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[German Version] (c. 368 – after 425), church historian in Constantinople. A native of Borissus, in Cappadocia, Philostorgius grew up in a staunchly Anomoean family (Neo-Arianism; Hist. eccl. IX 9). In his youth, he met Eunomius, the intellectual leader of the Anomoeans, ¶ and became a totally committed supporter (X 6). This perspective also informs his church history, probably written between 425 and 433 in Constantinople. It begins with the time of Constantine, thus being a continuation of the church history of Eusebius of Caesarea, al…

[German Version] I. Greco-Roman Antiquity 1. The picture (imaginaire, myth, idea) that the Romans developed of themselves, their city, and their rule (Imperium Romanum) has an exemplary early period, with its founders – “pious father Aeneas” (Virgil, …

[German Version] I. History and Archaeology 1. History and archaeology. On a favorable site, on the road from Etruria to Latium and Campania, at a ford over the Tiber about 30 km from its mouth, and also on the road from the coast going in the direction of the Apennines, and in fertile lands by the river, there were small settlements from at least the 14th century bce (esp. on the Capitol). According to legend, Rome was then founded in 753 bce by Romulus, who became its first king. Other legends make Aeneas, son of Anchises ¶ and Aphrodite, the most important Trojan hero after Hector, into …

[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Antiquity – III. Bible – IV. Church History – V. Practical Theology – VI. Philosophy of Religion – VII…

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[German Version] (c. 380 – after 431), compatriot and relative of the rhetor Troilos from the Pamphylian seaport of Side. Under John Chrysostom, Philip was a deacon in Constantinople, and later probably also presbyter and synkellos (i.e. senior priest close to the patriarch); certainly, a decided supporter of the controversial bishop (probable addressee of Chrysostom’s epistola 213). Later he applied several times, unsuccessfully, to succeed Chrysostom (when Sisinnius was elected in 426, Nestorius in 428, and Maximianus in 431; main source, Socr. Hist. eccl. VII 26f.). His lit…

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[German Version] I. History of Religion – II. New Testament – III. Church History – IV. Dogmatics – V. Practical Theology – VI. History of Liturgy – VII. Law – VIII. Missions – IX. Art I. History of Religion From the standpoint of the history of religion, baptism is not a general type of rite (Rite and ritual) but a lustration ritual that is carried out not only in Christianity but also in historically related religions such as …

[German Version] I. Religious Studies The sun is omnipresent; in the phenomenal world, it marks and accentuates the course of our chronological and spatial lifeworld. The range of associated structures, interpretations, and ambivalences (light and dark, life-giving and life-consuming) makes it only nat…