical ruler of Lemnos Mythical ruler of Lemnos (Hom. Il. 14,230; 23,745), son of Dionysus and Ariadne, brother of Oenopion and Staphylus [1] (Apollod. Epit. 1,9). Through his daughter Hypsipyle (Ov. Ep. 6,114), T. is connected with the legend of the Argonauts, because she saved him from the murder of the men by the Lemnian women (Apollod. 1,114 f.); nevertheless, he was killed later (ibid. 3,65) or, according to another version, escaped to Oinoie (= Sicinos) or Chio…

[German version] (Θυμώνδας; Thymṓndas). Son of Mentor [3], general of Darius [3]; in the summer of 333 BC he took the mercenary army of his dead uncle Memnon [3] to Darius (Arr. An. 2,2,1; Curt. 3,3,1). As commander of Greek mercenaries he took part in the battle of Issus (Curt. 3,9,2) and may have lost his life during the mercenaries' flight to Egypt. (Arr. An. 2,3,1-3). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography J. E. Atkinson, A Commentary on Q. Curtius Rufus Hist. Alexandri Magni, vol. 1, 1980, 206  Berve, Nr. 380.

(Δίφιλος; Díphilos). [German version] [1] Athenian operator of a silver mine c. 330 BC Athenian operator of a silver mine. In 330 BC, he was charged by Lycurgus with illegally mining the mesokrineís (pillars), which served both as markers to separate the various leases within the mine but also as safety props, and sentenced to death. His assets of 160 talents were confiscated and distributed amongst the citizens (Ps.-Plut. Mor. 843D).  Mining Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography J. Engels, Studien zur polit. Biographie des Hypereides, 21993, 224-237 M. H. Hansen, Demography…

(Ἀμαστρις, Ἀμηστρις; Ámastris, Ámēstris). [German version] [1] Mother of Artaxerxes [1] (beginning of the 5th cent. BC) Daughter of one of the seven conspirators under  Darius. Mother of  Artaxerxes [1]. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [2] Daughter of Artaxerxes [2] (1st half of the 4th cent. BC) Daughter of  Artaxerxes [2], who promised her to  Tiribazus, but then married her himself. This motivated Tiribazus to incite  Darius to a conspiracy against the king. (Plut. Artax. 27 ff.). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [3] Queen of Heracleia (305-284 BC) Da…

(Ξενόφιλος/ Xenóphilos). [German version] [1] Comedy writer of the 5th cent. BC Comedy writer of the 5th cent. BC, victorious once at the Lenaia [1. test. 2] and possibly also once at the Dionysia [1. test. 1]; neither play titles nor fragments survive. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG VII, 1989, 803. [German version] [2] X. of Chalcidice Pythagorean and music theorist, c. 400 BC Pupil of Philolaus [2] (Diog. Laert. 8,46) and one of the last of the Pythagoreans (Iambl. v.P. 251; cf. Pythagoras [2]). X. was thought remarkable in Antiquity prim…

(Γλαυκίας; Glaukías). [German version] [1] Bronze sculptor from Aegina Bronze sculptor from Aegina. According to Pausanias, he created statues of the boxers Glaucus, Philo and Theagenes in Olympia, whose victories or honours occurred in the 1st quarter of the 5th cent. BC. According to the description, they were depicted in motion, some of them at shadow-boxing; small bronze statues give at least an idea of this. He created a monument for Gelon of Syracuse after his chariot victory in 488 BC; parts of the base with inscriptions are preserved. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overb…

[German version] (Κάσσανδρος; Kássandros). Son of  Antipater [1], born before 353 BC (Ath. 1,18a), sent by his father in 324 in his place to  Alexander [4] in Babylon but was mistreated by the king, which caused lifelong hatred (Plut. Alexander 74). The slander spread by the circle around  Olympias that C. and his brother  Iolaus [3] poisoned Alexander is repeated in several sources and also in the  Alexander Romance (however, see Arr. Anab. 7,27; Plut. Alexander 74). After Alexander's death (323) …

(Τελεσφόρος, 'he/she who fulfills, accomplishes'). [German version] [1] God of healing in the form of a boy God of healing in the form of a boy and characteristic dress (capuchin: [2]), whose origin is unclear and whose worship from the 2nd cent. BC until the 1st cent. AD is recorded only by terracottas from various regions of the Greek world. T. is first mentioned by name in a Pergamene votive inscription from  98-102 AD [3. 135 no. 125]. Paus. 2,11,7 gives an account of his cult in Pergamum based on an oracle.…

[German version] [1] Egyptian ruler of the 1st Dynasty From the 19th Dynasty on (13th cent. BC), the Egyptian king lists mention a king M. (Egyptuan Mnj; Manetho: Μήνης/ Mḗnēs) as the first ruler of the 1st Dynasty, and the authors of classical antiquity simply shaped his image into that of the founder par excellence. The construction of the residential city of Memphis and its temple (Hdt. 2,99; Jos. Ant. Iud. 8,155), the invention of writing (Plin. HN 7,56), the laying down of laws in writing (Diod. 1,94) and generally the…

(Ἀρραβαῖος; Arrhabaîos). [German version] [1] King of Lyncestis (2nd half 5th cent. AD) Son of Bromerus and king of Lyncestis, who in 424-423 BC fought against  Brasidas and the Macedonian king Perdiccas II (Thuc. 4.79.2; 83; 124ff.). His independence was established in an agreement between Athens and Perdiccas (IG I3 1,89; date debated). Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) Bibliography HM Vol. 2, 14-19, 129-136 Borza, 150-154. [German version] [2] From the royal house of Lyncestis (middle 4th cent. AD) From the royal house of  Lyncestis. After  Alexander's [4] accession to the thron…

[German version] (βασιλικοὶ παῖδες; basilikoì paîdes). Lat. pueri regii, pages of the Macedonian king: boys recruited from aristocracy as hostages and as a ‘nursery for army leaders and officers’ (Curt. 8,6,6).  Alexander [4] kept more than 50 of them. They accompanied and guarded the king, rendered personal services, and were kept under strict discipline (Curt. 8,6,2-6), hence the Greeks often referred to them as slaves. It is not certain whether the older ones fought at the king's side.  Philippus II …

[German version] [1] Dynast of Larisa, conqueror of Pharsalus 395 BC (Μήδιος/ Mḗdios in MSS; better Μήδειος/ Mḗdeios, in epigraphy). Dynast of Larisa [3], of the Aleuadae family, successor of Aristippus; in 395 BC he joined the newly formed anti-Spartan alliance in the fight against the tyrant Lycophron [2] of Pherae and captured Pharsalus, which housed a Spartan garrison (Diod. Sic. 14,82,5f.; cf. Aristot. Hist. an. 618b). Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography H.-J. Gehrke, Stasis, 1985, 191. [German version] [2] Hetairos of Alexander the Great and author of a work about him Son of Oxyth…

(Ἡφαιστίων; Hēphaistíōn). [German version] [1] Commander under Alexander the Great, 4th cent. BC H. of Pella, friend and probably lover of  Alexander [4]. Their relationship was soon likened to that of  Patroclus and  Achilles [1] and correspondingly embellished. It is doubtful whether he was a childhood friend of Alexander (Curt. 3,12,16), as he was not banished by  Philippus II in 337 BC. The wreath offered to Patroclus at Troy and the scene described in the vulgate version ( Alexander historians) of the c…

(Παρμενίων/ Parmeníōn). [German version] [1] General under Philippus [4] II Son of Philotas from Upper Macedonia, born in 400 BC, successful general under Philippus[4] II (cf. Plut. Mor. 177c); involved in 346 in the peace treaty with Athens (Dem. Or. 19,69; Philocrates [2]). After Philippus' marriage to Cleopatra [II 2], the niece of Attalus [1], P. gave him his daughter, shared with him command of the troops in Asia in 336 and then had him killed at the command of Alexander [4] the Great (Curt. 7,1,3). Thus he established his Hausmacht. Under Alexander he was the leader of the w…

[German version] Indian prince named after his tribe (the Abhisari), who was allied with  Poros. His territory reached from the southern chain of the Karakorum to Kashmir in the east and Hazera (near Rawalpindi) in the west. He supported the resistance to  Alexander [4] in Swat (Arr. Anab. 4,27,7; 30,7), but then sent him presents at Taxila (loc. cit. 5,8,3; in Curt. 8,13,1 false: homage). He was absent from the battle of the Hydaspes ( Hydaspes) even though it was expected that he would support P…

[German version] (Σιβύρτιος; Sibýrtios). Friend of Peucestas [2]. He was installed as satrap of Carmania by Alexander [4] in 325 BC, but was soon redeployed to Gedrosia with Arachosia and Oreitae (Arr. Anab. 6,27,1) and was confirmed in office by Perdiccas [4] and Antipater [1]; after 323, however, only Arachosia is mentioned (Diod. 18,3,3; Arr. FGrH 156 F 9,36). He allied himself to Eumenes [1] (Diod. 19,14,6), but had to flee when the latter accused him of high treason (Diod. 19,23,4; 19,27,4). A…

(Ἀριστόβουλος; Aristóboulos). [German version] [1] Judas A. I., High Priest 104-103 BC Judas A. I, son and successor of John  Hyrcanus, High Priest in 104-103 BC, had his mother and brother incarcerated or killed to secure his rule. This and his philhellenic leanings determined his negative image in Jewish tradition. The claim of Josephus that he took on the title of king is thrown into doubt by (rare) coins with the Hebrew legend: ‘Judas the High Priest and the Council of Elders of the Jews’. During his ca…

(Φίλα; Phíla). [German version] [1] One of the wives of Philip [4] II. According to Satyrus in Ath. 13,557c, one of the wives of Philippus [4] II, sister of Derdas [3] and Machatas [1]. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [2] Wife of Alexander [7] Oldest daughter of Antipater [1] and probably the wife of Alexander [7], born therefore around 355 BC. She later married Balacrus [1] and, in 322 BC, Craterus [1] by whom she had a son Craterus [2]. In 321/320 BC her father married her to Demetrius [2], the father of her children Antig…

[German version] (Φαρνούχης; Pharnoúchēs), a Lycian interpreter (though, as his name shows, from a Persian colonist family), was assigned in 329 BC by Alexander [4]  the Great to a task force under the leadership of three hetaíroi that was to relieve the fortress of Marakanda from siege by Spitamenes. By means of the incompetence of the officers the troops were almost completely annihilated. It is impossible that a P. had three hetaíroi under his command (as Arr. Anab. 4,3,7 reports on the authority of Ptolemaeus and Aristobulus [7]): it is certain that he was, as …

[German version] (Λεόννατος; Leónnatos). L., who was born around 356 BC to the royal house of Lyncestis ( Lyncus), may have been the son of a certain Anteas. In 336 he took part in the prosecution of the murderer of Philippus II. As one of his hetairoi, L. was sent by Alexander [4] the Great with a message of solace to the family of Darius [3] (Arr. Anab. 2,12,5; also Curt.; Diod. Sic.). Appointed to the somatophylakes (‘bodyguards’) (Arr. Anab. 3,5,5), L. took part in the coup against Philotas (Curt. 6,8,17) and attempted to prevent the killing of Cleitus [6]. L. confounded the plan to introduce pr…

[German version] [1] Macedonian commander (320-319 BC) Son of Iolaus,  399/398 BC, was certainly already active militarily and diplomatically under  Philippus and under his father  Amyntas and brothers. He was especially connected with  Alexander [4] and secured his throne after the murder of Philippus. During Alexander's invasion in Asia he remained with half of the Macedonian army as governor of Europe. He monitored Greece and sent mercenaries and Macedonian contingents during the first year of the …

(Ἀσάνδρος; Asándros) [German version] [1] Macedonian satrap of Lydia (334-331 BC) Son of a certain Philotas, probably related to  Parmenion, under Alexander [4] the Great the commander of the  Prodromoi and  Paeones (so in Diod. Sic. 17,17,4), in 334-331 BC satrap of  Lydia; he participated in the conquest of  Caria. In the winter of 329/28 he led troops to Alexander and then is no longer mentioned. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve, 2, no. 165 Heckel, 385. [German version] [2] Macedonian satrap of Caria (around 320 BC) Son of Agathon, after the death of  Alexander…

(Εὐρυδίκη; Eurydíkē). [German version] [1] Frequently occurring name of Greek heroines Frequently occurring name of Greek heroines, initially that of the wife of Aeneas in the  Cypria (Paus. 10,26,1; catalogue [1. 193]). The best-known is the wife of  Orpheus; the myth is told by  Vergilius (Georg. 4,453-527) and  Ovidius (Met. 10,1-147; 11,1-66) in the form that has since become canonical: E. died of a snakebite on the day of her marriage; through the power of his songs Orpheus was able to persuade the ru…

[German version] (Μυλλέας; Mylléas). Son of  Zoilus from Beroea [1]. In 326 BC he was one of the trierarchs of  Alexander  [4] the Great's Indus fleet (Arr. Ind. 18,6). M.'s son Alexander was granted citizenship in Athens  (IG II/III2 710). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)

[German version] (Δρωπίδης; Drōpídēs). From an aristocratic Athenian family (an ancestor with the same name was an archon in 645/4 BC and related to  Solon); according to Curtius 3,13,15, he was one of the three Athenian emissaries to  Darius [3] captured by  Parmenion after the battle of  Issus (in 333). The account in Arrian An. 3,24,4, needs to be corrected in some details where it deviates from Curtius [1. 1, 233f.] but reports credibly that  Alexander [4] had him arrested. His fate is unknown. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography 1 Bosworth, Commentary.

(Μελέαγρος/ Meléagros, Lat. Meleager). [German version] [1] Hero from the pre-Trojan period, Argonaut Mythological hero. Hero from the generation before the Trojan War, from Calydon [3], the capital city of the Aetolians. As one the Argonauts ( Argonautae) M. participated in the funereal games for Pelias (Stesich. PMG 179; Diod. 4,48,4). As the brother of Deianeira he is also linked with the Hercules cycle (Bacchyl. 5,170-175; Pind. fr. 70b). First and foremost, however, he is associated with the local legend of Calydon. In the archaic period there were two variations of the …

(Ἀντίγονος; Antígonos). [German version] [1] Monophthalmus Diadoch (‘The One-eyed’), 382-301 BC.  Hetairos of  Philippus and  Alexander [4], married to  Stratonice, was the father of  Demetrius. During Alexander's invasion of Asia, commander of the Greek hoplites, satrap of Greater Phrygia from 333 until Alexander's death [323]. He defeated rebels and remnants of Persian troops, he gained Lycaonia and in 331 he received in addition the administration of Lycia-Pamphylia. In Priene he was honoured for an achievement, the nature of which is unknown. (IPriene 2). After Alexander's…

[German version] First Macedonian royal house, emerged into history under  Amyntas [1], ruled the Macedonian coastal plain from Aegae around 510 BC. Amyntas submitted to Darius and was rewarded with territorial expansion and connections to the  Achaemenids. His son  Alexander [2] remained loyal to  Xerxes during the invasion of Greece but established contacts with the Greeks and in the end was on the side of the victors. His claim to be descended from the  Temenidae (Argos) was based on legend and…

(Μένανδρος; Ménandros). [German version] [1] Joint strategos with Nicias, 414 BC The Athenians M. and Euthydemus [1], who were already in Sicily, were chosen as joint strategoi of Nicias towards the end of 414 BC, during the Sicilian Expedition, to support him until the relief expedition of Demosthenes [1] arrived (413) (Thucyd. 7,16,1; Plut. Nicias 20,2); re-elected 413/12 (Plut. Nicias 20,6-8; Thucyd. 7,69,4; Diod. 13, 13,2). Possibly identical with the M. who fought in Abydus in 409 (Xen. Hell. 1,2,16). He was stratēgós with Tydeus (405/4) in the defeat at Aigos potamoi (X…

[German version] [1] Visionary from  Telmessus (4th cent. BC) Visionary from  Telmessus, in the service first of  Philippus, then of  Alexander [4] the Great; hero of many anecdotes which only report on successful predictions; no further references after the death of  Cleitus. Prophecies of the future success of some of the  Diadochi have turned out to be fabrications. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 117. [German version] [2] Bronze sculptor from Paros, c. 405 BC Bronze sculptor from Paros. To the tripod which the Spartans dedicated in Amyclae fol…

(Νεοπτόλεμος; Neoptólemos). [German version] [1] Son of Achilles and Deidamia The son of Achilles [1] and Deidamia, the daughter of king Lycomedes [1] of Scyros. Rare but explainable variants of the mother's name are Pyrrha (Heliodorus 3,2 = Anth. Pal. 9,485,8) and Iphigenia (Duris of Samos FGrH 76 F 88; on this FGrH 2 C 130). Homer only knows the name N., and Pyrrhus probably only becomes more common in the 4th cent. (first Theopompus FGrH 115 F 355) because of dynastic considerations of the Epirote king…

(Μέμνων; Mémnon). [German version] [1] Mythical King of the Ethiopians Mythical King of the Ethiopians, son of Tithonus and Eos, brother of Emathion (Hes. Theog. 984-5). His entry into Troy as an ally of the Trojans after the death of Penthesilea, his successful single combat with Antilochus, his death at the hands of Achilles and the immortality conferred upon him by Zeus at the behest of Eos were, as the summary of Proclus (Chrestomathia 172) shows, depicted in the lost Cyclic epic Aithiopís . Hom. Od. 4,187-8 and Pind. P. 6,28-39 also refer to his single combat with Antiloc…

(Δήμαρχος; Dḗmarchos). [German version] [1] Lycian, honoured in Samos Son of Taron, Lycian, rewarded with citizenship and privileges of honour for his services to the Samians (at the time of their banning) and to  Phila on Samos (Syll.3 333). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [2] Syracusan strategos c. 400 BC Syracusan strategos, who in 411 BC, as one of the followers of the exiled Hermocrates, commanded the Syracusan fleet in the Aegean (Thuc. 8,85,3; Xen. Hell. 1,1,29) and was removed in 405/4 by Dionysius I as a political rival (Diod. Sic. 13,96,3). Meister, Klaus (Berli…

[German version] Deditio in potestatem or ─ with a similar meaning ─ deditio in fidem (Pol. 20,9,10-12),was an autonomous state's, nominally, always voluntary surrender of sovereignty to Rome. It was the precondition for the peaceful end of war, and in peace for securing the protection of Rome. After formal acceptance of deditio by the Senate or an appropriately authorized (pro-)magistrate with imperium the surrendered community ceased to exist. Its citizens, gods and possessions became the property of Rome, and Rome could deal with them as it thought fit…

[German version] Impoverished offspring of a king of  Sidon, put in the place of Straton as city-king by  Alexander [4] and outfitted richly. Embellished in Curt. 4,2,15-26 and Diod. Sic. 17,47 as a philosophical novella. He is probably the person for whom the  Alexander Sarcophagus was made. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve II no. 1.

(Μένων; Ménōn). [German version] [1] Recipient of Athenian citizenship according to Demosthenes For his support for the Athenians in their attack on Eion [1] on the Strymon, M. of Pharsalus was, according to Demosthenes (Or. 13,23), awarded atéleia or (Or. 23,199) Athenian citizenship [1. 20-23]. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Military official under Cyrus the younger, ca. 400 BC M. of Pharsalus, was, like his ancestors, closely connected to the Thessalian dynasty of the Aleuadai (M. was the erṓmenos, ‘beloved’, of Aristippus) and bound by paternal hosp…