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(Hebrew šelomṣiyōn, 'Peace of Zion', Aramaic short form šelamṣāh; Σαλώμη/ Salṓmē). [German version] [1] Sister of Herod [1] the Great, 2nd half, 1st cent. BC Sister of Herod (Herodes [1]) the Great ( c. 57 BC - AD 10). Until his death, she played an important role in factional intrigues at the Herodian court: she plotted against Herod's Hasmonaic wife Mariamme [1] I and their sons Alexander and Aristoboulus [4], likewise against her own husbands Iosephus [1] and Costobarus, who were executed (Jos. BI 1,441 ff.; Jos. Ant. Iud. 1…

[German version] Son (or grandson) of Judas Galileus, who (like his father Hezekiah) fought against Rome and Herod (Ios. Ant. Iud. 18,1,6; 14,9,2) [2]. Judas is described by Iosephus [4] Flavius as the founder of the so-called fourth (nameless, later given the derogatory name of Sicarii, ‘Dagger Men’ = ‘Murderers’ [1. 50]) philosophical school, which differed from the Pharisaei mainly in its love of freedom and its struggle for the absolute rule of God (Ios. Ant. Iud. 18,1,1; 18,1,6) [3. 599; 1. 8…

(Greek Ὀν(ε)ίας/ On(e)ías; Hebrew neḥonyah, ḥunyah, ḥoni); personal name, which was widespread in ancient Judaism ([9. vol. 2, 1394, 1455]; Jos. Ant. Iud. 14,22; 25; 222; Jos. Ap. 2,49; Mishnah Taan 3,8). In the pre-Maccabaean period, bearers of this name included four Zadokid High Priests at the Temple of Jerusalem. The most important historical sources for the lineage of the Oniads are the Antiquitates Iudaicae of Iosephus [4] Flavius and 2 Macc. [German version] [1] O. I. High Priest, father of Simon the Just, 4th/3rd cents. BC (Late 4th cent. BC). Son of the High Priest Jaddu…

[German version] (ζηλωταί/ zēlōtaí, from Greek ζηλοῦν/ zēloûn, 'strive after'). Political and religious group of Jews who rose against Roman rule in Palestine in the 1st cent. AD, primarily in the first Jewish-Roman War (Jewish Wars). The term 'Zealots' can be found in Iosephus [4] Flavius (BI 4,160f.; 7,268-270), whose Bellum Iudaicum (books 4-7) and Antiquitates form the most important historical sources for the Zealots' movement and ideology. The term is a translation of the Hebrew qannāīm ( qannā, 'eager', sc. for God, e.g. in the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhed…

[German version] The special tax of two drachmas per person imposed on the Jewish population after the conquest of Jerusalem (AD 70) by Vespasianus (Jos. BI 7,218). The fiscus iudaicus ( FI) replaced the half-shekel tax levied for the Jewish Temple and was regarded as a punitive measure as it was diverted to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in Rome. Under Domitianus the FI was collected rigourously as a measure for preventing conversions (Suet. Dom. 12,2) [3; 4; 7], but already under Nerva the collection was eased off [1; 4]. The levying of the FI is attested until the mid 3rd cent. AD …

[German version] (Λιβιάς; Libiás, Latin Livias, also Iulias). Town in the eastern Jordan valley, the Aramaic name of which is bet ramta, and which, according to Jewish tradition, is to be identified with the biblical bet haran (or haram; Nm 32:36; Jos 13:27) (jTalmud Shevi 9,2 [38d]). The Christian traditions of Hier. and Eus. (Euseb. On. 48,13ff.; Βηθραμφθά, Bēthramphthá) follow this. Even if this identification is not certain, bet ramta is undoubtedly identical with the town mentioned by Jos. (BI 17,10,6) Bētharámata (Βηθαράματα), where Herodes [1] the Great owned a palac…

(Μανάημος; Manáēmos). Greek form of the Hebrew proper name Menaḥem (‘the comforter), attested in the Old Testament (2 Kgs 15:14ff.) and in other Semitic languages. [German version] [1] Essenian, 1st cent. BC Essenian ( Essenes) (1st cent. BC), who foretold Herod ( Herodes [1]) the Great that he would become king and that he would turn his back on godliness and and justice, and who predicted, in a second prophecy, the duration of his reign (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,10,5). Like M. [3], the son of Judas Galilaeus, he is identified with the scribe M. [1; 2]. Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) [German version] [2] In…

[German version] (Ματθίας/Matthías); variant of the proper name Mattathias, Hebr. Mattityah, ‘gift of God’). Father of the historian Iosephus [4] Flavius, of whom little is known apart from his son's statements in his vita (Jos. Vit. 1). He lived from AD 6 until after AD 70, since Iosephus reports on the fate of his parents during the Jewish War (Vit. 41; Jos. BI 5,13,1). M. was a member of the priestly clan of Yehoyarib (1 Chr 24,7) and his great-grandmother was presumably a daughter of Alexander [16] Iannaeus and therefore a Hasmonean (Vit. 1,4; critical [3], affirmative [2]). Wandrey, Iri…

[German version] (from the Hebrew personal name ṭōviyyȧh, Neh 2,10; Τωβιας/ Tōbias, LXX, cf. ὑιοὶ Τωβια/ hyioì Tōbia 'sons of Tobias', 2 Esr 17:62). The family of the T. played a leading economic and political role at the time of the second Temple (III) in Iudaea (Judah and Israel). Archeologically attested is Hyrcanus's fortress of Tyrus which was probably built on the ruins of the ancestral seat of the T. in present-day Irāq al-Amīr (Transjordan) [1]. The first historically traceable representative is known f…

[German version] (Φερώρας; Pherṓras). Youngest son of Antipater [4], born c. 68 BC probably in Marissa (Idumaea), died c. 5 BC. His first marriage was to a Hasmonaean princess (the sister of Mariamme [1] I, the first wife of his elder brother Herodes [1] I), his second was to a "slave girl" (Jos. BI 1,24,5; Jos. Ant. Iud. 16,7,3). P. was a close comrade-in-arms of his brother Herodes: on his commission he restored the fortress of Alexandreum to the north of Jericho (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,11,5; Jos. BI 1,16,3), acted …

[German version] [1] Prophet see  Prophets Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) [German version] [2] Jud.-Hell. tragedian (Ἐζεκίηλος, Εζεκιῆλος; Ezekíēlos, Ezekiêlos). Judaeo-Hellenistic tragedian, who probably lived in Alexandria (or see [5]). The draft of the Exagōgḗ, the only known work of E., of which 5 fragments (269 trimeters) have been preserved, can be dated to the period between c. 240 BC ( terminus post quem: origin of the Septuagint) and 100 BC ( terminus ante quem: evidence from  Alexander [23] Polyhistor). The preserved verses (the most complete tragedy fragments af…

[German version] (προσήλυτος/ prosḗlytos, 'one that has arrived (to join the group)'; Latin proselytus). The first recorded use of the Greek term prosḗlytos is in the Septuagint as a translation of the Biblical concept gēr (a 'foreigner' resident in Israel and enjoying special legal status) [8. 40-45; 9. 51 ff.]. Towards the end of the epoch of the Second Temple (1st cent. AD), prosḗlytos then chiefly refers to a convert to Judaism (Jos. Ap. 2,28) [4. 60 ff.], who enjoyed almost the same rights within the Jewish community as one born a Jew [1. 60-123]. Ac…

[English version] [1] Prophet s. Propheten Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) [English version] [2] jüd.-hell. Tragödiendichter, 3. oder 2. Jh. v. Chr. (Ἐζεκίηλος, Εζεκιῆλος). Jüd.-hell. Tragödiendichter, der vermutlich in Alexandreia (anders [5]) lebte. Die Abfassung der Exagōgḗ, des einzigen bekannten Werkes des E., von dem fünf Fr. (269 Trimeter) erh. sind, ist auf den Zeitraum zw. ca. 240 v.Chr. ( terminus post quem: Entstehung der Septuaginta) und 100 v.Chr. ( terminus ante quem: Zeugnis des Alexandros [23] Polyhistor) zu datieren. Die erh. Verse (das umfangreichste Tra…

[English version] (Ματθίας; Nebenform des EN Mattathias, hebr. Mattityah, “Gottesgabe”). Vater des Historikers Iosephos [4] Flavios, über den außer den Aussagen des Sohnes in seiner vita (Ios. vita 1) wenig bekannt ist. Er lebte von 6 n.Chr. bis nach 70 n.Chr., da Iosephos über das Schicksal seiner Eltern während des jüd.-röm. Krieges berichtet (vita 41; Ios. bell. Iud. 5,13,1). M. gehörte dem Priestergeschlecht der Yehoyarib an (1 Chr 24,7), und seine Urgroßmutter war vermutlich eine Tochter des Alexandros [16] Iannaios und somit Hasmonäerin (vita 1,4; krit. [3], affirmativ [2]). W…

[English version] (Λιβιάς, Livias, auch Iulias). Ort im östl. Jordantal, dessen aram. Name bet ramta lautet, und der nach jüd. Überl. mit dem biblischen bet haran (oder haram; Nm 32,36; Jos 13,27) zu identifizieren ist (jTalmud Shevi 9,2 [38d]). Dem folgt die christl. Trad. bei Hier. und Eus. (Eus. On. 48,13ff.; Βηθραμφθά, Bēthramtha). Bleibt diese Gleichsetzung auch unsicher, so ist bet ramta zweifellos mit dem bei Ios. (bell. Iud. 2,4,2, ant. Iud. 17,10,6) gen. Ort Bētharámata (Βηθαράματα), an dem Herodes [1] d.Gr. einen Palast besaß, identisch. Unter Herodes [4] Ant…

(Φασάηλος). [English version] [1] Ältester Sohn des Antipatros [4] und der Kypros Ältester Sohn des Antipatros [4] und der Kypros, geb. ca. 77 v.Chr. verm. in Marissa (Idumaea; Ios. bell. Iud. 1,8,9; Ios. ant. Iud. 14,7,3). 47 v.Chr. wurde Ph. durch Antipatros (ἐπίτροπος/ epítropos von Iudaea unter dem Hohenpriester und Ethnarchen Hyrkanos [3] II.) zum Gouverneur (στρατηγός/ stratēgós) von Jerusalem und Umgebung ernannt, während sein Bruder Herodes [1] dasselbe Amt in Galilaea übernahm (Ios. ant. Iud. 14,9,2; Ios. bell. Iud. 1,10,4). Iosephos attestie…

[English version] Die der jüd. Bevölkerung nach der Eroberung Jerusalems (70 n.Chr.) durch Vespasianus auferlegte Sondersteuer von zwei Drachmen pro Kopf (Ios. bell. Iud. 7,218). Der f.I. löste die für den jüd. Tempel erhobene Halbschekel-Steuer ab und wurde als Strafmaßnahme empfunden, da er dem Tempel des Iuppiter Capitolinus in Rom zugeführt wurde. Unter Domitianus wurde der f.I. als Maßnahme zur Verhinderung von Konversionen rigoros eingezogen (Suet. Dom. 12,2) [3; 4; 7], aber bereits unter Nerva wurde die Einziehung gelockert [1; 4]. Die Erhebung des f.I. ist bis in die Mi…

[English version] (Φασαηλίς, Φασηλός/ Phasēlós, h. Ḫirbat Faṣāil). Von Herodes [1] I. in Erinnerung an seinen älteren Bruder Phasael [1] wahrscheinlich nach 30 v.Chr. nördl. von Jericho im fruchtbaren Jordangraben gegr. Stadt (Ios. ant. Iud. 16,5,2; Ios. bell. Iud. 1,21,9). Nach Herodes' Tod an seine Schwester Salome vererbt (Ios. ant. Iud. 17,8,1; Ios. bell. Iud. 2,6,3), ging Ph. nach deren Tod in den Besitz der Livia [2], der Gattin des Kaisers Augustus, über (Ios. ant. Iud. 18,2,2; Ios. bell. Iud. …

(hebr. šelomṣiyōn, “Friede Zions”, aram. Kurzform šelamṣāh; Σαλώμη). [English version] [1] Schwester Herodes' [1] d. Gr., 2. H. 1. Jh. v. Chr. Schwester Herodes' [1] d.Gr. (ca. 57 v. Chr.-10 n. Chr.). Sie nahm bis zu dessen Tod eine wichtige Rolle im intriganten Spiel um die Macht am herodianischen Hof ein. So intrigierte sie gegen Herodes' hasmonäische Frau Mariamme [1] I. und deren Söhne Alexandros und Aristobulos [4] sowie gegen ihre eigenen Gatten Iosephos [1] und Kostobaros, die hingerichtet wurden (Ios. bell. I…

[English version] (προσήλυτος, “Hinzugekommener”; lat. proselytus). Die griech. Bezeichnung p. ist erstmals als Übers. des biblischen Begriffs gēr (der im Land Israel ansässige und bes. Rechtsstatus genießende “Fremde”) in der Septuaginta belegt [8. 40-45; 9. 51 ff.]. Gegen Ende der Epoche des Zweiten Tempels (1. Jh. n. Chr.) bezeichnet prosḗlytos dann hauptsächlich den zum Judentum Konvertierten (Ios. c. Ap. 2,28) [4. 60 ff.], der innerhalb der jüd. Gemeinschaft fast dieselben Rechte besaß wie ein Jude von Geburt [1. 60-123]. Die Bedingung…