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[German version] (derived from Lat. viginti, 'twenty'; literally, 'the twentieth part'). In Rome, V. was the term referring to five-per-cent taxes [IV]; esp. important were the V . manumissionum or libertatis (manumission tax) and the V. hereditatium (inheritance tax). According to the annalistic tradition (Liv. 7,16,7; on this [3]), the V. manumissionum or libertatis was already decided upon in 357 BC by the Roman army through a vote according to tribus near Sutrium and was afterwards approved by the Senate. Probably from the beginning, it was…

[German version] Ceremonial treaty of peace and friendship between Rome and another state which is placed under the protection of the gods. By contrast to a truce ( indutiae) the foedus was drawn up for the long term ( pia et aeterna pax). The result of the foedus was a   societas or an   amicitia , Rome's partners were   foederati ,   socii or amici (the terms are not strictly differentiated). Originally the foedera were probably signed by the   fetiales in the form of a sponsio (Liv. 1,24); later their role was confined to supervising the religious formalities. The foedus was usually signed by…

[German version] Only Latin city law extant in large sections, for a Latin municipium from the time of Domitian (end 1st cent. AD); found during illegal excavations in El Saucejo in the south of the modern province of Seville in southern Spain in 1981, and purchased by the authorities for the National Museum of Archaeology in Seville (initial publication: [2], with English translation; authoritative text: [4]). Of the original ten bronze tablets (H 58 cm, B 91 cm), six (III, V, VII-X) are almost completely extant, if also partially in pieces. We thus possess c. 70% of the entire text, ta…

[German version] (Herakleiensis). Bronze tablet (1·84 m × 0·38 m), broken into two parts, found in the area of ancient Heraclea [10] in Lucania. On the front sides of both parts, there are late 4th cent. BC regulations for the administration by public authorities of the estates of two temples, one of Dionysus and one of Athena. The end of a 1st cent. BC Latin text is preserved on the back of one of these tablets. Since the expected sanctio is missing, it can not be a law and therefore also not, as formerly presumed (as e.g. [1. 113-120]), a Caesarian l ex Iulia municipalis. The surviving pa…

( ius Latii). [German version] I. Before the dissolution of the Latin league Because of their common language and culture, Romans and Latins possessed largely identical legal systems. This fact was given precision in the foedus Cassianum . It included commercium and conubium , the right to the spoils in joint wars as well as the right to settle in other states of the Latin federation and to become citizens (basis of the exilium ). This legal status was also granted to newly founded Latin coloniae . Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) II. As a legal status in the Imperium Romanum [German version] A. To th…

[German version] (literally: 'public matter', in contrast to res privata, 'private matter') is the sum of the possessions, rights and interests of the Roman state, where the term 'state' is understood not as an abstract concept separable from its citizenry, but as the concrete manifestation of the generality of its citizens: res publica est res populi (Cic. Rep. 1,25,39; ' res publica is the affair of the people'; Populus). Accordingly, res publica is not identifiable with the modern concepts of 'state' or 'constitution'; in its original meaning it denotes differen…

[German version] Municipal law from the time of Domitian (end of the 1st cent. AD) for the Latin municipium Flavium Malacitanum, modern Málaga in southern Spain, of which a bronze tablet was found in 1861 with chs. 51-69 together with the lex Salpensana (today in the Archaeological National Museum of Madrid). The text of chs. 59-69 is identical, with several differences, to that of the corresponding chs. in the lex Irnitana ; this would probably also apply to the rest of the law. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography CIL II 1964 ILS 6089 H. Freis, Histor. Inschr. zur röm. Kaiserzeit, 1…

[German version] A collegium of eight municipal officials (Municipium) in cities of eastern Central Italy: Amiternum, Nursia, Trebula Mutuesca, Interamnia Praetuttianorum and Plestia. From the end of the Republic, when octoviri are first documented epigraphically, for the most part the office broke down into individual groups. In Trebula Mutuesca, for instance, there were two VIIIviri duovirali potestate, VIIIviri aedilicia potestate, VIIIviri aerarii and VIIIviri fanorum each (CIL IX 4883, 4891, 4896). It is clear that the six-official scheme then usual in …

[German version] Archive of 53 (45 surviving) wooden tablets written in ink  from southern Numidia (between Capsa and Theveste), named after their publisher, E. Albertini: largely legal documents from the Vandal period (484-496 AD), predominantly sales of plots of land, providing important information on legal culture, language and above all the writing of the period. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography E. Albertini, Documents d'époque vandale découverts en Algérie, in: CRAI 1928, 301-303  Id., Actes de vente du Ve siècle trouvés dans la région de Tébessa (Algérie)…

[German version] Stone inscription, slightly damaged, of the 2nd half of the 6th cent. BC, discovered in 1977 at Satricum (Latium) beneath the Temple of Mater Matuta, which was constructed around 500 BC. The inscription, one of the earliest in the Latin language, is readily legible: - - -iei steterai Popliosio Valesiosio/suodales Mamartei (‘dedicated by the companions of Publius Valerius to Mars’). The incomplete beginning is probably to be read as [med h]ei (‘me here’), the object thus addressing the reader (see [1]; less likely Sal]iei, see [2], or Iun]ei, see [3]). The inscriptio…

[German version] Sigla, earlier notae, is the Latin name for abbreviations. Since the time of the Greeks, S. for names, titles, places etc. have been found on coins, conditioned by the small space available. In Greek inscriptions, on the other hand, S. are, at least in pre-Roman times,  extraordinarily rare. This is in stark  contrast to their extensive use amongst the Etruscans and above all the Romans, where some types of information - such as first names, tribus, former offices and set phrases fo…

[German version] Municipal law from the time of Domitian (end of the 1st cent. AD) for the Latin municipium Flavium Salpensanum, modern Facialcazar near Utrera (province of Seville) in southern Spain, of which a bronze tablet with chs. 21-29 was found together with the lex Malacitana (today in the Archaeological National Museum of Madrid) in 1861. The text is, with some differences, identical to the corresponding chs. in the lex Irnitana . Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography CIL II 1963 ILS 6088 H. Freis, Histor. Inschr. zur röm. Kaiserzeit, 1984, no. 59 (German translation).

[German version] A. Meaning of the word The etymological connection of Latin provincia (‘province’) with pro- vincere (‘defeat beforehand’) in Festus (253: “provinciae appellantur quod populus Romanus eas provicit, i.e. ante vicit”) is not plausible and probably based on a popular etymology. Likewise, Isidore’s explanation of provinciae as overseas territory ‘far from’ ( procul) Italy is no more convincing (Isid. Orig. 14,5,19: “procul positas regiones provincias appellaverunt”). The most probable link is with proto-Germanic * fro, ‘lord’ [1. 377 f.]. However, the meaning o…

[German version] (sc. pars). The quadragesima (τεσσαρακοστή/ tessarakostḗ, 'one fortieth') was a toll at the rate of 21/2% of the declared value of traded goods levied at the Roman imperial frontier or at customs frontiers within the empire. The term denotes, in particular, the import and export duties in the customs regions of Asia, Gaul and Hispania, but from a relatively early date, quadragesima could be used to refer simply to any toll(Quint. Decl. 359). While the customs region in Asia probably comprised only that province (ILS 1330; quadragesima portuum Asiae: ILS 1862), the Ga…

Colleges of civil servants in Rome, Italy and the west of the Roman empire, consisting of four ( quattuor) persons ( viri) who could be charged with a variety of duties. [German version] I. Rome 1) The college of the quattuorviri viarum curandarum (initially probably called quattuorviri viis in urbe purgandis) had the task of providing for the street cleaning within the city walls. They belonged to the 'twentymen' ( vigintiviri), a group of offices held by young senators prior to the first magistrateship of the c ursus honorum . The nature of their task makes t…

[German version] The pomerium was the line, important in religious law, which at Rome and its colonies ( coloniae ) divided the urbs from the ager, i.e. the city in the strictest sense from its surrounding territories. Even in antiquity, the meaning of the word was obscure. According to point of view, it was etymologically explained as the line 'behind' ( post or pone murum) or 'in front of' ( promoerium) the city wall (Varro Ling. 5,143 and Gell. NA 13,14,1 versus Fest. 295), but neither etymology is likely to be tenable The establishment of the pomerium constituted the climax of a city f…

[German version] (Pl. pagi, etymologically related to pangere and pax; 'region with fixed borders'). The Latin pagus refers to the non-urbanized 'district', whose population lived in individual farms and villages ( vici; see vicus ), possibly with one or more oppida ( oppidum ) serving as a refuge; the pagus was the customary form of settlement for many Italian tribes, esp. the Oscan population of the mountainous regions of Central Italy [4] and among the Celts of Upper Italy [2]. The Romans used pagus as the designation for the subdivision of an urban territory. The pagi in the Roman Con…

in Latin referred both to an order (e.g. the marching order or that of a legal process) as well as to groups or corporations, into which several or many persons were organized (also in the plural ordines), e.g. the Roman equites ( ordo equester). [German version] I. Procedural law In a procedural context the term ordo is traditionally used in the composition of the ' ordo iudiciorum' (Cod. Iust. 7,45,4). It signified the proper types of legal procedure (cf. still today: 'proper' jurisdiction) both of the formulary procedure ( formula ) as well as of the actions at law proceedings ( legis actio …

[German version] Edict of the consuls Q. Marcius [I 17] Philippus and Sp. Postumius [I 8] Albinus, on the basis of a Senate ruling ( senatus consultum ) of 7 October 186 BC, ordering the suppression of the Bacchanalia in Rome and Italy (ll. 2 f.). The sole surviving copy of the edict, found at Tiriolo (province of Catanzaro) in 1640, is directed towards the authories in the Bruttian ager Teuranus (ll. 30), and orders official announcements to be made on at least three market days (l. 22 f.). The bronze tablet, measuring 27 x 28 cm and contained in a Baroque frame…

[German version] Among the documents left behind by Augustus and read out in the Senate after his death in AD 14 was an index rerum a se gestarum (‘Report of Actions’), which was then published on two bronze tablets set up in front of the Mausoleum Augusti (Suet. Aug. 101,4; Cass. Dio 56,33 and R.Gest.div.Aug. prooem.; on the setting up of the tablets and their reconstruction see [8. 6 fig.]). A copy of this text with a Greek translation was attached to the temple of the imperial cult in Ancyra (modern Ankara), the capita…

Subunit of the Roman population ( populus ), arranged solely on a local basis according to residence from at least the Republican period. [German version] I. Meaning and oldest form Roman etymology already derived tribus from its recollection of tres ( 'three'), the number of the oldest tribus. According to Varro (Ling. 5,55), the Roman territory was at first divided into three parts, and the term tribus derived from the Titi(ens)es, Ramnes and Luceres ( ager Romanus primum divisus in partes tres a quo tribus appellata Titiensium, Ramnium, Lucerum 'the Roman land was first divided i…

[German version] The five bronze fragments, belonging together, of the TH (from Heba in Etruria) can - just like the Tabula Siarensis found in Siarum (in the province of Seville) in 1980 and other fragments from Todi and Rome - be related to a dossier containing a senatus consultum and a law, based on it, of the consuls of AD 20 ( lex Valeria Aurelia) with decrees for the honouring of Germanicus [2], who had died in AD 19. The dossier provides insight into the functioning of the comitia centuriata during the Imperial period and into the mobilisation of public loyalty for the imperi…

(Singular vici magister). Elected leaders of vici (Vicus) in the city of Rome and in Italian cities. [German version] I. Rome VM are recorded as early as the Republic; their identification with the magistri collegiorum mentioned in Asconius (p. 6 Clark) cannot be doubted ( pace [2]). Their duties were the cult of the Lares Compitales (Lares [1] C) and organizing the Compitalia on 1 January. In the late Republic they were involved in the political activities of the collegia [1] and for a number of years were banned, until Clodius [I 4] permitted them again. They presumably…

[German version] A. Definition The term "Roman confederation" or "Italic Federation" (Beloch) refers to the Roman manner of governing Italy during the Republic. The Romans themselves apparently had no name for this structure, in documents one encounters the paraphrase socii nominisque (or nominisve) Latini quibus ex formula milites in terra Italia imperare solent [1]. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) [German version] B. Participants Geographically, the confederation comprised the Apennine peninsula without the islands. The Ligurian and Gallic tribes of Upper Ita…

[German version] The populus in historical times describes the totality of adult, male Roman citizens, i.e. excluding women and children as well as foreigners and slaves. From the late Republic, populus ( Romanus) became a synonym for the res publica ( Romana), the Roman state (Cic. Rep. 1,25,39: est igitur ... res publica res populi), the populus being defined as the amalgamation of a group united in recognition of the law and of common purpose (v. [2. 315-318]). It was thus entirely possible that other populi might exist within the territory of the Roman state (v. Quirites; cf…

[German version] Rome's allies in Italy and, in exceptional cases, also communities and individuals outside Italy were already known as socii in antiquity. The socii in Italy were listed in the formula togatorum, a schedule which laid down the extent of the obligation to provide military contributions, as communities from which Rome was accustomed to require the provision of soldiers for the Roman army (' socii nominis(ve) Latini quibus <sc. Romani> ex formula milites in terra Italia imperare solent': lex agraria of 111 BC, FIRA 1, no. 8, ll. 21 and 50). The criterion for m…

[German version] Derived from the Latin praes, 'bondsman', who acted as guarantor with his property for another in the leasing of public duties (and from time out of mind probably also in civil law: cf. Lex XII tab. 1,4). Praedium is used almost synonymously with fundus (Large estates); where more closely defined, a praedium is usually denoted by the place in whose territory it lay, a fundus by the name of the original owner (e.g. praedium Nomentanum, fundus Sextilianus). Praedium includes the estate in the literal sense as well as the buildings on it. Depending on the location or owner,…

[German version] Bronze inscription from Banasa (in Mauretania Tingitana) with copies ( exempla) of three documents and a list of 12 witnesses, probably members of the imperial consilium. It deals with a conferment of citizenship under Marcus Aurelius on 6 July AD 177: at his own request, Iulianus, a princeps of the Zegrensi tribe, and his family are granted Roman citizenship for extraordinary service ( maxima merita), without prejudice to his tribal rights ( salvo iure gentis). The TB is important evidence of the conditions for conferring citizenship at the end of the …

[German version] Fragments of a bronze tablet, inscribed on both sides, from Bantia (at modern Venosa) in Lucania. The front, written first, contains the sanctio of a Roman statute. Since present and future magistrates are bound in it by oath to refrain from any undertaking against the law, it is often seen as part of a l ex Appuleia ( agraria or maiestatis; Ap(p)uleius [I 11]) of 103 or 100 BC; in any case, it is from the end of the 2nd cent. BC. Listed on the back, used later, are several sections of the municipal law of Bantia (or a draft of it), in the…

[German version] VI, which denote an object as a votive offering to a deity (or deities) by one or more persons, are among the oldest inscriptions; they may express gratitude for victory in a battle or for a merchant ship that has returned safely home. VI were often made because of a vow taken in a moment of danger, hence the formula VSLM, votum soluit libens merito ('he has honoured the vow of his own free will and according to custom'). The inscription medium was either a stone pedestal (such as for statues) or the dedicated object itself (for instance, helmets or chest ar…

[German version] Bronze tablet from Lugdunum (modern Lyon) with part of a speech by the emperor Claudius [III 1] in the Senate in which as censor in AD 47/8 he supports the wish of Gaulish nobles to be accepted into the Senate. Comparison of the original text (CIL XIII 1668 = ILS 212) with the version in Tacitus (Ann. 11,23-25) is revealing of the latter's way of working. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography H. Freis, Historische Inschriften zur römischen Kaiserzeit, 21994, no. 34 (German translation)  F. Vittinghoff, Zur Rede des Kaisers Claudius über die Aufnahme von 'Gall…

[German version] Flavian copy of the municipal law of the Caesarean colonia Iulia Genetiva in Urso, of which four almost complete tablets were found in 1870/71, and an additional 12 fragments were found in and near Osuna (province of Seville) in Southern Spain (today in the Archaeological National Museum of Madrid) in 1925. Originally the law probably comprised nine tablets with three or five columns of text each and just over 140 sections ( rubricae), of which 61-82, 91-106 and 123-134 are almost entirely extant and several others are preserved in fragments. The charter of the colony …

[German version] Agreement of 1931 regarding the use of text-critical symbols in the apparatus of editions of Greek and Latin texts, papyri, inscriptions, etc. The most important of these are square brackets [ ] for marking the supplementation of no longer extant letters, round brackets ( ) for resolving ancient abbreviations, and curving brackets   so that letters incorrectly placed by the scribe can be eliminated and double brackets [[ ]] to mark symbols that were deliberately erased in ancie…

[English version] Leicht beschädigte Steininschr. aus der 2. H. des 6. Jh.v.Chr., die 1977 in Satricum (Latium) unter dem um 500 v.Chr. errichteten Mater Matuta-Tempel entdeckt wurde. Die Inschr., eine der frühesten in lat. Sprache, ist gut lesbar: - - -iei steterai Popliosio Valesiosio /suodales Mamartei (“es haben aufgestellt des Publius Valerius Genossen dem Mars”). Am verstümmelten Anfang ist wohl [med h]ei (“mich hier”) zu lesen, womit das Objekt den Betrachter anspricht (so [1]; weniger wahrscheinlich Sal]iei, so [2], oder Iun]ei, so [3]). Vermutlich stammt die Insch…

[English version] Bund der Städte ( populi) in Latium Vetus, organisiert um das Heiligtum des Iuppiter Latiaris am mons Albanus , teilweise auch um das der Diana von Aricia. Die Rechte der Mitglieder waren geregelt im foedus Cassianum . Zuerst in der Zeit der tarquin. Könige, dann im 4. Jh.v.Chr. kam der Bund mehr und mehr unter röm. Herrschaft. 338 wurde die Mehrzahl der Mitglieder annektiert; die übrigen waren nun die prisci Latini. Latini, Latium (mit Karte) Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography T.J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, 1995, 293ff.  H. Galsterer, Herrschaft und Ver…

Beamtencollegien in Rom, It. und dem Westen des röm. Reiches, die aus vier ( quattuor) Personen ( viri) bestanden und unterschiedliche Aufgaben versehen konnten. [English version] I. Rom 1) Das Collegium der q. viarum curandarum (anfangs wohl q. viis in urbe purgandis genannt) hatte die Aufgabe, für die Reinhaltung der Straßen innerhalb der Stadtmauern zu sorgen. Sie gehörten zu den “Zwanzigmännern” ( vigintiviri ), einer Gruppe von Ämtern, die junge Senatoren vor der ersten Magistratur des cursus honorum bekleideten. Ihre Aufgabe läßt sie als Hilfsbeamte der aediles …

[English version] P. bezeichnet in histor. Zeit die Gesamtheit der erwachsenen, männlichen röm. Bürger, d. h. unter Ausschluß von Frauen und Kindern sowie Fremden und Sklaven. P. ( Romanus) wird seit der späten Republik zur Bezeichnung für die res publica ( Romana), den röm. Staat (Cic. rep. 1,25,39: est igitur ... res publica res populi), wobei der p. als Zusammenschluß einer durch Anerkennung des Rechts und des gemeinsamen Nutzens geeinten Menge definiert wird (s. [2. 315-318]). Dabei ist es durchaus möglich, daß auf dem röm. Staatsgebiet weitere populi existieren (s. Quirites;…

[English version] Übereinkunft von 1931 über den Gebrauch textkritischer Zeichen bei der Publikation von griech. und lat. Texten, Papyri, Inschr. usw. Die wichtigsten unter ihnen sind eckige Klammern [ ] zur Kennzeichnung der Ergänzung früher erh. Buchstaben, runde Klammern ( ) zur Auflösung ant. Abkürzungen, Schweifklammern   zur Beseitigung vom Schreiber irrtümlich gesetzter Buchstaben und Doppelklammern [[ ]] zur Kennzeichnung schon in der Ant. getilgter Zeichen. Punkte unter Buchstaben ạ ḅ b…

[English version] Stadtgesetz aus der Zeit Domitians (E. 1. Jh.n.Chr.) für das latin. municipium Flavium Salpensanum, heute Facialcazar bei Utrera (Prov. Sevilla) in Südspanien, von dem eine Br.-Tafel mit den Kap. 21-29 im J. 1861 zusammen mit der lex Malacitana gefunden wurde (h. im Arch. Nationalmuseum Madrid). Der Text ist mit einigen Abweichungen identisch mit dem der entsprechenden Kap. in der lex Irnitana . Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography CIL II 1963  ILS 6088  H. Freis, Histor. Inschr. zur röm. Kaiserzeit, 1984, Nr. 59.

[English version] Einziges zu großen Teilen erh. lat. Stadtgesetz, für ein latin. municipium aus der Zeit Domitians (E. 1. Jh.n.Chr.); gefunden bei illegalen Grabungen 1981 in El Saucejo im S der h. Prov. Sevilla in Südspanien und von den Behörden für das Arch. Nationalmuseum Sevilla aufgekauft (Erstveröffentlichung: [2], mit engl. Übers.; maßgeblicher Text: [4]). Von den urspr. zehn Br.-Tafeln (H 58 cm, B 91 cm) sind sechs (III, V, VII-X), wenn auch teilweise in Trümmern, fast vollständig erh. Zusammen mit einigen Fragmenten der verlorenen Tafeln und dem Paralleltext in der lex Mal…

[English version] A. Definition Eine colonia war eine Ansiedlung von Bürgern (mit einer mehr oder weniger großen Beimischung von Nichtbürgern) zur mil. und polit. Festigung der röm. Herrschaft, später zur Versorgung von Veteranen und gelegentlich stadtröm. Proletariat, fast immer in einer eroberten Stadt, deren Bürger in irgendeiner Form an der Kolonie beteiligt werden (vgl. die Definition bei Serv. Aen. 1,12). Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) [English version] B. Gründung und Verfassung C. werden aufgrund von Volksgesetz durch Beamte, meist IIIviri c. deducendae, ab Marius mehr …

[English version] Unter den von Augustus hinterlassenen Dokumenten, die nach seinem Tod 14 n.Chr. im Senat verlesen wurden, befand sich auch ein index rerum a se gestarum (‘Tatenbericht’), der dann auf zwei vor dem Mausoleum Augusti aufgestellten Bronzetafeln veröffentlicht wurde (Suet. Aug. 101,4; Cass. Dio 56,33 und R.Gest.div.Aug. prooem.; zur Aufstellung der Tafeln und Rekonstruktion s. [8. 6 Abb.]). Eine Kopie dieses Textes wurde mit griech. Übers. an dem Tempel für den Kaiserkult in Ankyra (h. Ankara) angebracht, d…

[English version] (“Abstammung”). Im Gegensatz zu den Poleis in Griechenland und den unabhängigen Gemeinden im vorröm. Italien fielen in den hell. Reichen und dann im röm. Reich die Zugehörigkeit zu der größeren polit. Einheit und die zu der Geburts- und Wohngemeinde auseinander. Erstere wird meist als griech. politeía bzw. lat. civitas (B.) bezeichnet, für letztere war, v.a. im ptolem. Ägypten, der griech. Ausdruck ἡ ἰδία <κώμη> ( hē idía <kṓmē>, “das eigene Dorf”) gebräuchlich, in Rom seit der Kaiserzeit o. Neben der eigentlichen “Staatsangehörigkeit” bezeichnet o. also eine “…

[English version] 1899 in Rom bei den Grabungen auf dem forum Romanum vor der curia Iulia gefundener Block aus schwarzem Marmor, der wohl mit dem niger lapis in comitio bei Fest. 184 L. identisch ist. Der oben abgeschlagene Stein trägt auf den fünf Seiten eine frg. und schwer zu lesende Inschr. vom (Anf.?) des 6. Jh.v.Chr. (wohl die lex sacra des Volcanals, des umgebenden heiligen Bezirkes), in der von einem “König” ( recei), seinem “Herold” ( calator) und von iouxmenta (Zugtieren? Wagen?) die Rede ist. Möglicherweise ist es die Inschr., von der Dionysios von Halikarnasso…

[English version] A. Wortbedeutung Die etym. Verknüpfung von lat. p. (“Provinz”) mit ( pro-)vincere, “(vorher) besiegen”, bei Festus (253: p. appellantur quod populus Romanus eas provicit, i.e. ante vicit) ist wenig glaubwürdig und dürfte auf einer Volksetym. beruhen. Auch Isidorus' Erklärung, provinciae seien die “fern” ( procul) von It. gelegenen, überseeischen Herrschaftsbezirke gewesen, ist nicht überzeugender (Isid. orig. 14,5,19: procul positas regiones provincias appellaverunt). Am wahrscheinlichsten ist der Anschluß an urgerm. *fro, “Herr” (so [1. 377 f.]). Der …

[English version] Collegien von fünf ( quinque) Männern ( viri) unterhalb der Magistratsebene ( magistratus ), die in Rom und It. vielfach ad hoc zur Regelung öffentl. Angelegenheiten eingesetzt wurden. Von Dauer waren nur das Collegium der q. cis Tiberim, die im Auftrag der tresviri capitales , dann der aediles als Nachtwache dienten und in dieser Funktion auch in ital. municipia als q. erscheinen, wie auch das quinquevirale iudicium aus fünf Senatoren, das seit 376 n. Chr. bei Kapitalklagen gegen Senatoren unter dem Vorsitz des praefectus urbi als Gericht fungierte. …

[English version] A. Gemeinde C. ist die Gesamtheit der cives, wie societas diejenige der socii. In seiner Bed. ziemlich synonym mit populus , wird es von den Römern selten für den eigenen Staat verwandt (dafür: populus Romanus), ist aber offizieller Ausdruck für alle nichtröm. Gemeinden, Stämme oder griech. poleis mit republikanischer Verfassung. Kennzeichen einer c. ist ein Staatsvolk, fast immer ein bestimmtes Territorium sowie eine gewisse Autonomie ( suis legibus uti) und meist ein städtisches Zentrum. Einteilung nach dem Rechtsgrund des Verhältnisses der c. zu Rom, als c. f…

[English version] Hain von Eichen ( aesculus) in Rom, aus deren Zweigen die coronae civicae gebunden wurden. Er lag im westl. Marsfeld, auf der Höhe der Tiberinsel, beim Lungotevere Cenci. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography S. Panciera, Ancora tra epigrafia e topografia, in: L'Urbs. Espace Urbain et Histoire, 1987, 62-73.

bezeichnet lat. sowohl eine Ordnung (z.B. eine Marsch- oder Prozeßordnung) als auch die Gruppe oder Körperschaft, in die mehrere oder viele eingeordnet waren (auch im Pl. ordines), z.B. die röm. Ritterschaft ( o. equester). [English version] I. Prozessrecht Im prozessualen Kontext wird o. herkömmlicherweise in der Zusammensetzung ›o. iudiciorum‹ (Cod. Iust. 7,45,4) verwendet. Damit werden die ordentlichen Verfahrenstypen (vgl. noch heute: ›ordentliche‹ Gerichtsbarkeit) sowohl des Formularprozesses ( formula ) als auch des Legisaktionenverfahrens ( legis actio …

[English version] Populus Romanus Q. (oder, später, Quiritium) ist die offizielle Bezeichnung der röm. Bürgerschaft. Sie enthält den Namen der Stadt ( Romanus) und den des populus ( Q.), wie auch im Falle von Ardea ( Ardeates Rutuli) und Lavinium ( Laurentes Lavinates), wo der Name der Stadt neben dem des dort siedelnden Volks steht. Der Sing. Quiris ist nur in altertümlichen Formeln erh. (Fest. 304: ollus Quiris). Umstritten ist weiterhin die etym. Herleitung des Begriffes. Die Römer selbst wollten Q. nicht von dem Gott Quirinus und dem Quirinal (Mons Quirinalis) trennen u…