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[German Version] (Jul 15, 1668, Klettenberg, South Harz – Mar 10, 1738, Halle). After a commercial apprenticeship in Braunschweig, Michaelis attended the Latin school in Nordhausen; in 1688 he began the study of oriental languages in Leipzig. There he became a disciple of A.H. Francke, whom he followed to Halle in 1692. He received his master's degree there in 1694 and was appointed to the philosophical faculty as adjunct in 1696. After a study year in 1699 with H. Ludolf in Frankfurt am Main, whe…

[German Version] (Jun 28, 1667, Bardowick near Lüneburg – Sep 13, 1728, Halle/Saale), already at school (Lüneburg 1688) and as a theology student (1689 Leipzig) was a friend and supporter of A.H. Francke, on whose side he was involved in Pietistic disputes (Pietism: I, 1). From 1690 to1694 he was an informant in Arnstadt; he was imprisoned in 1694 and expelled for founding conven…

[German Version] (anagram of Petrus Meuderlinus [Peter Meiderlin]; 1582, Oberacker near Maulbronn – Jun 1, 1651, Augsburg), pseudonymous author of the Paraenesis votiva pro pace ecclesiae ad theologos Augustanae confessionis (1626), which reproached the theologians for seeking vain quarrels (esp. in relation to the intra-Lutheran christological controversy), and for declaring J. Arndt a heretic, and called for a distinction between necessaria and non-necessaria in dogmatics. The maxim in necessariis unitas, in non necessariis libertas, in utrisque charitas, often cited …

[German Version] (1632, Halberstadt – Jul 17, 1691, Halberstadt). In 1658, after studying at Jena, Ammersbach was chosen to be pastor in Halberstadt. He held this office throughout his lifetime. Beginning in the early 1660s, he published – mostly at his own expense and often using the pseudonym Heinrich Hansen or Christian Warner – a steady stream of polemics …

[German Version] (May 2, 1734, Halle – Mar 3, 1807, Halle). After schooling at the Latin School of the Francke Stiftung, Halle, Nösselt studied in Halle from 1751 (particularly under the influence of S.J. Baumgarten), and traveled for purposes of study through Germany, Switzerland, and France in 1755. From 1797, Nösselt lectured as M.A. on philosophy and rhetoric, church history, and especially the New Testament, following the historical-philological method of J.A. Ernesti. In 1760 he became assis…

[German Version] (Mar 27, 1686, Königsberg [Kaliningrad] – Jan 17, 1772, Königsberg), began his studies in Königsberg in 1701 and moved to Leipzig in 1706 (M.A. in 1707), Halle, and Jena, along with an educational journey through Germany and the Low Countries, devoted primarily to the study of eastern languages. In 1710 he became a lecturer at Königsberg, and he received his Dr. theol. from Rostock in 1715. In 1716 he was appointed associate professor of theology. In 1718 he also began serving as …

[German Version] (baptized Jun 29, 1628, Muniesa, province of Teruel, Spain – Dec. 28/29[?], 1696, Rome) studied from 1646 onward at the Jesuit college of Valencia, where he held a benefice in the Church of San Andrés, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1652. Residing in Rome from 1663, Molinos's role as confessor and spiritual adviser in the style of quietist mysticism made him the focus of a large crowd of followers, which also included cardinals and Pope Innocent XI. His Guía espiritual, a major work of Quietism in which he extolled regular contemplation, inward concentr…

[German Version] (founded as Leucorea). After the division of Wettin Saxony in 1485, in which Leipzig (Leipzig, University) went to the Albertine line, the city of Wittenberg developed into the official residence of the Ernestine line and hence the capital of Electoral Saxony. On Oct 18, 1502, under the elector Frederick the Wise the University of Wittenberg was founded as the official university of electoral Saxony. It was granted imperial privileges on Jul 6, 1502; papal privileges were not gran…

[German Version] (Jun 1, 1673, Ösdorf – May 27, 1722, Greenwich, England) studied in Halle from c. 1693 and became the informatory at the Waldeckian court in Arolsen. Involved in Waldeck's Pietism dispute (1699/1700), he lost his office in 1700 because of spiritualist and separatist tendencies. After a stay once again with A.H. Francke in Halle, he went to London in …

[German Version] 1. Johann Jakob (Feb 24, 1693, Halle – Apr 19, 1735, Giessen). From 1712, Rambach studied in Halle; in 1715 he worked on J.H. Michaelis’s edition of the Biblia Hebraica; from 1719 (together with G.A. Francke), he studied in Jena (esp. under J.F. Buddeus), where in 1720 he gained his M.A.; in 1723 he became assistant in the Halle faculty of theology; in 1726, assistant professor; in 1727, full professor of theology in Halle; in 1731, Dr.theol.; from 1731, professor and general superintendent in Giessen. Ramba…

[German Version] (Feb 17, 1658, Northeim near Göttingen – Mar 16, 1732, Berge Monastery near Magdeburg) studied (1676–1683) in Helmstedt and Kiel (where he lived in the house of C. Kortholt with A.H. Francke) and became associate professor of homiletics there in 1684. In 1685, he became court preacher and consistorial counselor in Meinigen. After a stay with P…

[German Version] (Anthony; 1641, Bacharach – Jan 31, 1697, London). After his studies at Heidelberg (1659–1661) he lived in England and became a member of Queen's College, Oxford, in 1664. In 1665, he became court tutor to the son of the duke of Albemarle and the latter's protégé. In 1671, he was appointed preacher at Savoy Chapel, where he attracted a large congregation and was much sought after as a pastor. In 1689, he became the court chaplain of William III. Horneck was a cofounder of the Reli…

[German Version] (Willem; May, 1627, Utrecht – Aug 2, 1694, The Hague). After studying in Utrecht, Saldenus filled pulpits in Renswoude (1649), Kokkengen (1652), Enkhuizen (1655), Delft (1664) and The Hague (1677). As a pupil of G. Voetius, influenced by W. Ames and English edifying literature, he supported the Puritan wing of the Nadere Reformatie, advocating Sunday observance and catechetical instruction and forbidding card-playing and theater. He wrote many edifying works, which also influenced…

[German Version] (baptized Nov 23, 1631, Utrecht – Feb 6, 1695, Utrecht). After studying in Utrecht, he was chaplain to the embassies in Copenhagen and ¶ Brussels from 1657. From 1662, he was pastor in Sluis, Zeeland. As a student of G. Voetius and significantly influenced by (English and Scottish) Puritanism (Puritans/Puritanism), Koelman became the programmatist and militant defender of the Dutch Nadere Reformatie. He pushed for Sunday observance and for church discipline and opposed church holidays and compulsory wors…

[German Version] (Apr 11, 1675, Bopfingen, Württemberg – Feb 5, 1723, Halle). Following his studies in Altdorf and Halle, Herrnschmidt was Informator at the Paedagogium and at the Gynaeceum of A.H. Francke's foundations from 1700 onward, became adjunct of the theological faculty in 1701, and was deacon in Bopfingen from 1702 to 1712. In 1712, after being awarded a Dr.theol. in Halle, he was appointed superintendent and councilor of the consistory in Idstein (Nassau). He was called back to Halle in 1715 to assist Fra…

[German Version] (anagram of E. Thomson; dates unknown), English merchant in Danzig (Gdansk) and Stade (presence documented from 1599 to 1612). Under the title Güldenes Kleinot der Kinder Gottes (Frankfurt am Main, 1612), he translated the First Booke of the Christian Exercise (1582) of the English ¶ Jesuit Robert Persons (or Parsons), which he knew in a Protestant version by Edmund Bunny ( A Booke of Christian Exercise, 1584). After the edition published in Lüneburg in 1632, which included a third section probably written by J. Gesenius, “Sonthom” (so called f…

[German Version] (Lampertus; Jan 6, 1683, Gardelegen – Feb 21, 1735, Berlin). From his student years in Berlin (where J. Lange was rector), Gedicke was influenced by Pietism, encouraged in particular by C.H. von Canstein and A.H. Francke. After studying at Halle, he was appointed preceptor at Francke's orphanage (to 1708). After brief service as a private tutor in Berlin, in 1709 he was appointed chaplain of the Garrison regiment; in 1710 he took part in the Brabant campaign during the War of the Spanish Succession. In 1713 ¶ he was appointed chaplain of the Wartensleben regiment an…

[German Version] The initiative to establish a university in Halle goes back to Albert of Brandenburg, who in 1531 obtained the founding privilege from the papal legate cardinal L. Campeggio. Lack of money and the introduction of the Reformation in the archdiocese of Magdeburg forestalled these plans, which were directed against Wittenberg University (Wittenberg, University of). When in 1680 the archdiocese fell to Brandenburg as the Duchy of Magdeburg, the founding plans were revived and were rea…

[English Version] 1.  August Hermann , (1.9.1754 Halle – 7.7.1828 ebd.), Urenkel A.H. Franckes; nach der Schulzeit im Pädagogium Regium der Franckeschen Stiftungen ab 1771 Studium der Philos., klassische Philol. und Theol. in Halle, ab 1776 Lehrertätigkeit an den Schulen der Stiftungen. Als Dr. phil. seit 1777 Vorlesungen; 1779 a.o. Prof., 1784 o. Prof. für Theol. und Inspektor des Pädagogium Regium, 1785 Mitdirektor des Waisenhauses, 1792 Konsistorialrat, 1794 Dr. theol., 1799 Direktor der Franckesc…

[German Version] 1. August Hermann (Mar 12, 1664, Lübeck - Jun 8, 1727, Halle/Saale). a. Life and work Francke grew up in a religious atmosphere shaped by Johann Arndt's Wahres Christentum and English edifying literature. In Gotha, where his father accepted an appointment as court counselor in 1666, he became acquainted with the ecclesiastical, educational, and social reforms put in place by Ernest the Pious in his territory. He began his studies at Erfurt but moved to Kiel in 1679, where his favorite teacher was C. Kortholt…