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Ṣadaqa ibn Munajjā (also known as Ṣadaqa al-Ḥakīm) was an Arabic-writing Samaritan scholar and a renowned physician. Born probably in Damascus, he served at the court of the Ayyubid ruler al-Malik al-Ashraf Mūsā (d. 1237) in the Upper Mesopotamian city of Ḥarrān, where he died after 1223. Much of our information about his biography and bibliography comes from an entry in the Kitāb ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ (ed. Rida, pp. 717–721), the famous encyclopedia of physicians by Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa (1203–1270). On the basis of manuscripts discovered so far, Sam…

Charitable gifts to relieve the poor. In common with the teachings of most other faiths and more particularly the biblical traditions, the Qurʾān repeatedly emphasizes the moral value of giving. While the term “almsgiving” may suggest a somewhat simple and unfocused act of charity directed at the poor and needy, the Qurʾān articulates through a variety of terms, especially ṣadaqa and zakāt, a very textured and multivalent conception of giving which draws upon the ideals of compassion, social justice, sharing and strengthening the community. As this act ai…

-ṣād-   ṣ-b-b    aṣabb    Months   ṣ-b-gh    ṣibgh    Tree(s)    ṣibgha    Baptism    Covenant    Textual Criticism of the Qurʾān    ṣibghat allāh   ṣ-b-r    iṣṭabara    Trust and Patience    ṣabara    Ethics and the Qurʾān    Grammar and the Qurʾān    Hospitality and Courtesy    Moses    Muḥammad    Trust and Patience    Virtues and Vices, Commanding and Forbidding    ṣabbār    Moses    Trust and Patience    ṣabr    Courage    Ethics and the Qurʾān    Faith    Medicine and the Qurʾān    Moses    Myths and Legends in the Qurʾān    Suffering    Trust and Patience    Virtue    ṣā…

Barīra was a slave girl who was emancipated by ʿĀʾisha bt. Abī Bakr (d. 58/678), one of the wives of the prophet Muḥammad. In a famous Prophetic ḥadīth it is recounted that Barīra was to be freed by her owners, on condition of the payment of nine ounces (of gold). Because she was unable to pay, she asked ʿĀʾisha for help. ʿĀʾisha agreed to pay the amount if the walāʾ (patronate) of the manumitted Barīra were to devolve upon her, that is, if Barīra were to become her client. Barīra's owners refused. Muḥammad happened to hear ʿĀʾisha and Barīra discussing the probl…

Extraction of a part of communal wealth for its social redistribution and for its use in maintaining governing authority (q.v.), its various institutions, and public works. The Qurʾān offers no trace of the fiscal system first developed under ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb (r. 2-12/634-44), in substance a reformulation of Byzantine and Sasanian models (see Jeffery, For. vocab. and relevant ei 2 articles — e.g. Cahen, Djizya; Zysow, ¶ Zakāt; Cahen, Kharādj — for discussion of the foreign origins of taxation terminology in the Qurʾān; see also foreign vocabulary ). That fiscal system was a pro…

d. after 1326/1908. Works 1. Bayān aḥkām thalāth masāʾil ʿammat bihā ’l-balwā fī hādhā ’l-qarn.On magic, charms, talismans, etc. Written 1 Rabīʿ I 1305/16 November 1887.MS: Kaduna (NA), A/AR5/77. 2. Irshād al-ḥayāra fī muʿāmalat aʾimmatinā bi’l-naṣārā.Completed 23 Jumādā I 1324/15 July 1906.MS: Jos, 1007. 3. K. al-mabniyyāt min al-kalimāt wa-tabyīn ʿilalihā.Based on the Alfiyya of Ibn Mālik, the comm. Manhaj al-sālik of ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-ʿUshmūnī (d. 872/1467, see GAL I, 524), and the K. al-taṣrīḥ bi-maḍmūn al-tawḍīḥ of Khālid b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Azharī (d. 905/1499, see …

Wohlfahrt - Islamisch Die Sorge um das Wohl der (Mit-)Menschen ist im Islam fest verankert. Die Grundlage dafür kann im islam. Menschenbild gesehen werden: Der Mensch gilt als Stellvertreter Gottes auf Erden, daraus wird einerseits der hohe Wert des menschlichen Lebens abgeleitet u. andererseits die Wichtigkeit der Fürsorge für den Menschen. Die islam. Soziallehre unterscheidet verpflichtende von empfohlenen Handlungen. Als religiöse Pflicht gelten die zakāt (eine vermögensabhängige Sozialabgabe) u…

Hibatallāh b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Muṭṭalib Majd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī Abū l-Maʿālī b. Abī Saʿd was a wazīr, jurist, and high-ranking dignitary during the reign of the ʿAbbāsid caliph al-Mustaẓhir bi-llāh (487–512/1094-/1118). According to most sources, he was born in 440/1048–9 and died on 2 Shawwāl 503/24 April 1110, but al-Dhahabī’s Taʾrīkh gives contradicting dates in its two entries for him, one giving the above years, the other saying that Hibatallāh was born in 443/1051–2 and died in 509/1115–6. Al-Dhahabī confirms this date in his Siyar. Hibatallāh’s nisba, al-Kirm…

Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm al-Muṣannif was a Samaritan scholar who was probably active in the second half of the twelfth century. The name al-Muṣannif means “writer,” and in his case can be either a laqab (cognomen) or simply his profession. The kunya Abū Isḥāq (“father of Isaac”) refers to the given name Ibrāhīm in accordance with the genealogy of the biblical patriarchs. According to a citation by Ibn Kaththār (ca. 1270–1355; Kitāb al-Farāʾiḍ, Ms Sassoon 719), his full name was Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. Faraj b. Mārūth (al-ṭabīb). In the ʿUyūn al-Anbāʾ fī Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭibbāʾ (“History of Physician…

d. 1384/1964 Sources See: Ibn Ḥāmidun/ Mawsūʿa: Tandagha; Ould al-Bara 640; Muʿjam at-Trārza 149; MLG 2198 (includes two works by the author’s son identical to works also attributed to his father); Ibn Ḥāmidun and Heymowski 225. Biography Students: Muḥammaddin; Muḥammad as-Saʿīd b. Muḥammad b. al-Mukhtār (Abbayyā) al-Alfagh al-Ḥaybalī.His full name is Muḥammaddū an-Nābgha b. ash-Shaykh Muḥammaddū b. Ḥabīb ar-Raḥmān b. al-Būṣayrī at-Tandaghī al-Arbaʿīnī, and he was from the Ahl Aḥmad Būya family, a branch of the Agdabahum, from the al-Ḥalla, …

Abū ʾl-Ḥasan al-Ṣūrī was a Samaritan scholar who was active in in the first half of the eleventh century (cf. Schwarb 2013, pp. 128–132). The kunya Abū ʾl-Ḥasan , with its Aramaic form av hisda (Samaritan pronunciation: ab isda), is an epithet meaning “the handsome one” or “the good one”; the Hebrew form Yefet is not documented before the nineteenth century. It is not clear where Abū ʾl-Ḥasan lived. According to his nisba, he could have originated in the city of Tyre ( Ṣūr) in Lebanon or in the now-deserted village of Ṣūratān near Nablus (cf. Wedel 1989, pp. 6–11). Shehade (19…

Almosen - Katholisch In Hl. Schrift u. Kirchengeschichte sind A. Ausdruck tätiger Nächstenliebe u. radikalen Besitzverzichts. Die im MA entstehenden Bettelorden (Mendikanten; v. a. Dominikaner u. Franziskaner) verzichten auf die Bewirtschaftung von eigenem Grund u. Boden u. leben vom Sammeln von A. im Vertrauen auf Gott, der für die Seinen sorgt (Mt 6, 26). Im KR der Neuzeit meint A. (lat. eleemosyna) eine Gabe zu frommen Zwecken für die Armen od. die Bedürfnisse der Kirche, deren Entrichtung freiw…

Abū Mūsā ʿAbdallāh b. Qays al-Ashʿarī (d. c.48/668; the dates given in the sources range from 42/662 to 53/673) was a Companion of the prophet Muḥammad and a leading statesman and general who played a major role in the Islamic conquests and served, at various periods, as governor of Basra and Kufa, the two garrison cities of Iraq. His affiliation to the Ashʿar tribe is uncertain: according to some, he belonged to a group from the Juʿfī tribe that separated from the Juʿfī following a dispute (kharajū mughāḍibīn li-qawmihim) and attached itself to the Ashʿar. His sons Abū Burda and A…

In Index of Subjects fable 673, 752 faculty, faculties (cf. also power[s], soul, part[s] of) 315, 582, 590      appetitive, concupiscible 84, 301, 323, 338, 399, 400, 405, 456, 466, 468, 480, 579, 613      appetitive ( nuzūʿiyya) 579, 613      appetitive ( šahwiyya, ἐπιθυμητικόν) 323      attractive ( ǧāḏiba) 505 δυνάμεις 505, 678      expelling (dāfiʿa) 505      imaginative ( mutaḫayyila) 579, 613      intellectual, of the human soul 271      natural, of nutrition and growth 505      nutritive ( ġāḏiya) 579, 613      of articulation ( al-quwwa al-nuṭqiyya) 347      of the i…

[English version] 1  Das Bedürfnis, gedrängte Übersichten über alle oder doch über eine grössere Anzahl von Wissenschaften zu verfassen, das mit dem Sinken selbständiger ¶ Produktion sich später immer häufiger geltend machte, trat erst gegen Schluss dieser Periode hervor. Das älteste Werk derart widmete a. ʿAl. M. b. A. b. Yū. al-Ḫwārizmī 1 dem a. ʾl-Ḥ. ʿUbaidallāh b. A. al-ʿOtbī, Wezīr des Sāmāniden Nūḥ II (365―87/975―997). k. Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm, ed. G. van Vloten, Leid. 1895, Ǧārullāh 2047. Das Werk handelt in 2 Maqālas zu 6 und 9 Abwāb über: I  1. al-Fiqh, 2. al-kalām, 3. an-naḥw, 4. al-…

Burayda b. al-Ḥuṣayb al-Aslamī was a Companion of the prophet Muḥammad, from the Sahm, a subdivision of the Aslam b. Afṣā tribe that was part of the Khuzāʿa group. Burayda’s biography reflects the social and political upheavals of early Islam. He and many fellow tribesmen left their tribal territory after the battle of Uḥud (3/625) and settled near Thaniyyat al-Wadāʿ in northern Medina. He took part in the expedition of Ḥudaybiyya (6/628) and in the conquests of Khaybar (7/628) and Mecca (8/630). …

(d. 1149-50), son of the well-known Saljuq vizier (d. 485/1092) and himself vizier for the Great Saljuqs and then for the ʿAbbasid caliphs. A version of this article is available in print Volume I, Fascicle 6, pp. 642-643 AḤMAD B. NEẒĀM-AL- MOLK, ABŪ NAṢR (d. 544/1149-50), son of the well-known Saljuq vizier (d. 485/1092) and himself vizier for the Great Saljuqs and then for the ʿAbbasid caliphs. He was born in Balḵ, his mother being a Georgian princess; she was either daughter or niece of King Bagrat I and formerly married (or at leas…

As the third pillar of Islam, zakāt has a long tradition in South Asia. Ever since the Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent from the eighth to the twelfth centuries, women have been either donors or recipients of zakāt and other types of donations. Women as donors of charitable funds It has always been normal practice for wealthy and influential people such as Muslim elites, local nawwābs, and landowners (sing. zamīndār) to help the poor. The establishment of new educational institutions, charitable trusts, and donations for emergency projects in case of flo…

1. Introduction In the Arabic dialect of the Jews of Tripoli (Libya) the following Hebrew elements have been identified in fieldwork carried out by S. Yoda between 1996 and 2000: ʿīnārə́ʿ (< עֵין הָרַע ʿēn hå̄-rå̄ʿ) ‘evil eye’, bdəq (< בָּדַק bå̄ḏaq) ‘to check’, bəsxū́č (< בִּזְכוּת bi-zḵūṯ) ‘thanks to’, brāxā́ (< בְּרָכָה bərå̄ḵå̄) ‘blessing’, būrī́m (< פּוּרִים pūrīm) ‘Purim’, čānā́x (< תַּנַ״ך tanaḵ) ‘the Bible’, čfəllī́m (< תְּפִלִּין təp̄illīn) ‘Bar Mitzvah’, čfənnə́q (< הִתְפַּנֵּק hiṯpannēq) ‘to be spoiled’, čkəwwə́n (< הִתְכַּוֵּן hiṯkawwēn) ‘to intend’, dāwī́d (< דָּוִד då̄wīḏ) ‘King Da…

Part of 2 Pentateuch - 2.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts - 2.2.4 sp and Ancient Texts Close to sp 2.2.4.3.1 Nature of the TextThe manuscripts from Qumran (2.2.1.3) have shown that the text of sp has as its base a non-sectarian version circulating in the wider circles of Palestine during the late Second Temple period. This version is often called pre-Samaritan or proto-Samaritan,1 and its principal characteristic is the insertion of large additions into the earlier text as seen in mt.2 Although several books of sp underwent editing of this type before the distinctly Samaritan features we…