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Macedonian Wars

(1,491 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
The name given to the three wars between Rome and the Macedonian kings Philippus V (215-205 and 200-197 BC) and Perseus (171-168). [German version] A. The First Macedonian War The origin of the First Macedonian War lies in the competing interests of the two powers on the Adriatic-Illyrian coast. In 229/8, Rome conducted a successful war against the Illyrian kingdom of queen Teuta in order to suppress piracy, and established friendly relations with cities, tribes and dynasts in this region. In 219, a conflict developed betwe…

Gorgias

(1,521 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Narcy, Michel (Paris) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald)
(Γοργίας; Gorgías). [German version] [1] Sculptor, late 6th cent. BC Sculptor who created bronze and marble votive offerings on the Athenian acropolis in the late 6th cent. BC. The bases are the only extant parts and suggest mostly statues of horses or riders. Pliny (HN 34,49) refers to G. with wrong biographical dates, or perhaps refers to a homonymous sculptor. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overbeck, no. 356a (sources) Loewy, no. 36 A. E. Raubitschek, Dedications from the Athenian Akropolis, 1949, no. 5, 65, 77, 147 B. S. Ridgway, The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture…

Drusilla

(95 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] Daughter of the Jewish king Agrippa I, born AD 38. As a child she was engaged to Epiphanes, son of king Antiochus IV of Commagene. The marriage did not take place because Epiphanes did not get circumcised as promised. In 53 she married king Azizus of Emesa, who did get circumcised. The Procurator of Judaea  Antonius [II 6] Felix, who was smitten by her beauty, got her to marry him and thus break the law forbidding a Jewess to marry a non-Jew (Jos. ant. Iud. 18,132; 19,354f.; 20,139-143). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)

Iucundus

(145 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] [1] A cavalry commander or bodyguard of Herodes the Gr. According to Jos. BI 1,527, one of the cavalry commanders, according to Jos. Ant. Iud. 16,314, one of the bodyguards, of  Herodes [1] the Great, I. was suspected of conspiring with Herod’s son Alexander against the king, tortured and executed after a forced confession (AD 9). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Roman officer in Caesarea [2] in the 1st cent. AD Officer of the Roman garrison in  Caesarea [2], attempted without success in AD 66 to put an end to the fighting there …

Nicanor

(1,649 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Damschen, Gregor (Halle/Saale) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Et al.
(Νικάνωρ; Nikánōr). [German version] [1] Military official under Alexander the Great, died 330 BC Second son of Parmenion. Under Alexander [4] the Great he led the hypaspistaí of the hetaîroi in the major battles. During the pursuit of Darius [3], Alexander commanded him to pursue the Persian king with a group of riders who had given up their horses and the Agrianes under Attalus [2] as fast as possible (Arr. Anab. 3,21,7-8). He died soon after (330 BC). His brother Philotas stayed behind with an escort for his funeral. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 554. …

Bar Kochba

(304 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] Leader of the great Jewish uprising of 132-135. Documentary evidence exists regarding the name form Simon Bar Kosiba. The name forms Bar Kochba (‘son of the star’) and Bar Koziba (‘son of lies’), known from Christian and rabbinical literature, are tendentious interpretations of the original patronymic. They reflect the Messianic expectations ( Messiah), which are linked with his person and the disappointment about the false Messiah, which followed the failure of the uprising. The …

Glaphyra

(185 words)

Author(s): Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] [1] Courtesan of the priest-king Archelaus [6] of Comana Courtesan of the priest-king Archelaus [6] of Comana and mother of Archelaus [7], whom  Antonius [I 9] elevated to king of Cappadocia in 36 BC (Cass. Dio 49,32,3; App. B Civ. 5,7). Octavianus criticized the relationship of Antonius with G. (Mart. 11,20). OGIS 361. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [German version] [2] Daughter of king Archelaus [7] of Cappadocia Daughter of king Archelaus [7] of Cappadocia, granddaughter of G. [1], in her first marriage G. was married to Alexander, the eldest so…

Timotheus

(2,915 words)

Author(s): Nutton, Vivian (London) | Robbins, Emmet (Toronto) | Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Et al.
(Τιμόθεος; Timótheos). [German version] [1] T. of Metapontum Greek physician, c. 400 BC Greek physician, fl. c. 400 BC. According to the Anonymus Londiniensis (8,8), T. believed that disease was the result of the blockage of passages through which residues would have been excreted. Residues that have risen up from the entire body are forced to remain in the head until they are transformed into a saline, acrid fluid. They then break out and cause a wide variety of disease, whose character is determined by the place or places to which they flow.. Humoral theory Nutton, Vivian (London) …

Sempronius

(6,399 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Bartels, Jens (Bonn) | Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld) | Et al.
Name of a Roman family. According to tradition, its members of the 5th cent. BC (Atratini, S. [I 3-8]) are supposed to have been patricians and champions of patrician privileges (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 10,41,5; 10,42,3), an assumption that may have been a retrospective invention (the Sempronii only became patricians under Caesar or Augustus); in the historical period, we know only of plebeian branches of the family during the Republic (Asellio, Blaesus, Gracchus, Longus, Tuditanus) who played an important role in the 3rd and 2nd cents. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period …

Malchus

(686 words)

Author(s): Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Berger, Albrecht (Berlin)
(* Mlk =‘ king; Greek Μάλκος, Málkos; Latin Malchus, Maleus, Mazeus). [German version] [1] Carthaginian, father of Carthalo Carthaginian, father of Carthalo [1]. Historicity and interpretation of the only source text concerning M. as first historically tangible personality of Carthage in Iustin (18,7; cf. Oros. 4,6,6-9) are frequently and vehemently contested to the present day, beginning with the titular character of his name and his place in the chronology of the (early?) 6th cent. BC. M. is supposed to have fo…

Hyrcanus

(581 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
Epithet of Jews, after  Hyrcania on the Caspian Sea, introduced by repatriates from the diaspora there. [German version] [1] Around 200 BC Son of the Ptolemaic general tax leaseholder of Coile Syria and Phoenicia, Josephus, from the Jewish magnate family of the Tobiads. After the conquest of Ptolemaic Syria by  Antiochus [5] III in the year 200 BC he retreated to Trans-Jordan, where his grandfather Tobias had founded the family's position of power as commander of the Jewish military settlers. H. presumably kept a pro…

Aristobulus

(1,172 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Ἀριστόβουλος; Aristóboulos). [German version] [1] Judas A. I., High Priest 104-103 BC Judas A. I, son and successor of John  Hyrcanus, High Priest in 104-103 BC, had his mother and brother incarcerated or killed to secure his rule. This and his philhellenic leanings determined his negative image in Jewish tradition. The claim of Josephus that he took on the title of king is thrown into doubt by (rare) coins with the Hebrew legend: ‘Judas the High Priest and the Council of Elders of the Jews’. During his ca…

Malichus

(118 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] (Μάλιχος; Málichos, variant form: Malchus, Μάλχος; Málchos). Confidant and secret rival of Antipater [4], whom he served in 57 BC as a unit commander against the Hasmonaean prince Alexander (Jos. BI 1,162; Jos. Ant. Iud. 14,84), and in 43 during the levy of the tribute demanded by C. Cassius [I 10], murderer of Caesar (Jos. BI 1,220; Jos. Ant. Iud. 14,273-276). In the same year, he had Antipater poisoned (Jos. BI 1,226; Jos. Ant. Iud. 14,281), but fell prey to the vengeance of his victim's son, Herodes [1] the Great (Jos. BI 1,234; Jos. Ant. Iud. 14,288-293). Bringmann, Klaus…

Herodes

(2,828 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Bowie, Ewen (Oxford)
(Ἡρῴδης; Hērṓidēs). [German version] [1] H. I.; Herod the Great. Born in c. 73 BC, son of  Antipater [4] and the Arabian woman Cyprus. In 47 appointed strategos of Galilaea, he came into conflict with the Sanhedrin of Jerusalem because of the execution on his own authority of persons involved in a revolt. The Roman governor of Syria Sex.  Iulius [I 11] Caesar made him the strategos of Coilesyria and Samaria. In 43 he proved himself to be indispensable to one of the murderers of Caesar, C.  Cassius [I 10], in the exploitation of the land, likewise in 41 after …

Papirius

(3,269 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Et al.
Roman nomen gentile, in its older form, Papisius (Cic. Fam. 9,21,3), from which one of the 16 old rural tribes ( tribus ) took its name. The patrician gens formed several branches at an early time (5th/4th cents. BC: Crassi, Cursores, Mugillani, 3rd cent.: Masones) who played a significant role in the military successes of the Republic, but became either extinct no later than the 2nd cent. BC or politically insignificant. The younger plebeian branch of the Carbones rose in the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. and gained notoriety…

Antipater

(2,083 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Et al.
[German version] [1] Macedonian commander (320-319 BC) Son of Iolaus,  399/398 BC, was certainly already active militarily and diplomatically under  Philippus and under his father  Amyntas and brothers. He was especially connected with  Alexander [4] and secured his throne after the murder of Philippus. During Alexander's invasion in Asia he remained with half of the Macedonian army as governor of Europe. He monitored Greece and sent mercenaries and Macedonian contingents during the first year of the …

Gemellus

(150 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)
[German version] [1] Friend of king Herod I, entrusted with political and diplomatic commisions Friend of King Herod I. Entrusted with political and diplomatic commissions and with the education of Alexander, the eldest son of the king of Mariamme, he accompanied him in 23 BC to Rome for five years. When in 14 BC Herod began to distrust his son, G. fell from grace (Jos. Ant. Iud. 16,241-243). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Accompanied his father Anatolius, the governor, AD 361 to Phoenicia Son of Anatolius, Cilician, brother of Apolinarius, with whom he …

Antigonus

(1,768 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Gärtner, Hans Armin (Heidelberg) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa) | Et al.
(Ἀντίγονος; Antígonos). [German version] [1] Monophthalmus Diadoch (‘The One-eyed’), 382-301 BC.  Hetairos of  Philippus and  Alexander [4], married to  Stratonice, was the father of  Demetrius. During Alexander's invasion of Asia, commander of the Greek hoplites, satrap of Greater Phrygia from 333 until Alexander's death [323]. He defeated rebels and remnants of Persian troops, he gained Lycaonia and in 331 he received in addition the administration of Lycia-Pamphylia. In Priene he was honoured for an achievement, the nature of which is unknown. (IPriene 2). After Alexander's…

Mattathias

(82 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] (Hebr. mattityah), from Modeïn, a member the Jewish Joarib class of priests, clan father of the Hasmoneans. M. resisted the religious edict of Antiochus [6] IV. Joined by the pious ones (Greek Ἀσιδαῖοι/ Asidaîoi, Hebr. Ḥasīdīm), who had also fled into the Judaean desert, he began a guerilla war against the Jewish loyalists. After his death (167/166 BC) his son Judas [1] Maccabaeus became the leader of the Jewish rebellion (1 Macc 2,1-70). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography Schürer, vol. 1.

Opimius

(381 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
Roman family name (in inscriptions also Opeimius), possibly derived from the (undocumented) cognomen Opimus (cf. Quint. Decl. 302). The family gained notoriety through O. [1] in the 2nd cent. BC, but in the 1st cent. BC no longer played a role in politics. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] O., L. Consul in 121 BC, declared opponent of the Gracchi In 125 BC, he was praetor urbanus and destroyed the rebellious town of Fregellae, which had risen up against Rome after M. Fulvius [I 9] Flaccus's initiative to give Roman citizenship to the Italic all…

Philippus

(7,662 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) | Beck, Hans (Cologne) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) | Et al.
[German version] I Greek (Φίλιππος/ Phílippos). Macedonian kings P. [3-7], including P. [4] II, P. [7] V; the apostle and evangelist P. [28]; philosophers and poets P. [29-32]. [German version] [I 1] Spartan naval leader in 411 BC Spartiate, commander at Miletus in 412 BC (Thuc. 8,28,5), sent in 411 with two triremes to Aspendus to move, with the support of Tissaphernes, the Phoenician fleet to fight Athens (Thuc. 8,87), but soon told the naúarchos Mindarus that his mission would be unsuccessful (Thuc. 8,99; [1. 244]). Peloponnesian War Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 B. …

Simon

(1,722 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Schneider, Helmuth (Kassel) | Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Peter, Ulrike (Berlin) | Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) | Et al.
(Σίμων/ Símōn). [German version] [1] Sculptor in bronze from Aegina, c. 480-460 BC Sculptor in bronze from Aegina. S. participated with a horse and a charioteer in the votive offerings dedicated by Phormis at Olympia; accordingly, his period of artistic activity is around 480-460 BC. The base which belonged to it has been identified. A dog and an archer by S. (Plin. HN 34,90) probably formed a further group. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overbeck, nos. 402, 437  M. Zuppa, s.v. S. 2, EAA 7, 1966, 315  F. Eckstein, Anathemata, 1969, 43-49  E. Walter-Karydi, Die äginetische Bi…

Tetrarches, Tetrarchia

(1,200 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Burckhardt, Leonhard (Basle) | Bleckmann, Bruno (Strasbourg)
(τετράρχης/ tetrárchēs, τετραρχία/ tetrarchía). [German version] I. Definition The noun tetrarches (from τετράς/ tetrás = 'entity of four parts' and ἄρχειν/ árchein = 'rule') designates a military rank, but specifically the head of a tribal area within a fourfold alliance ( tetrás or tetrarchía); subsequently a ruler of lesser rank (see below III.). The two meanings were brought together at the time of Diocletian, so that the term now meant rule in four parts of the Roman Empire, but with differentiated competencies for each ruler (see below IV.). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) …

Cicero

(4,825 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Leonhardt, Jürgen (Marburg/Lahn)
[German version] I. Historic M. Tullius C., born on 3 January 106 BC in  Arpinum. The Tullii Cicerones maintained manifold relations with the Roman urban aristocracy. They enabled C. to prepare for a public career in close association with the most important speakers of his time, L. Licinius Crassus ( cos. 95) and M. Antony ( cos. 99), as well as the leading authorities in civil and sacred law, Mucius Scaevola Augur and Mucius Scaevola Pontifex. The Social Wars and the subsequent civil war turmoil kept C. away from the forum. He was initiated into co…

Judas

(534 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Domhardt, Yvonne (Zürich)
[German version] [1] J. Maccabaeus Son of Mattathias, leader of rebels in the 2nd cent. BC (The epithet probably from Hebrew maqqaebaet, ‘the hammer’, owing to military success). Third son of the priest Mattathias ( Hasmonean), in 167/166 BC he took over leadership of the Jewish rebels who rose against the desecration of the Temple in Jerusalem, the ban on the Jewish religion and the pressure of taxation under  Antiochus IV [6]. J. proved himself to be a master of guerrilla tactics and politics as well as a charisma…

Alexandra Salome

(129 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] 140-67 BC, first married to  Aristoboulus [1] I, then in her second marriage to  Alexander Iannaeus [II 16], succeeded him on the throne in 76 and named her son  Hyrcanus II high priest. She ended the inherited conflict with the  Pharisees and made them participate in the government. Their intent to execute the advisors of Alexander Iannaeus was hindered by the intervention of the Jerusalem aristocracy. She was protected from the expansion plans of  Tigranes I of Armenia through m…

Iulius

(18,763 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Liebermann, Wolf-Lüder (Bielefeld) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Et al.
Name of an old patrician family, probably connected with the name of the god  Jupiter [1. 281; 2. 729]. The gens was one of the so-called ‘Trojan families’, who were said to have moved from Alba Longa to Rome under king Tullus Hostilius [I 4] (see below). The Iulii were prominent in the 5th and 4th cents. BC. Their connection to the family branch of the Caesares, which rose to prominence from the 3rd cent. and whose outstanding member was the dictator  Caesar (with family tree), is unclear. Caesar's adoptive son,…

Diogenes

(4,653 words)

Author(s): Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) | Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Et al.
(Διογένης; Diogénēs). Known personalities: the Cynic D. [14] of Sinope, the philosophical historian D. [17] Laertius. I. Politically active personalities [German version] [1] Macedonian troop commander in Attica since 233 BC Athenian (?) [1. 341,1], Macedonian troop commander in Attica since 233 BC, who is supposed to have demanded Corinth from the Achaeans (Plut. Arat. 34,1-4) [2. 168,63] at the rumour of the death of  Aratus [2]; after the death of  Demetrius [3] II in 229, he facilitated the liberation of Athens from Maced…

Iosephus

(1,520 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) | Berger, Albrecht (Berlin)
(Ἰώσηπ(π)ος; Iṓsēp(p)os, Ιώσηφ(ος); Iṓsēph(os)). From Hebrew yosep yosipyah ‘may God add (further children)’, a prevalent Jewish name in memory of the biblical patriarch Joseph (Gen. 35; 37-50), e.g. in the Herodian family. [German version] [1] Uncle and brother-in-law of Herod [1] the Gr. Uncle and brother-in-law of  Herod [1]  the Great (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,65; 81). He acted as his deputy for the duration of Herod's journey to M.  Antonius [I 9] in 34 BC. He became involved in the intrigues surrounding Queen  Mariamme, his wife Salome pr…

Aretas

(562 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
(epigraphically hritt = Haritat, Greek Ἀρέτας; Arétas, also Ἀρέθας; Aréthas). Name of several rulers of the Arabian  Nabataeans. [German version] [1] I. King of the Nabataeans (1st half 2nd cent. BC) A. I, mentioned in the oldest Nabataean inscription as ‘king of the Nabataeans’ [1. 545 f.], is probably identical to the A., ‘tyrant of the Arabs’, mentioned in 2 Macc 5,8, with whom the deposed Jewish High Priest  Jason vainly sought refuge after his failed attempt on Jerusalem in 168 BC. Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] II. (Herotimos) King of the Nabataeans…

Iustus

(481 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin) | Nutton, Vivian (London)
[German version] [1] Imperator Caesar C.P. Niger Iustus Augustus, Roman emperor 193-194 AD, see Pescennius see  Pescennius Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] I. of Tiberias Jew. historian, 1st cent. AD Jewish historian of the 1st cent. AD, wrote a ‘Jewish War’ (66-70/74), in which he dealt critically with the work of the same name by  Josephus [4] Flavius (this made Josephus write a retort in his autobiography: Vita 65), and a chronological-genealogical work on Jewish kings from Moses to  Iulius [II 5] Agrippa II. This work, which appears to…

Punic Wars

(2,315 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
Name given to the three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-241, 218-202 and 149-146 BC), which established Rome’s rise as the leading Mediterranean power and were terminated by the destruction of Carthage. [German version] I. The 1st Punic War (264-241) The 1st PW was ignited by a conflict with Messana [1] standing at its centre. After the death of Agathocles, the ruler of Syracuse, [2] in 278 BC, his discharged Oscan mercenaries, the Mamertini (named after the god of war Mars) took over the town, and from there undertook plundering …

Zenodorus

(744 words)

Author(s): Folkerts, Menso (Munich) | Matthaios, Stephanos (Cologne) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
(Ζηνόδωρος/ Zēnódōros). [German version] [1] Greek mathematician, probably at the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC Greek mathematician, probably at the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC [5; 6. 604 f.]. He wrote a work 'Isoperimetric figures' (Περὶ ἰσοπεριμέτρων σχημάτων, Perì isoperimétrōn schēmátōn) in which he proved that of all figures of the same circumference the circle has the greatest area, and formulated the proposition that of all bodies of the same surface area the sphere has the greatest volume [3; 4; 7]. Substantial parts of the …

Monobazus

(224 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
(Μονόβαζος; Monóbazos). [German version] [1] King of the Parthian vassal state of Adiabene, until ca. 36 AD King of the Parthian vassal state of Adiabene who married his sister Helena with whom he had two sons, Monobazus [2] and Izates [2] (Jos. Ant. Iud. 20,18-27); he reigned until c. AD 36. Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] M. II. King of the Parthian vassal state, since about 59 AD Oldest son of [1] and successor to Izates [2] since about AD 59; like Izates and Helena he had converted to Judaism (Jos. Ant. Iud. 20,75). In AD 64, M. was inv…

Sohaemus

(411 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld)
(Σόαιμος/ Sóaimos, Σόεμος/ Sóemos). [German version] [1] Ituraean, under Herodes [1] the Great, executed in 29 BC Ituraean (Ituraea), in a position of trust under Herodes [1] the Great, who in 30 BC gave him the duty of guarding him and, should he not return from his visit to Octavianus [1], of killing his wife Mariamme [1] and mother-in-law Alexandra. S. revealed the order to them and in 29 was executed by Herod (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,185; 204-229). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [2] Tetrarch of the Ituraeans, 1st cent. AD Tetrarch of the Ituraeans (Ituraea) AD 38-49,…

Cleopatra

(4,237 words)

Author(s): Prescendi, Francesca (Geneva) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Stegmann, Helena (Bonn) | Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) | Et al.
(Κλεοπάτρα; Kleopátra, Lat. Cleopatra). I. Mythology [German version] [I 1] Daughter of Boreas and Oreithyia Daughter of  Boreas and  Oreithyia, first wife of  Phineus. C. was rejected in favour of  Idaea [3], whom Phineus married as his second wife; her sons were blinded (Apollod. 3.200; Hyg. Fab. 18). Prescendi, Francesca (Geneva) [German version] [I 2] Daughter of Idas and Marpessa Daughter of  Idas and  Marpessa, wife of  Meleager. After her abduction by Apollo she was also called ‘Alcyone’ after her mother's …

Mariamme

(392 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) | Leisten, Thomas (Princeton)
[German version] [1] Granddaughter of Aristobulus II. and Iohannes Hyrcanus II. (Hebrew Mirjam; the form Mariamne in Fr. Hebbel's drama is a corruption from later MSS). Granddaughter of Aristobulus [2] II. and Iohannes Hyrcanus [3] II. Born c. 53/52 BC, M. was a celebrated beauty. Married to Herod ( Herodes [1]) the Great, she became involved in the intrigues and conflicts between Hasmoneans and Herodeans. In 29 Herod had her executed on suspicion of unfaithfulness based on the calumnies of his sister Salome (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,218-236). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography A…

Alexander

(7,586 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Et al.
(Ἀλέξαδρος; Aléxandros). Famous personalities:  Alexander the Great [4] (III.); the Philosopher Alexander [26] of Aphrodisias. I. Myth [German version] [1] see Paris see  Paris. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) II. Associated Hellenistic ruling families [German version] [2] A. I. Macedonian king, 1st half of the 5th cent. BC Son of  Amyntas [1] and his negotiator with  Darius. As Macedonian king he supported  Xerxes' invasion of Greece, but pretended to be a friend of the Greeks (later called ‘Philhellen’). Herodotus has subtly shown his ambigu…

Hasmonaeans

(421 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] Jewish family of priests from Modeïn, belonging to the Joarib class of priests; the name, which is recorded only in Iosephus and in the Talmud, refers to a not clearly identifiable Ḥašmōn (according to Jos. BI 1,36 father of Mattathias, according to Jos. Ant. Iud. 12,265 his great grandfather). The armed resistance against religious…

Mattathias

(77 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[English version] (hebr. mattityah), aus Modeïn, der jüd. Priesterklasse Joarib zugehörig, Stammvater der Hasmonäer. M. leistete dem Religionsedikt Antiochos' [6] IV. Widerstand und eröffnete von der Wüste Juda aus den Partisanenkrieg gegen die jüd. Loyalisten, nachdem sich ihm die ebenfalls in die Wüste geflohenen Frommen (griech. Ἀσιδαῖοι/ Asidaíoi, hebr. Ḥasīdīm) angeschlossen hatten. Nach seinem Tod (167/166 v.Chr.) wurde sein Sohn Judas [1] Makkabaios Führer des jüd. Aufstandes (1 Makk 2,1-70). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography Schürer, Bd. 1.

Papirius

(2,916 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) | Nadig, Peter C. (Duisburg) | Et al.
Römischer Gentilname, in älterer Form Papisius (Cic. fam. 9,21,3), nach dem eine der 16 alten Landtribus ( tribus ) benannt war. Die patrizische gens bildete schon früh mehrere Zweige (5./4. Jh.v.Chr.: Crassi, Cursores, Mugillani, 3. Jh.: Masones), die maßgeblich an den mil. Erfolgen der Republik beteiligt waren, jedoch spätestens im 2. Jh.v.Chr. ausstarben bzw. polit. unbedeutend wurden. Der jüngere plebeiische Zweig der Carbones stieg in der 2. H. des 2. Jh. auf und erlangte notorische Bekanntheit durch die gracchen…

Opimius

(331 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
Röm. Familienname (inschr. auch Opeimius), vielleicht abgeleitet vom (nicht bezeugten) Beinamen Opimus (vgl. Quint. decl. 302). Die Familie gelangte im 2. Jh.v.Chr. mit O. [1] zu notorischer Berühmtheit, spielte aber im 1. Jh.v.Chr. polit. keine Rolle mehr. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] O., L. Consul 121 v. Chr., entschiedener Gegner der Gracchen Zerstörte als praetor urbanus 125 v.Chr. das aufständische Fregellae, das sich nach dem Scheitern der Initiative des M. Fulvius [I 9] Flaccus zur Verleihung des röm. Bürgerrechts an di…

Makedonische Kriege

(1,295 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
Bezeichnung für die drei Kriege zw. Rom und den maked. Königen Philippos V. (215-205 und 200-197 v.Chr.) und Perseus (171-168). [English version] A. Der 1.Makedonische Krieg Der Ursprung des 1. M.K. liegt in konkurrierenden Interessen beider Mächte an der adriatisch-illyrischen Küste. 229/8 führte Rom gegen das illyr. Reich der Königin Teuta zur Unterdrückung der Seeräuberplage (Seeraub) erfolgreich Krieg und begründete freundschaftliche Beziehungen mit Städten, Stämmen und Dynasten dieses Raumes. 219 geriet Rom mit eine…

Aristobulos

(1,118 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
[English version] [1] Iudas A. I., Hoherpriester 104-103 v. Chr. Iudas A. I., Sohn und Nachfolger des Iohannes Hyrkanos, Hohepriester 104-103 v. Chr., ließ zur Sicherung seiner Herrschaft seine Mutter und seine Brüder einkerkern bzw. töten. Dies und seine philhell. Neigungen bestimmen sein negatives Bild in der jüd. Überlieferung. Die Behauptung des Iosephos, er habe den Königstitel angenommen, wird durch (seltene) Münzen mit der hebr. Legende: ›Iudas der Hohepriester und der Ältestenrat der Juden‹ in Fra…

Monobazos

(204 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
(Μονόβαζος). [English version] [1] König des parth. Vasallenreiches von Adiabene, bis ca. 36 n.Chr. König des parth. Vasallenreiches von Adiabene, verheiratet mit seiner Schwester Helene, mit der er zwei Söhne, Monobazos [2] und Izates [2], hatte (Ios. ant. Iud. 20,18-27); regierte bis ca. 36 n.Chr. Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [English version] [2] M. II. König des parth. Vasallenreiches von Adiabene, seit ca. 59 n.Chr. Ältester Sohn von [1] und Nachfolger von Izates [2] seit ca. 59 n.Chr., war wie dieser und Helene zum Judentum konvertiert (Ios. ant.…

Antigonos

(1,610 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Neudecker, Richard (Rom) | Gärtner, Hans Armin (Heidelberg) | Montanari, Franco (Pisa) | Et al.
[English version] [1] Monophthalmos Diadoche (“der Einäugige”), 382 - 301 v. Chr. Hetairos von Philippos und Alexandros [4], mit Stratonike verheiratet, Vater von Demetrios. Bei Alexandros' Invasion von Asien Kommandeur der griech. Hopliten, von 333 bis zu Alexandros' Tod [323] Satrap von Großphrygien. Er besiegte Aufständische und Reste von persischen Truppen, gewann Lykaonia und erhielt 331 zudem die Verwaltung von Lykia-Pamphylia. In Priene wurde er für uns unbekannte Verdienste geehrt (IPriene 2). Nach Alexandros' Tod behielt er seine Satrapie, weigerte sich abe…

Iucundus

(125 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[English version] [1] Ein Reiterkommandeur oder Leibwächter Herodes' d. Gr. Nach Ios. bell. Iud. 1,527 einer der Reiterkommandeure, nach Ios. ant. Iud. 16,314 einer der Leibwächter Herodes' [1] d.Gr. I. wurde der Verschwörung mit Herodes' Sohn Alexandros gegen den König verdächtigt, gefoltert und nach einem erpreßten Geständnis hingerichtet (9 n.Chr.). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) [English version] [2] Im 1. Jh. n. Chr. röm. Offizier in Caesarea [2] Offizier der röm. Besatzung in Caesarea [2], versuchte 66 n.Chr. dort vergeblich, die Kämpfe zwischen Griec…

Alexandra Salome

(115 words)

Author(s): Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[English version] 140-67 v. Chr., in 1. Ehe mit Aristobulos [1] I., in 2. mit Alexandros Iannaios [II 16] verheiratet, folgte diesem 76 in der Königswürde und bestimmte ihren Sohn Hyrkanos II. zum Hohepriester. Sie beendete den ererbten Konflikt mit den Pharisaioi, beteiligte sie an der Regierung. Deren Absicht, die Ratgeber des Alexandros Iannaios hinzurichten, verhinderte der Einspruch der Jerusalemer Aristokratie. Vor den Expansionsplänen Tigranes I. von Armenien bewahrten sie Geldzahlungen und…

Malchos

(604 words)

Author(s): Günther, Linda-Marie (München) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) | Berger, Albrecht (Berlin)
(* Mlk = “König”; griech. Μάλκος; lat. Malchus, Maleus, Mazeus). [English version] [1] Karthager, Vater des Karthalo [1] Karthager, Vater des Karthalo [1]. Historizität und Interpretation des einzigen Quellentextes über M. als erste histor. faßbare Persönlichkeit Karthagos bei Iustin (18,7; vgl. Oros. 4,6,6-9) sind bis heute vielfach und heftig umstritten, angefangen vom titularen Charakter des Namens und einer chronologischen Einordnung in das (frühe?) 6. Jh.v.Chr. M. soll als Feldherr in Libyen und Sizilien erf…

Glaphyra

(174 words)

Author(s): Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) | Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main)
[English version] [1] Hetäre des Priesterkönigs Archelaos [6] von Komana Hetäre des Priesterkönigs Archelaos [6] von Komana und Mutter des Archelaos [7], den Antonius [I 9] 36 v.Chr. zum König von Kappadokien erhob (Cass. Dio 49,32,3; App. civ. 5,7). Octavianus tadelte das Verhältnis des Antonius mit G. (Mart. 11,20). OGIS 361. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [English version] [2] Tochter des Königs Archelaos [7] von Kappadokien Tochter des Königs Archelaos [7] von Kappadokien, Enkelin von G. [1], war in erster Ehe verheiratet mit Alexandros, dem ältesten Sohn K…
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