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Epirrhematisch

(82 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
[English version] Abgeleitet von tó epírrhēma (τό ἐπίρρημα), d.h. die auf eine lyrische Partie folgende Rede. Unter e. Komposition versteht man die Abfolge von lyrischer und gesprochener (bzw. rezitierter) Partie. Aischylos setzt diese Kompositionsform häufig in halblyrischen Amoibaia ein. In der Alten Komödie findet sich die e. Komposition in der Parabase und im e. Agon. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) Bibliography Th. Gelzer, Der e. Agon bei Aristophanes, 1960  B. Zimmermann, Unt. zur Form und dramatischen Technik der Aristophanischen Komödien I, 21985, 253-261.

Epiparodos

(57 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
[English version] Wiedereinzug des Chores nach Auszug aus der Orchestra während eines Stücks (μετάστασις χοροῦ, vgl. Poll. 4,108); so in Aischyl. Eum. 231, 244; Soph. Ai. 814, 866Soph. Ai. 866; Eur. Alc. 746, 861, Hel. 385, 515,Eur. Hel. 385, 515 Rhes. 564, 674Eur. Rhes. 564, 674; Aristoph. Eccl. 310, 478. Parodos Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) Bibliography O. Taplin, The Stagecraft of Aeschylus, 1977, 377-381.

Tragedy

(5,074 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Baier, Thomas
I. Greek [German version] A. Definition, origin, early forms The explanations for the term τραγῳδία ( tragōidía) are controversial; equally controversial is the reconstruction of the genesis of tragedy from cult rituals over pre-literary choral performances to the literary genre of the 5th cent. BC. The greatest problem is to reconcile Aristotle's [6] brief history of the genre in the Poetics (Aristot. Poet. 4,1449a 9-31) with anthropological and ethnological considerations. Aristotle thought the literary form evolved gradually from short myths (plots) a…

Mamercus

(147 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Rix, Helmut (Freiburg)
[German version] [1] Tragedian of the 4th cent. BC (Μάμερκος/ Mámerkos). Tragedian of the 4th cent. BC mentioned in Plut. Timoleon 31,1 (TrGF I 87). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] [2] Praenomen Praenomen exclusively used by the Patrician gens of the Aemilii (also used there as a cognomen, but never for freedmen); shortened to Mam.; Greek Μάμερκος/ Mámerkos. First attested for the father of Aemilius [I 25], traced back to M., son of Numa Pompilius (Plut. Numa 8,18f.). The name also occurs in Oscan (Μαμερεκς/ Mamereks) and in Etruscan ( Mamarce, Mamerce, Mamurke, 7th-5t…

Phaenippus

(346 words)

Author(s): Rathbone, Dominic (London) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Φαίνιππος; Phaínippos). [German version] [1] Attic landowner, around 320 BC The country estate of P., son of Callippus, is described in an Attic court speech around 320 BC (Ps.-Dem. Or. 42). In the antídosis proceedings the plaintiff demands that P. should be placed on the list of the three hundred richest Athenian citizens, who bore the heaviest burden of the financial cost of liturgies ( ibidem 42,3f.), instead of himself. P.’ property was unusual for two reasons: on the one hand, P. was the only heir of his father and, at the same time, of his grandfather on h…

Iophon

(262 words)

Author(s): Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Ἰοφῶν; Iophôn) [German version] [1] Son of Peisistratus from his second marriage Son of  Peisistratus from his second marriage to the Argive Timonassa, the daughter of Gorgilus and widow of the  Cypselid Archinus of Ambracia. In contrast to his brother  Hegesistratus [1], only I.'s name has survived ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 17,3; Plut. Cato maior 24,8; Hdt. 5,94f.). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) Bibliography L. de Libero, Die Archaische Tyrannis, 1996, 88 Traill, PAA 537360. [German version] [2] Athenian tragedian, 5th cent. BC Athenian tragedian (TrGF I 22), a son of  Sophocl…

Phanes

(600 words)

Author(s): Maharam, Wolfram-Aslan (Gilching) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Φάνης; Phánēs). [German version] [1] Primordial god of the Orphic cosmogony In Greek, 'the one who illuminates, enlightens, appears; the one who is (makes something) obvious' (OF frr. 56; 61; 109); the light-like (Nonnus, Dion. 9,141) and golden-winged (OF frr. 54; 78; 87,2) primordial god of the Orphic cosmogony (OF fr. 78; 86; World, creation of the). This cosmogony, recorded by a certain Hieronymus and Hellanicus (OF fr. 54), must be distinguished from that in the Hieroì Lógoi, an Orphic poem in 14 rhapsodies (OF testimonia 174; 196). P. was not the original name of …

Kommos

(404 words)

Author(s): Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
[German version] [1] Cretan port This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Colonization | Aegean Koine (Κόμμος; Kómmos). Port on the southern coast of Crete, situated near Matala and Phaestus. In the Minoan period K., which was founded around 2000 BC, probably served as the harbour for the palace of Phaestus, until its destruction around 1200 BC. After being deserted for c. 200 years, it was resettled around 1000 BC, presumably the result of Phoenician stimuli, and was increasingly Hellenized until the 4th cent. BC. Archaeological excavations (…

Agathon

(566 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim)
(Ἀγάθων; Agáthōn). [German version] [1] Attic tragedian Attic tragedian, c. 455- c. 401 BC, son of Tisamenus (Schol. Lucian. Rhetorum Praeceptor 11). According to Ath. 5,217b he achieved his first Lenaean victory in 416. The post-victory celebration of this win forms the historical background to Plato's Symposium. In 411 he is made fun of in the Thesmophoriazusae of Aristophanes, and in the same year he is defended in court by Antiphon [4]. Like Euripides, he left Athens before 405 (cf. Aristoph. Ran. 83-5, Ael. VH 13,4) and made his way to the court…

Timocles

(419 words)

Author(s): Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Τιμοκλῆς/ Timoklês). [German version] [1] Athenian author of comedies, 2nd half of the 4th cent. BC Important Athenian author of comedies in the 2nd half of the 4th cent. BC to whom the Suda [1 test. 1] attributes 20 plays (divided into two authors by the same name who in reality are identical). 28 titles have been transmitted (uncertain: Geōrgós, 'The Farmer') and altogether 42 fragments. Only one win is recorded on the Lenaean list of winners [1 test. 3], two places ahead of Menander [4]. T.' active period lasted from the 340s (allusion to the Halon…

Harmodius

(193 words)

Author(s): Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Ἁρμόδιος; Harmódios). [German version] [1] Harmodius of Athens Tyrantmurderer, 514 BC conspired with  Aristogiton [1] and others in order to murder the tyrants  Hippias [1] and  Hipparchus [1] during the Panathenaea in 514 BC. However, they only managed to kill Hipparchus. H. was also killed during this assassination attempt (Hdt. 5,55-58; Thuc. 1,20; 6,54-59; Aristot. Ath. Pol. 18). For Thucydides, the motivation for the conspiracy was purely personal: H. and his sister had suffered humiliation after H. …

Lysistratus

(146 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
(Λυσίστρατος; Lysístratos). [German version] [1] Tragedian from Chalcis, 1st cent. BC from Chalcis. Tragedian, after 85 BC he was victorious at the Amphiaraia ( Amphiaraus) and Romaia in Oropus. His works are not extant. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] [2] Bronze sculptor from Sicyon Bronze sculptor from Sicyon, brother and collaborator of Lysippus [2]. By making plaster casts of living people, L. is said to have improved the similarity of portraits to their subjects, to have based his work on clay models and to have made…

Publius

(129 words)

Author(s): Steinbauer, Dieter (Regensburg) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
Common Roman praenomen , abbreviated by the siglum P.; earliest evidence Poplio- (CIL I2 4, 2832a; c. 500 BC; Lapis Satricanus), thereafter Greek Πόπλιος ( Póplios). The name is etymologically linked to populus (‘army’ > ‘people’). A derivation from Etruscan must be rejected since the rare Etruscan word Puplie was inherited from an Italic language. The shift of poplico- to pūblico- (following pūbēs) was also adopted for the praenomen and its derivative Pūblīlius, the nomen gentile. Steinbauer, Dieter (Regensburg) [German version] [1] Tragedian Tragedian of Rome who wrote in Gr…

Sophocles

(4,433 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)
(Σοφοκλῆς/ Sophoklês). [German version] [1] Attic tragedian, 5th cent. BC The 5th cent. BC Attic tragedian Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] A. Life Attischer Tragiker des 5. Jh. v. Chr. The most important records are the vita which has survived in several manuscripts and the Suda (σ 815); the complete testimonies have been collected in TrGF, vol. 4. S. was born in 497/6 BC as the son of Sophilus from the Attic deme of Colonus. In 480 he is said to have intoned the paean at the victory celebrations after the b…

Meletus

(307 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Μέλητος; Mélētos). [German version] [1] Athenian, c. 415 B.C. Athenian. In the year 415 BC he was denounced for having participated in the profanation of the mysteries and the mutilation of the Herms ( Herms, mutilation of the). He fled from Attica and was condemned to death in absentia (And. 1,12f.; 35; 63). Possibly the same as M., the great-grandson of the Alcmaeonid Megacles [4] (IG II2 1579,19). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography PA 9825 Traill, PAA 639290. [German version] [2] Prosecutor of Andocides, 400 B.C. Athenian; along with Socrates and others he was ordere…

Polemaeus

(352 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Πολεμαῖος/ Polemaîos). [German version] [1] Macedonian commander, c. 300 BC (also called Ptolemaeus and Polemon in MSS, but correctly P ., IG II2 469 and IK 28,2). Son of one P., Macedonian, nephew of Antigonus [1]. P. was probably already an officer in the Macedonian army under Alexander [4] the Great, possibly sōmatophýlax (Court titles B) of Philippus Arridaeus [4] (Arr. Succ. 1,38). In 319, he went to Eumenes [1] as a hostage of Antigonus (Plut. Eumenes 10); in 314 he was sent as general to Cappadocia and to secure the Hellespont (Diod. Sic.…

Sthenelus

(387 words)

Author(s): Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Σθένελος/ Sthénelos). [German version] [1] Son of Actor Son of Actor, takes part in Heracles' [1] campaign against the Amazons, during which he is killed on the Paphlagonian coast. There S. appears in full armour to the passing Argonauts, who, prompted by Mopsus, sacrifice to him (Apoll. Rhod. 2,911-927 with schol.; Promathidas FGrH 430 F 4-5; Val. Fl. 5,87-100). Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) [German version] [2] Son of Androgeos Son of Androgeos, grandson of Minos. S. and his brother Alcaeus are taken hostage together by Heracles [1] on Paros because they were respons…

Catacombs

(1,037 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Zimmermann, Norbert (Vienna)
[German version] A. Function, architecture, development Derived from the ancient local name of the underground Christian burial complex S. Sebastiano ( coemeterium catacumbas from Greek katà kýmbas, ‘near the hollows’) by the via Appia near Rome, the underground  necropoleis, rediscovered in Rome since the 16th cent., were also called catacombs instead of coemeterium or crypta. As differentiated from smaller, private   hypogaea , catacombs in modern research are understood to be larger community cemeteries using suitable geological l…

Aeschylus

(3,563 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald)
(Αἰσχύλος; Aischúlos). [German version] [1] of Athens Tragedian, 5th cent. BC Tragedian. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] A. Biography The most important sources of A.'s biography (cited according to TrGF III) are the Vita, the Marmor Parium, and the Suda (s. v. Αἰσχύλος [Aischýlos], αι 357 Adler): born in 525/4 BC in Eleusis (T 1,1; 8; 98,3), son of Euphorion (T 1,1 f.; 2,1; 162,1), from the aristocratic family of the Eupatridae. He fought in the Persian Wars in 490 at Marathon (T 16) and in 480 a…

Cleophon

(216 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Κλεοφῶν; Kleophôn). [German version] [1] Athenian demagogue in the period after 411 BC Athenian demagogue in the period after 411 BC, lyre-maker, apparently not very wealthy (Lys. 19.48). In 410 C. introduced the   diobelía , a maintenance payment to needy citizens ([Aristot.] Ath. Pol. 28,3). According to Diodorus (13,53,2) he brought about in 410/409, according to [Aristot.] Ath. Pol. 34,1 in 406/5, the rejection of peace negotiations with Sparta, though these could have been duplicates of his measures in…

Sosistratus

(321 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Σωσίστρατος/ Sōsístratos). [German version] [1] Oligarch in Syracuse, second half of the 4th cent. BC From c. 330 BC leader with Heraclides of the Oligarchy of the Six Hundred in Syracusae. Although he was suspected by Agathocles [2] of aspirations to tyranny, his successes in the war of Croton with the Bruttii confirmed his position in Syracuse (Diod. 19,3,3-5). After a military failure against Rhegium he was banished from Syracuse c. 322 (Diod. 19,4,3), but he and his followers were able to return under Acestoridas; after Agathocles seized power in 316/5, howe…

Phanes

(548 words)

Author(s): Maharam, Wolfram-Aslan (Gilching) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Φάνης). [English version] [1] Urgott der orphischen Kosmogonie Griech. “der Leuchtende, Erhellende, Erscheinende”; “derjenige, welcher (es) offenbar ist (macht)” (OF fr. 56; 61; 109). Lichthafter (Nonn. Dion. 9,141), goldgeflügelter (OF fr. 54; 78; 87,2) Urgott der orphischen Kosmogonie (OF fr. 78; 86; Weltschöpfung). Diese Kosmogonie, von einem Hieronymos und Hellanikos aufgezeichnet (OF fr. 54), ist zu scheiden von derjenigen in den Hieroí Lógoi, einem orph. Gedicht in 14 Rhapsodien (OF Testimonia 174; 196). Ph. ist nicht urspr. sein Name, wie das ältes…

Polemaios

(326 words)

Author(s): Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Πολεμαῖος). [English version] [1] Makedonischer Heerführer um 300 v. Chr. (in den Hss. auch Ptolemaios und Polemon; richtig aber P., IG II2 469 und IK 28,2). Sohn eines P., Makedone, Neffe des Antigonos [1]. P. war verm. bereits unter Alexandros [4] d.Gr. Offizier im maked. Heer, evtl. sōmatophýlax (Hoftitel B.) des Philippos Arridaios [4] (Arr. succ. 1,38). Er ging 319 v. Chr. als Geisel des Antigonos [1] zu Eumenes [1] (Plut. Eumenes 10), wurde 314 als General nach Kappadokia und zur Sicherung des Hellespontos ausgeschickt (Diod. 19,57,4;…

Meletos

(266 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Μέλητος). [English version] [1] Athener, ca. 415 v.Chr. Athener. Im J. 415 v.Chr. als Beteiligter an der Mysterien-Profanation und Hermenverstümmelung denunziert (Hermokopidenfrevel), floh M. aus Attika und wurde in Abwesenheit zum Tode verurteilt (And. 1,12f.; 35; 63). Vielleicht identisch mit M., dem Urenkel des Alkmaioniden Megakles [4] (IG II2 1579,19). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography PA 9825  Traill, PAA 639290. [English version] [2] Ankläger des Andokides, 400 v.Chr. Athener, erhielt mit Sokrates und anderen im J. 404 v.Chr. von den 30 Tyrannen ( triákonta

Phainippos

(313 words)

Author(s): Rathbone, Dominic (London) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Φαίνιππος). [English version] [1] att. Gutsbesitzer, um 320 v. Chr. Das Landgut des Ph., Sohn des Kallippos, ist in einer attischen Gerichtsrede aus der Zeit um 320 v.Chr. beschrieben (Ps.-Demosth. or. 42). In dem antídosis -Verfahren verlangt der Kläger, daß Ph. an seiner Stelle auf die Liste der dreihundert reichsten Athener Bürger, die am stärksten mit Liturgien belastet wurden, gesetzt werden sollte (ebd. 42,3f.). Der Besitz des Ph. war aus zwei Gründen außergewöhnlich: Einerseits war Ph. der einzige Erbe seines Vaters und zugleich seines Großvaters müt…

Griechische Komödie

(1,776 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg i. Br.) RWG
Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg i. Br.) RWG [English version] A. Antike und Mittelalter (RWG) Im Unterschied zur griech. Trag., bei der Wiederaufführungen seit 386 v. Chr. offiziell zugelassen waren, sind inschr. Wiederaufführungen “alter” K. erst seit 339 v. Chr. bezeugt. Wie es scheint, wurden jedoch nicht K. des 5. Jh., sondern Stücke zeitgenössischer Autoren oder von Dichtern der jüngsten Vergangenheit, also aus der Phase der Mittleren oder Neuen K., wieder aufgeführt. Die Alte K. des 5. Jh. mit der für s…

Iophon

(238 words)

Author(s): Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Ἰοφῶν) [English version] [1] Sohn des Peisistratos aus zweiter Ehe Sohn des Peisistratos aus zweiter Ehe mit der Argiverin Timonassa, Tochter des Gorgilos und Witwe des Kypseliden Archinos von Ambrakia. Von I. ist im Gegensatz zu seinem Bruder Hegesistratos [1] nur der Name überliefert ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 17,3; Plut. Cato maior 24,8; Hdt. 5,94f.). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) Bibliography L. de Libero, Die Archaische Tyrannis, 1996, 88  Traill, PAA 537360. [English version] [2] att. Tragiker, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Tragiker aus Athen (TrGF I 22), Sohn des Sophokles; verfaßte 50…

Publius

(123 words)

Author(s): Steinbauer, Dieter (Regensburg) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
Häufiges röm. Praenomen mit der Sigle P.; ältester Beleg Poplio- (CIL I2 4, 2832a; ca. 500 v. Chr.; Lapis Satricanus), danach griech. Πόπλιος. Der Name gehört etym. zu populus (“Heer” > “Volk”). Die Herleitung aus dem Etr. muß abgelehnt werden, denn das seltene etr. Puplie wurde aus einer ital. Sprache übernommen. Die Umbildung von poplico- zu pūblico- (nach pūbēs) wurde auch auf das Praen. und sein Derivat, das Gent. Pūblīlius, übertragen. Steinbauer, Dieter (Regensburg) [English version] [1] Tragiker Griechisch schreibender Tragiker aus Rom, belegte ca. 85 v. Chr. an de…

Agathon

(528 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim)
(Ἀγάθων). [English version] [1] att. Tragiker, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Attischer Tragiker, ca. 455-ca. 401 v. Chr., Sohn eines Tisamenos (Schol. Lukian. Rhetorum Praeceptor 11). Nach Athen. 5,217b errang er seinen ersten Sieg an den Lenäen 416. Der histor. Rahmen von Platons Symposion ist die Nachfeier dieses Sieges. 411 wird er in den Thesmophoriazusai des Aristophanes verspottet, in demselben Jahr von Antiphon [4] vor Gericht verteidigt. Vor 405 (vgl. Aristoph. Ran. 83-5, Ail. var. 13,4) verließ er wie Euripides Athen und begab sich an den Hof des Makedo…

Harmodios

(180 words)

Author(s): Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Köln) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Ἁρμόδιος). [English version] [1] H. aus Athen Tyrannentöter, 514 v.Chr. verschwor sich mit Aristogeiton [1] und anderen, um die Tyrannen Hippias [1] und Hipparchos [1] bei den Panathenäen 514 v.Chr. zu ermorden. Es gelang ihnen jedoch nur, Hipparchos zu töten. H. fand bei dem Attentat den Tod (Hdt. 5,55-58; Thuk. 1,20; 6,54-59; Aristot. Ath. pol. 18). Für Thukydides war die Verschwörung ausschließlich persönlich motiviert: H. und seine Schwester hätten Demütigungen hinnehmen müssen, nachdem H. die homoe…

Griechische Tragödie

(2,647 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg i. Br.) RWG
Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg i. Br.) RWG [English version] A. Antike und Mittelalter (RWG) Der folgende Beitrag widmet sich nur den Aufführungen der Stücke der drei griech. Tragiker und den unterschiedlichen Tendenzen der Inszenierungen in der Neuzeit. Bearbeitungen, Um- oder Neudichtungen und die Rezeption der griech. T. insgesamt in der europ. Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte können in diesem Zusammenhang nicht behandelt werden. Das Epochenjahr, das einen einschneidenden Wandel in der Aufführungspraxis von Dramen in Athen markiert, ist 386 v. Chr., als …

Aischylos

(3,387 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald)
[English version] [1] aus Athen att. Tragiker, 5. Jh. v. Chr. der Tragiker. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [English version] A. Biographie Wichtigste Zeugnisse zur Biographie (zit. nach TrGF III) sind die Vita, das Marmor Parium und die Suda (s. v. Αἰσχύλος, αι 357 Adler): Geb. 525/4 v. Chr. in Eleusis (T 1,1; 8; 98,3), Sohn eines Euphorion (T 1,1 f.; 2,1; 162,1), aus dem Adelsgeschlecht der Eupatriden. An den Perserkriegen nahm er 490 bei Marathon (T 16) und 480 bei Salamis (T 14) teil. Auf Einladung des Tyrannen Hieron inszenierte er die 472 aufgeführten Persai nochmals in Syrakus (T…

Kleophon

(205 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Κλεοφῶν). [English version] [1] Athenischer Demagoge in der Zeit nach 411 v.Chr Athenischer Demagoge in der Zeit nach 411 v.Chr., Leiermacher, offenbar nicht sehr vermögend (Lys. 19,48). K. führte 410 die diobelía , eine Unterhaltszahlung an bedürftige Bürger, ein ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 28,3). Nach Diodor (13,53,2) erwirkte er 410/409, nach [Aristot.] Ath. pol. 34,1 im J. 406/5 die Ablehnung von Friedensverhandlungen mit Sparta, doch könnten dies Dubletten seiner Maßnahmen 405/4 sein, als er im blockierte…

Kommos

(353 words)

Author(s): Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
[English version] [1] Hafen auf Kreta Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Kolonisation (Κόμμος). Hafenort an der Südküste Kretas, nahe Matala und Phaistos gelegen. In min. Zeit diente das um 2000 v.Chr. gegründete K. wohl bis zu seiner Zerstörung um 1200 v.Chr. als Hafen der Palastanlage von Phaistos. Nach ca. 200jähriger Verödung erfolgte um 1000 v.Chr. eine vermutlich auf phöniz. Impuls zurückgehende Neuansiedlung, die bis zum 4. Jh.v.Chr. zunehmend gräzisiert w…

Lysistratos

(122 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Neudecker, Richard (Rom)
(Λυσίστρατος). [English version] [1] Tragiker aus Chalkis, 1. Jh. v. Chr. aus Chalkis. Tragiker, siegte nach 85 v.Chr. an den Amphiaraia (Amphiaraos) und Romaia in Oropos. Schriften sind nicht erhalten. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [English version] [2] Bronzebildner aus Sikyon, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Bronzebildner aus Sikyon, Bruder und Mitarbeiter des Lysippos [2]. L. habe durch Gipsabgüsse von Lebenden die Porträtähnlichkeit verbessert, nach Tonmodellen gearbeitet und Gipsabgüsse von Statuen hergestellt. An Werken nennt die Überl. nur eine…

Carcinus

(585 words)

Author(s): Walde, Christine (Basle) | Visser, Edzard (Basle) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Καρκίνος; Karkínos). [German version] [1] Cancer, the crab that was turned into a sign of the zodiac for biting Heracles in the foot at the behest of Hera while fighting the Hydra (Eratosth. Katasterismoi 11). The Alexandrian month of Karkinon (Καρκινών) was named after it. Walde, Christine (Basle) [German version] [2] Epic poet C. of Naupactus, epic poet of the archaic period. In Paus. 10,38,11 C. is named, with reference to Charon of Lampsacus, as the author of the Ναυπάκτια ἔπη ( Naupáktia épē), evidently a history of this town, lying at the entrance to the Corinthian Gulf…

Cartography

(3,225 words)

Author(s): Talbert, Richard (Chapel Hill, NC) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
I. Cartography [German version] A. Definition In the following, ‘maps’ are defined as graphic representations with the purpose of easing the understanding of spatial-geographical concepts. The extent to which Greeks and Roman produced and used maps has been the subject of controversy in recent times, not least, because it touches on the wider question of how far we can safely assume that our own cultural attitudes and expectations were shared by classical antiquity. Talbert, Richard (Chapel Hill, NC) [German version] B. The concept of maps It is obvious that antiquity had no con…

Pyrrha

(494 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Lohmann, Hans (Bochum)
(Πύρρα/ Pýrrha). [German version] [1] Daughter of Epimetheus In Greek mythology daughter of Epimetheus (brother of Prometheus) and Pandora and wife of  Deucalion. She and her husband were the only people to survive the flood sent over the earth by Zeus to punish the people of the Bronze Age; on the advice of Prometheus they built a boat on which they sailed around for nine days and nine nights. Deucalion and P. created a new race of people (Pind. Ol. 9,43-56; Ov. Met. 1,318-415), by - on the instruction…

Thrasycles

(190 words)

Author(s): Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Θρασυκλῆς/ Thrasyklês). [German version] [1] Representative of Athens in the Peace of Nicias, 2nd half of the 5th cent. BC Athenian, who in 421/0 BC requested the proxenía for a resident of the Peloponnese (IG I3 80,7) and belonged to those who swore an oath on the truce and the alliance between Sparta and Athens in the so-called Peace of Nicias [1] in 421 (Thuc. 5,19,2; 24,1). In 412/1, T. was strategos along with Strombichides in the campaign to Asia Minor (Thuc. 8,15,1; 17,3; 19,2). Peloponnesian War Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Traill, PAA 517180 Develin 157; 141. …

Timostratus

(210 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)
(Τιμόστρατος/ Timóstratos). [German version] [1] Tragic poet, 4th cent. BC Greek tragedian, successful at the Lenaea in c. 350 BC (TrGF I 83). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] [2] Athenian comedy writer, beginning of the 2nd cent. BC Athenian comedian, who came sixth at the Dionysia in 188 BC with his Λυτρούμενος ( Lytroúmenos, 'The ransomed [prisoner]') [1. test. 1] and fourth in 183 with his Φιλοικεῖος ( Philoikeîos, 'He who loves his relatives') [1. test. 2]; a third place in c. 177 with an Ἀντευεργετῶν ( Anteuergetṓn, 'He who repays good deeds') is uncertain [1…

Meliton

(285 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Markschies, Christoph (Berlin)
(Μελίτων; Melítōn). [German version] [1] Author of a text called "On the Clans in Athens" M. from Athens (?). According to fr. 1 (= Harpocr. s.v. κάθετος) author of a text called Perì tôn Athḗnēsi génōn (‘On the Clans in Athens). Date uncertain, in any case before Harpocratio [2], who lived in the first or second century A.D. Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography PA 9842 Traill, PAA 639945. [German version] [2] Tragedian, 1st cent. Greek author of tragedies (TrGF I 182); there is evidence of a work called ‘Niobe. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] [3] M. of Sardes Bishop of…

Cleitus

(556 words)

Author(s): Michel, Raphael (Basle) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Κλειτός, Κλεῖτος, Κλῖτος; Kleitós, Kleîtos, Klîtos, ‘The Famous One’). [German version] [1] Nephew of the seer Melampus Nephew of the famous seer  Melampus, son of Mantius, father of Coeranus. He was abducted by Eos because of his beauty (Hom. Od. 15,249f.; Pherecydes FGrH 3 F 115a). Michel, Raphael (Basle) [German version] [2] Great nephew of C. [1] Great nephew of C. [1], son of Polyidus and Eurydameia. He and his brother Euchenor marched with the Epigones ( Epigoni [2]) against Thebes and then joined Agamemnon (Pherecydes ibid.). Michel, Raphael (Basle) [German version] [3] Son of…

Psalmody

(1,368 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Zimmermann, Heidy (Basle) | Haas, Max (Basle)
[German version] I. Definition Psalmody (Greek ψαλμῳδία/ psalmōidía; Latin psalmodia) is the singing of psalms; in medieval Latin, it is a technical term for a particular psalm tone (a recitation formula). In music, psalmody is used more generally as a collective term for all musical genres whose texts are largely taken from the Psalter (Psalms). Its significance is even greater if one considers that the psalms are seen as the most important model in the development of liturgical poetry. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] II. Jewish culture In the temple, psalms were…

Moschus

(655 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Fantuzzi, Marco (Florence)
(Μόσχος; Mόschos). [German version] [1] From Elis, pupil of Phaidon M. from Elis, with Anchipylus a pupil (or pupil of a pupil) of Phaedon of Elis and teacher of Asclepiades [3] of Phleius and Menedemus [5] of Eretria. According to an ancient piece of gossip M. and Anchipylus are supposed to have subsisted only on water and figs their whole lives (Diog. Laert. 2,126; Athen. 2,44c). M. is presumably identical with the homonymous person whose name is the title of a dialogue by Stilpon (Diog. Laert. 2,120). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography SSR III E. [German version] [2] M. from Lampsacus…

Silenus

(365 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Simons, Roswitha (Düsseldorf) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Σιληνός; Silēnós). [German version] [1] S. from Caleacte Greek historian, 2nd cent. BC Greek historian, like Sosylus in the retinue of Hannibal [4], 'as long as fate allowed it' (FGrH 175 T 2 in Nep. Hann. 13,3). Author of an 'official' history of Hannibal (F 1-2) and of Sikeliká in 4 books (F 3-9). S. was used by Coelius [I 1] Antipater (F 2); perhaps Polybius's criticism (3,47,6-48,12) of 'a number of' Hannibal historians concerning Hannibal's crossing the Alps is aimed at S., in whose work dreams, omens etc. play an important role (F 2). …

Karkinos

(541 words)

Author(s): Walde, Christine (Basel) | Visser, Edzard (Basel) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Καρκίνος). [English version] [1] verstirnter Krebs Zum Tierkreiszeichen verstirnter Krebs, der Herakles auf Geheiß der Hera in den Fuß beißt, als er mit der Hydra kämpft (Eratosth. Katasterismoi 11). Danach der alexandrinische Monatsname Karkinon (Καρκινών). Walde, Christine (Basel) [English version] [2] Epiker aus Naupaktos, archa. Zeit K. aus Naupaktos, ep. Dichter der archa. Zeit. Bei Paus. 10,38,11 wird mit Verweis auf Charon von Lampsakos K. als Verf. der Ναυπάκτια ἔπη ( Naupáktia épē) genannt, offenbar einer Gesch. dieses am Eingang in den Korinthischen Golf …

Moschos

(626 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Fantuzzi, Marco (Florenz)
(Μόσχος). [English version] [1] aus Elis, Schüler des Phaidon M. aus Elis, zusammen mit Anchipylos Schüler (oder Enkelschüler) des Phaidon aus Elis und Lehrer des Asklepiades [3] aus Phleius und des Menedemos [5] aus Eretria. Einer ant. Klatschgesch. zufolge sollen sich M. und Anchipylos ihr Leben lang nur von Wasser und Feigen ernährt haben (Diog. Laert. 2,126; Athen. 2,44c). M. ist vermutlich mit der Person gleichen Namens identisch, nach der ein Dialog Stilpons benannt war (Diog. Laert. 2,120). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography SSR III E. [English version] [2] M. aus Lampsak…

Meliton

(249 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Markschies, Christoph (Heidelberg)
(Μελίτων). [English version] [1] Verf. einer Schrift ›Über die Geschlechter in Athen‹ M. aus Athen (?). Nach fr. 1 (= Harpokr. s.v. κάθετος) Verf. einer Schrift Perí tōn Athḗnēsi génōn (‘Über die Geschlechter in Athen). Datier. unsicher, jedenfalls vor Harpokration [2], der im 1. oder 2. Jh.n.Chr. lebte. Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography PA 9842  Traill, PAA 639945. [English version] [2] Tragiker, 1. Jh. Griech. Tragiker des 1. Jh.n.Chr. (TrGF I 182); als Titel ist ‘Niobe bezeugt. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [English version] [3] M. von Sardeis Bf. von Sardeis, 2. Jh. Von de…

Kleitos

(516 words)

Author(s): Michel, Raphael (Basel) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
(Κλειτός, Κλεῖτος, Κλῖτος, “der Berühmte”). [English version] [1] Neffe des Sehers Melampus Neffe des berühmten Sehers Melampus, Sohn des Mantios, Vater des Koiranos. Er wird wegen seiner Schönheit von Eos entrückt (Hom. Od. 15,249f.; Pherekydes FGrH 3 F 115a). Michel, Raphael (Basel) [English version] [2] Großneffe von K. [1] Großneffe von K. [1], Sohn des Polyidos und der Eurydameia. Er und sein Bruder Euchenor ziehen mit den Epigonen (Epigonoi [2]) gegen Theben und schließen sich danach Agamemnon an (Pherekydes ebd.). Michel, Raphael (Basel) [English version] [3] Sohn des Pei…

Moschion

(705 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Stanzel, Karl-Heinz (Tübingen) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Hidber, Thomas (Berne) | Piccione, Rosa Maria
(Μοσχίων/ Moschíōn). [German version] [1] Tragedian, 3rd cent. BC Athenian tragedian, probably 2nd half of 3rd cent. BC, known almost solely through quotations by Stobaeus. Titles attested include ‘Telephos and two historical dramas: ‘Themistokles, at the heart of which was probably the naval battle at Salamis, following on from Aeschylus' ‘Persians, with the distinction that M. made Themistocles the protagonist; and ‘The Pheraeans, probably dealing with the death of Alexander [15] of Pherae. A lengthy f…
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