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(Αὐτοφραδάτης; Autophradátēs). [German version] [1] Persian naval commander against Philippus II and Alexander the Great Identical or related to the satrap of Lydia at the time of the Satraps' Revolt. As naval commander under  Memmon and then Pharnabazus against  Philippus II and  Alexander [4], he carried out successful actions in the Aegean and supported  Agis [3] both in terms of money and ships. His fleet was disbanded after the battle of  Issus. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 188. [German version] [2] Satrap of a Caspian province; fought at Gauga…

[German version] (Μήτρων; Mḗtrōn). One of the basilikoi paides , responsible for the arsenal of Alexander [4] the Great in 330 BC. He heard of the conspiracy of Dimnus from Cebalinus, and reported it to Alexander (Curt. 6,7; Diod. 17,79,4-5). He is not to be identified with a trierarch of the Hydaspes fleet (Arr. Ind. 18,5). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA)

(Πευκέστας; Peukéstas). [German version] [1] Commander of the occupation of Egypt under Alexander the Great Son of Macartatus, he and Balacrus [2] were commanders of the garrison in Egypt under Alexander [4] the Great (Arr. An. 3,5,5, 331 BC). In the  Saqqara necropolis a decree by P. for the protection of a priestly estate has been found. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography E.G. Turner, A Commander-in-Chief's Order from Saqqâra, in: JEA 60, 1974, 239-342. [German version] [2] Trierarch of Alexander the Great's Hydaspes fleet Son of Alexander from Mieza, in 326 BC triera…

[German version] Collective name for the ancient authors, who wrote about the history and biography of  Alexander [4] (the Great).  Callisthenes was his court historian and fulfilled the duties expected of him until their quarrel. Many of the later histories are based on his, which was published right away (until 330 BC?). Of the eyewitnesses, only  Ptolemaeus and  Aristoboulus [7] seem to have described all campaigns; both praised Alexander. They wrote many years later, used Callisthenes and prob…

[German version] (Μάζαρος; Mázaros). Hetaîros ( hetaîroi ) of Alexander [4] the Great. According to Arrian (Arr. Anab. 3,16,9), he was appointed fortress commander in Susa in 331/30 BC. Curtius (5,2,16) names Xenophilus instead. Since the name M. is Iranian, Arrian probably confused him with the Persian predecessor. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography A. B. Bosworth, A Historical Commentary on Arrian's History, vol. 1, 1980, 319.

[German version] (Βουκεφάλας; Boukephálas). Thessalian warhorse, a gift to  Alexander [4] as a boy. He was allegedly the only person capable of breaking him in. He never rode any other and it is illustrated with him in heroic style on the  Alexander Mosaic and the  Alexander Sarcophagus. B. died at a great age after the battle on the Hydaspes and Alexander founded a city,  Bucephala in his honour. The life and death of B. are richly embellished in the ‘Vulgate’ ( Alexander historians) and in the  Alexander Romance. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography A. R. Anderson, Bucephalas an…

[German version] (Γόργος; Górgos). In 324 BC, G. of Iasos ─ in the role of the ‘keeper of weapons’ ( hoplophýlax, ὁπλοφύλαξ) ─ interceded with  Alexander [4] the Great on behalf of the Samians expelled by the Athenians and tried to persuade Alexander to start a campaign against Athens (Ath. 12,538b). After the latter's death, G. had Iasos allow the return of Samians to Athens at the city's expense. The newly created community of Samos honoured him and his brother  Minnion for their merits by granting them citizenship among other things (Syll.3 312). The brothers had succeeded in obtai…

[German version] (Θέρσιππος; Thérsippos). Participant in Alexander [4] the Great's campaign. Alexander sent him from Marathus to Darius [3] in 333/2 with a reply to his first offer of peace (Arr. An. 2,14,4; Curt. 4,1,14); perhaps identical with the T. who after Alexander's death is honoured in a decree by the Nesiotae [2] (OGIS 4) (see [1. vol. 1,369; vol. 2.2,376]). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography 1 G. A. Droysen, Gesch. des Hellenismus, 3 vols., 21877/8 (reprint of this ed. 1952/3, ed. by E. Bayer, 1980) 2 Berve, No. 368 3 E. Poddighe, Il decreto dell'isola di Nes…

(Πείθων; Peíthōn). [German version] [1] Indo- Greek satrap In 325 BC, P., son of Agenor, was appointed by Alexander [4] the Great as the satrap for the coast of India and the banks of the Indus as far as the mouth of the Acesines. He took Musicanus prisoner and brought him before the king, manned the new fortresses on the left bank of the Indus and met up with Alexander at Pattala. When Alexander had to give up a large part of India in 323 BC, he transferred P. to Gandhara (Gandaritis), a move which was…

[German version] (Πυθιονίκη/ Pythioníkē). Famous hetaera (Hetaerae), probably Athenian, mocked by comedians (Ath. 8,339). Called c. 329 BC by Harpalus to Babylon, where she bore him a daughter (Plut. Phocion 22,1), he showered her with plundered treasures (Diod. Sic. 17, 108,5). After her death, Harpalus had her deified as Aphrodite P. Her grave monuments in Babylon and Athens are often mentioned (mostly with indignation) (as in Ath. 13,594d-595c; Paus. 1,37,5; Plut. Phocion 22, 1-2). They allegedly cost more than 200 talents (Theopomp. apud Ath. ibid.). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge…

[German version] (Ἐρίγυιος; Erígyios). From Mytilene, resident of Amphipolis together with his brother  Laomedon, older than Alexander [4] and was banished in 337/6 BC together with others of his friends from younger days. As the only one of this group he was quickly given a command over troops, led the Greek cavalry near  Issus and  Gaugamela, and later appears as a trusted adviser of the king. He also took on special military tasks, thus e.g. against  Satibarzanes, whom he killed in single combat…

[German version] Amicitia and amicus include also in the Latin personal, philosophical and social-political aspects of friendship. The use of amicitia as an expression of social and political relationships between individuals or states and their introduction under Greek influence ( philia,  Friendship) occurred in philosophy through Cicero, which also allows familiaris to become an unforced designation for a ‘friend’. Amicus and amicitia express within Rome the relationship between high-ranking people of the same rank as well as the connection between the…

[German version] (Σωσθένης/ Sōsthénēs). Macedonian noble. After the death of Ptolemaeus [2] Ceraunus his brother Meleager [5] became king of Macedonia at the beginning of 279 BC, but was deposed just two months later. It became apparent that his successor Antipater, nephew of Cassander, was no match for the Celts and after 45 days he was expelled by S., who managed to overcome the Celtic danger. S. rejected the title of king that was then offered to him and ruled as a stratēgós . When Brennus [2] invaded, Macedonia was again plundered; but when the Celts mov…

[German version] (Δόκιμος; Dókimos). Appointed satrap of Babylon by  Perdiccas in 323 BC (Arr. Succ. 24,3-5). Condemned after Perdiccas' death, he fled to Asia Minor and supported  Alcetas [4] and  Attalus [2] against  Eumenes. Defeated along with his allies by  Antigonus Monophthalmus and imprisoned in a fortress, he betrayed them in an escape attempt and went over to Antigonus (Diod. Sic. 19,16), who quickly promoted him. In Phrygia he founded a city Dokimeion. In 302 he allied himself with Lysimachus (Diod. Sic. 20,107,3). His later history is unknown. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, …

[German version] (Θαῖς/ Thaîs). Famous Athenian hetaíra ( Hetaírai ), eponymous heroine of comedies by Afranius [4] ([1. 229]), Hipparchus [2] and Menander [4] (PCG V 107; VI 2,122-127), all attested by quotations. Allegedly a mistress of Alexander [4] the Great, and later of Ptolemaeus [1] I, the father of her three children (Ath. 13,576d-e). According to Cleitarchus [2] at a feast she was the instigator of the burning of the Royal Buildings at Persepolis, as revenge on Xerxes (as in …

(Γλυκέρα; Glykéra). [German version] [1] Famous Athenian hetaera of the late 4th cent. BC Famous Athenian hetaera ( Hetaerae) of the late 4th cent. BC. After the death of  Pythionike, she was summoned to Tarsus by  Harpalus, who awarded her royal honours. This was met with mockery and contempt by the Greeks. However, Harpalus supported Athens with grain because she acted as an intermediary, and he acquired the citizenship there. G. appears to have accompanied him on his flight and spent the remainder of her l…

[German version] (Πρεπέλαος/ Prepélaos). General in the service of Cassander. In 315 BC he brought Alexander [8] to their side. He and Asander [2] were sent to Asia in 303, where Polemaeus annihilated a company of 8,000 of their army. In 311 he participated in the peace negotiations (OGIS 5, l. 10 and l. 28). In 303, he lost Corinth to Demetrius [I 2]. In 302, Cassander sent him to Asia with reinforcements for Lysimachus [2], where he quickly conquered several cities (cf. Syll.3 353, Ephesus), but lost most of them just as quickly to Demetrius. Perhaps he is the P. honoured in Delphi in c. 287 (Sy…

[German version] (Βάτις; Bátis). Supposedly a eunuch, he was commander of Gaza under Darius. He stopped Alexander the Great at Gaza in 332 BC for two months by keeping up a courageous and hopeless resistance. After the fall of the city, he was gruesomely executed by the victor. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 209.

[German version] Lord of a mountain fortification in  Sogdiana, where many Sogdians fled from  Alexander [4] the Great in 327 BC. It appeared so impenetrable that A. supposedly said that only soldiers with wings could conquer it, but a small unit of skilled climbers managed to scale the peak above the fortress. Thereupon, A. surrendered unconditionally and was executed. Among the refugees who fell into Alexander's hands was  Roxane. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, No. 113.

(Ἀλκέτας; Alkétas). [German version] [1] King of Macedonia King of Macedonia, father of  Amyntas I [1]. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [2] I, king of the  Molossi (beginning 4th cent. BC) A. I, king of the  Molossi, had to flee to  Dionysius, who tried to lead him back. Once again king, apparently with expanded rulership, he was accepted in 375 BC by  Timotheus into the Athenian League, but subdued in 374 by Iason of Pherae. His coins depict Athena Promachos (P. R. Franke, Die antiken Münzen von Epirus, 1961). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [3] II, king of…